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1,260 results on '"Vargas V"'

1. Characterization of the SCR-1 Stellarator Physics: Investigating Plasma Discharge, MHD Equilibrium Calculations, and O-X-B Mode Conversion Feasibility

Author

Solano-Piedra, R., Vargas, V. I., Araya-Solano, L. A., and Vílchez-Coto, F.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics
Abstract

The Stellarator de Costa Rica 1 (SCR-1) is a modular stellarator with a small aspect ratio that serves as a valuable research and training tool for plasma magnetic confinement. This study explored a new heating mechanism and the factors that influence it. The current state of the device and plasma discharge are initially presented. Subsequently, the measurement process was utilized to determine radial profiles of electron density and electron temperature using a single Langmuir probe, and the results were compared with theoretical predictions based on the particle and energy balance. Additionally, the VMEC code was employed to calculate magnetic flux surfaces with characteristics such as a low aspect ratio, low beta parameter, negative magnetic shear, and decreasing rotational transform along magnetic flux surfaces. The Mercier criterion was employed to conduct a linear stability analysis, which identified a magnetic well that played a crucial role in the linear stability of the majority of magnetic flux surfaces. Feasibility studies of electron Bernstein waves were conducted using the IPF-FMDC full-wave code, with input files generated from the device and known plasma characteristics. The results obtained from the IPF-FMDC full-wave code revealed that the O-X conversion percentage reached a maximum of 63 % when considering radiation reflection in the vacuum vessel. Significant effects of plasma curvature on the O-X wave conversion and normalized electron density scale length were observed, while the change in the SCR-1 heating position did not produce a significant impact. Three damping mechanisms affecting O-X conversion were studied, and one of the principal effects was the SX-FX conversion due to steep electron density gradient. Additionally, stochastic electron heating showed a low electron field amplitude, which is important for limiting the electron Bernstein wave propagation., Comment: 32 pages, 21 figures

Published
2024

2. Grand-canonical Thermodynamic Formalism via IFS: volume, temperature, gas pressure and grand-canonical topological pressure

Author

Lopes, A. O., Oliveira, E. R., Pedra, W. de S., and Vargas, V.

Subjects
Mathematics - Dynamical Systems, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Mathematical Physics, Mathematics - Probability, 37D35, 82B05, 82B30
Abstract

We consider here a dynamic model for a gas in which a variable number of particles $N \in \mathbb{N}_0 := \mathbb{N} \cup \{0\}$ can be located at a site. This point of view leads us to the grand-canonical framework and the need for a chemical potential. The dynamics is played by the shift acting on the set of sequences $\Omega := \mathcal{A}^\mathbb{N}$, where the alphabet is $\mathcal{A} := \{1,2,...,r\}$. Introducing new variables like the number of particles $N$ and the chemical potential $\mu$, we adapt the concept of grand-canonical partition sum of thermodynamics of gases to a symbolic dynamical setting considering a Lipschitz family of potentials $% (A_N)_{N \in \mathbb{N}_0}$, $A_N:\Omega \to \mathbb{R}$. Our main results will be obtained from adapting well-known properties of the Thermodynamic Formalism for IFS with weights to our setting. In this direction, we introduce the grand-canonical-Ruelle operator: $\mathcal{L}_{\beta, \mu}(f)=g$, when, $\beta>0,\mu<0,$ and \medskip $\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,g(x)= \mathcal{L}_{\beta, \mu}(f) (x) =\sum_{N \in \mathbb{N}_0} e^{\beta \, \mu\, N }\, \sum_{j \in \mathcal{A}} e^{- \,\beta\, A_N(jx)} f(jx). $ \medskip We show the existence of the main eigenvalue, an associated eigenfunction, and an eigenprobability for $\mathcal{L}_{\beta, \mu}^*$. We can show the analytic dependence of the eigenvalue on the grand-canonical potential. Considering the concept of entropy for holonomic probabilities on $\Omega\times \mathcal{A}^{\mathbb{N}_0}$, we relate these items with the variational problem of maximizing grand-canonical pressure. In another direction, in the appendix, we briefly digress on a possible interpretation of the concept of topological pressure as related to the gas pressure of gas thermodynamics.

Published
2023

3. Homological Epimorphisms and Hochschild-Mitchell Cohomology

Author

Santiago-Vargas, V. and Velasco-Páez, E. O.

Subjects
Mathematics - Representation Theory, Mathematics - Category Theory, Mathematics - K-Theory and Homology
Abstract

In this work, we study the Hochschild-Mitchell Cohomology of triangular matrix categories. Given a triangular matrix category $\Lambda=\left[ \begin{smallmatrix} \mathcal{T} & 0 \\ M & \mathcal{U} \end{smallmatrix}\right]$, we investigate the relationship of the Hochschild-Mitchell cohomologies $H^{i}(\Lambda)$ and $H^{i}(\mathcal{U})$ of $\Lambda$ and $\mathcal{U}$ respectively; and we show that they can be connected by a long exact sequence. This result extend the well-known result of Michelana-Platzeck given in [S. Michelena, M. I. Platzeck. {\it{Hochschild cohomology of triangular matrix algebras}}. J. Algebra 233, (2000) 502-525]., Comment: In this new version, the title of the article has been changed and a new section has been added

Published
2023

7. Gait Speed, Cadence and Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Children

Author

das Neves, A. M. B. S., Aires, A. G., Vargas, V. L., Souza, L. D. de, de Souza, T. B., Villar, T. B., Vieira, M. F., Baptista, R. R., Magjarevic, Ratko, Series Editor, Ładyżyński, Piotr, Associate Editor, Ibrahim, Fatimah, Associate Editor, Lackovic, Igor, Associate Editor, Rock, Emilio Sacristan, Associate Editor, Bastos-Filho, Teodiano Freire, editor, de Oliveira Caldeira, Eliete Maria, editor, and Frizera-Neto, Anselmo, editor

Published
2022
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8. Identification of somatic proteins in Haemonchus contortus infective larvae (L3) and adults

Author

Zaragoza-Vera M., González-Garduño R., Brito-Argáez L., Aguilar-Caballero A. J., Zaragoza-Vera C. V., Arjona-Jiménez G., Loyola-Vargas V. M., Aguilar-Hernández V., and Torres-Chable O. M.

Subjects
gastrointestinal parasites, biomarkers, ewes, tropical production, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Haemonchus contortus is considered the most pathogenic nematode in sheep production systems based on grazing. Comparing infective larvae (L3) with adult parasites can lead to the identification of proteins that play an important role in parasite-host interactions. In this study, we report a list of H. contortus somatic proteins and made a comparative analysis of somatic proteins of L3 and adult worms. L3 and adult parasites were subjected to protein extraction and subsequently to peptide fractionation. Peptides were analysed by mass spectrometry and LC-MS/MS data analysis. Data analysis and search on SEQUEST and MASCOT against H. contortus from the WormBase ParaSite database resulted in the identification of 775 unique peptide sequences corresponding to 227 proteins at 1 % FDR. From these, 18 proteins were specific to L3 and 63 to adult parasites. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the proteins specific to L3 and adult worms to gain insight into cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes that affect the parasite-host interaction showed some differences between the two parasite stages. The list of proteins found provides a database to identify target proteins that could be useful as biomarkers of the infection or in the generation of anthelmintic drugs that inhibit proteins essential for the establishment of the infection and the survival of adult parasites. They can also serve as new candidates for vaccine research.

Published
2022
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9. Path integral for quantum Mabuchi K-energy

Author

Lacoin, H., Rhodes, R., and Vargas, V.

Subjects
Mathematical Physics, Mathematics - Differential Geometry, Mathematics - Probability, 81T40, 81T20, 60D05
Abstract

We construct a path integral based on the coupling of the Liouville action and the Mabuchi K-energy on a one-dimensional complex manifold. To the best of our knowledge this is the first rigorous construction of such an object and this is done by means of probabilistic tools. Both functionals play an important role respectively in Riemannian geometry (in the case of surfaces) and K\"ahler geometry. As an output, we obtain a path integral whose Weyl anomaly displays the standard Liouville anomaly plus an additional K-energy term. Motivations come from theoretical physics where these type of path integrals arise as a model for fluctuating metrics on surfaces when coupling (small) massive perturbations of conformal field theories to quantum gravity as advocated by A. Bilal, F. Ferrari, S. Klevtsov and S. Zelditch. Interestingly, our computations show that quantum corrections perturb the classical Mabuchi K-energy and produce a quantum Mabuchi K-energy: this type of correction is reminiscent of the quantum Liouville theory. Our construction is probabilistic and relies on a variant of Gaussian multiplicative chaos (GMC), the Derivative GMC (DGMC for short). The technical backbone of our construction consists in two estimates on (derivative and standard) GMC which are of independent interest in probability theory. Firstly, we show that these DGMC random variables possess negative exponential moments and secondly we derive optimal small deviations estimates for the GMC associated with a recentered Gaussian Free Field., Comment: 41 pages

Published
2018

11. Anterior–Posterior Ground Reaction Forces During Gait in Children and Elderly Women

Author

Vargas, V. L., Aires, A. G., Heidner, G. S., Vieira, M. F., Baptista, R. R., Magjarevic, Ratko, Series Editor, Ładyżyński, Piotr, Associate Editor, Ibrahim, Fatimah, Associate Editor, Lackovic, Igor, Associate Editor, Rock, Emilio Sacristan, Associate Editor, Bastos-Filho, Teodiano Freire, editor, de Oliveira Caldeira, Eliete Maria, editor, and Frizera-Neto, Anselmo, editor

Published
2022
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18. We've walked a million miles for one of these smiles

Author

De Leo, L., Vargas, V., Ciliberti, S., and Bouchaud, J. -P.

Subjects
Quantitative Finance - Pricing of Securities, Quantitative Finance - Statistical Finance
Abstract

We derive a new, exact and transparent expansion for option smiles, which lends itself both to analytical approximation and, perhaps more importantly, to congenial numerical treatments. We show that the skew and the curvature of the smile can be computed as exotic options, for which the Hedged Monte Carlo method is particularly well suited. When applied to options on the S&P index, we find that the skew and the curvature of the smile are very poorly reproduced by the standard Edgeworth (cumulant) expansion. Most notably, the relation between the skew and the skewness is inverted at small and large vols, a feature that none of the model studied so far is able to reproduce. Furthermore, the around-the-money curvature of the smile is found to be very small, in stark contrast with the highly kurtic nature of the returns., Comment: Submitted to "Risk Magazine"

Published
2012

24. Hydrodynamics of horseradish peroxidase revealed by global analysis of multiple fluorescence probes

Author

Brunet, JE, Vargas, V, Gratton, E, and Jameson, DM

Subjects
Medicinal and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Sciences, Binding Sites, Biophysical Phenomena, Biophysics, Fluorescence Polarization, Fluorescent Dyes, Heme, Horseradish Peroxidase, Models, Chemical, Protein Conformation, Protoporphyrins, Physical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Biological sciences, Chemical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract

Previous fluorescence studies of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with protoporphyrin IX suggested that the protein behaved hydrodynamically as a prolate ellipsoid of axial ratio 3 to 1. The present study, designed to further investigate the hydrodynamics of this protein, exploits a series of probes, noncovalently bound to the heme binding site of apo-horseradish peroxidase, having different orientations of the excitation and emission transition dipoles with respect to the protein's rotational axes. The probes utilized included protoporphyrin IX and the naphthalene probes 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate, 2-p-toluidinyl-6-naphthalene sulfonate, and 4,4'-bis(1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate). Time-resolved data were obtained using multifrequency phase fluorometry. The global analysis approach to the determination of molecular shape using multiple probes was evaluated by utilizing all data sets while maintaining a constant molecular shape for the protein. The results indicated that, in such analyses, probes exhibiting a single exponential decay and limited local motion have the major weight in the evaluation of the axial ratio. Probes that show complex decay patterns and local motions, such as the naphthalene derivatives, give rise to significant uncertainties in such global treatments. By explicitly accounting for the effect of such local motion, however, the shape of the protein can be reliably recovered.

Published
1994

28. Effect of three feeding levels on the pathogenesis and establishment of Haemonchus contortus in parasite-naïve Pelibuey hair sheep lambs during their first infection

Author

Can-Celis, A., primary, Torres-Acosta, J.F.J., additional, Mancilla-Montelongo, M.G., additional, González-Pech, P.G., additional, Ramos-Bruno, E., additional, Sandoval-Castro, C.A., additional, Vargas-Magaña, J.J., additional, Bojórquez-Encalada, F., additional, Cruz-Tamayo, A., additional, Canché-Pool, E., additional, López-Arellano, M.E., additional, Galaz-Ávalos, R.M., additional, Loyola-Vargas, V., additional, and Méndez-Ortíz, F.A., additional

Published
2022
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33. Reduction and stabilization of bilirubin with obeticholic acid treatment in patients with primary biliary cholangitis

Author

Pares, A, Shiffman, M, Vargas, V, Invernizzi, P, Malecha, E, Liberman, A, Macconell, L, Hirschfield, G, Pares A., Shiffman M., Vargas V., Invernizzi P., Malecha E. S., Liberman A., MacConell L., Hirschfield G., Pares, A, Shiffman, M, Vargas, V, Invernizzi, P, Malecha, E, Liberman, A, Macconell, L, Hirschfield, G, Pares A., Shiffman M., Vargas V., Invernizzi P., Malecha E. S., Liberman A., MacConell L., and Hirschfield G.

Abstract

Background & Aims: Total bilirubin is a predictor of survival in primary biliary cholangitis, with the main elevated component being direct bilirubin. The purpose of this post hoc analysis was to assess the efficacy and safety of obeticholic acid across quartiles of varying baseline levels of direct bilirubin in the phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled Primary Biliary Cholangitis Obeticholic Acid International Study of Efficacy. Methods: This analysis assessed patients on the basis of their baseline direct bilirubin level (divided by quartile). Biochemistry and safety outcomes were evaluated within each quartile over time. Results: In the quartile with the highest baseline direct bilirubin (>5.47 µmol/L), there was a significant reduction in both direct and total bilirubin at Month 12 compared with placebo. Least squares mean (standard error) change from baseline in direct bilirubin at Month 12 was 4.17 (1.42) µmol/L for placebo, −3.48 (1.63) µmol/L for obeticholic acid 5-10 mg and −3.66 (1.51) µmol/L for obeticholic acid 10 mg (P <.0001, obeticholic acid vs placebo); the corresponding values for total bilirubin at Month 12 were 4.38 (1.55) µmol/L for placebo, −4.53 (1.83) µmol/L for obeticholic acid 5-10 mg and −5.06 (1.64) µmol/L for obeticholic acid 10 mg (P <.0001, obeticholic acid vs placebo). Conclusions: Obeticholic acid treatment was associated with significant reductions in total and direct bilirubin, particularly in patients with high baseline direct bilirubin. Because raised direct bilirubin levels, even within the normal range, are predictive of survival in primary biliary cholangitis, these results suggest substantial benefits of obeticholic acid in at-risk patients.

Published
2020

34. Effect of rifaximin on infections, acute-on-chronic liver failure and mortality in alcoholic hepatitis : A pilot study (RIFA-AH)

Author

Jiménez, Cesar, Ventura-Cots, Meritxell, Sala Llinas, Margarita, Calafat, Margalida, Garcia-Retortillo, M., Cirera, Isabel, Cañete Hidalgo, Nuria, Soriano, German, Poca Sans, Maria, Simon-Talero, Macarena, Altamirano, José, Lucey, Michael, Garcia-Tsao, G., Brown, R.S., Schwabe, R.F., Verna, Elizabeth, Schnabl, Bernd, Bosques, Francisco, Mathurin, Philippe, Louvet, Alexandre, Shawcross, Debbie, Abraldes, J.G., Genescà, J., Bataller, R., Vargas, V., Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Jiménez, Cesar, Ventura-Cots, Meritxell, Sala Llinas, Margarita, Calafat, Margalida, Garcia-Retortillo, M., Cirera, Isabel, Cañete Hidalgo, Nuria, Soriano, German, Poca Sans, Maria, Simon-Talero, Macarena, Altamirano, José, Lucey, Michael, Garcia-Tsao, G., Brown, R.S., Schwabe, R.F., Verna, Elizabeth, Schnabl, Bernd, Bosques, Francisco, Mathurin, Philippe, Louvet, Alexandre, Shawcross, Debbie, Abraldes, J.G., Genescà, J., Bataller, R., Vargas, V., and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

Abstract

Background & Aims: Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is associated with a high incidence of infection and mortality. Rifaximin reduces bacterial overgrowth and translocation. We aimed to study whether the administration of rifaximin as an adjuvant treatment to corticosteroids decreases the number of bacterial infections at 90 days in patients with severe AH compared to a control cohort. Methods: This was a multicentre, open, comparative pilot study of the addition of rifaximin (1200 mg/day/90 days) to the standard treatment for severe AH. The results were compared with a carefully matched historical cohort of patients treated with standard therapy and matching by age and model of end-stage liver disease (MELD). We evaluated bacterial infections, liver-related complications, mortality and liver function tests after 90 days. Results: Twenty-one and 42 patients were included in the rifaximin and control groups respectively. No significant baseline differences were found between groups. The mean number of infections per patient was 0.29 and 0.62 in the rifaximin and control groups, respectively (p =.049), with a lower incidence of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) linked to infections within the treatment group. Liver-related complications were lower within the rifaximin group (0.43 vs. 1.26 complications/patient respectively) (p =.01). Mortality was lower in the treated versus the control groups (14.2% vs. 30.9, p =.15) without significant differences. No serious adverse events were associated with rifaximin treatment. Conclusions: Rifaximin is safe in severe AH with a significant reduction in clinical complications. A lower number of infections and a trend towards a lower ACLF and mortality favours its use in these patients.

Published
2022

35. Inteligencia artificial en otorrinolaringología: estado actual y perspectivas a futuro

Author

Talamilla P.,Matías, Vargas V.,Ignacio, Cisternas P.,Irma, Viscaíno S.,Michelle, Auat-Cheein,Fernando, Délano R.,Paul, Maass O.,Juan C., Talamilla P.,Matías, Vargas V.,Ignacio, Cisternas P.,Irma, Viscaíno S.,Michelle, Auat-Cheein,Fernando, Délano R.,Paul, and Maass O.,Juan C.

Abstract

Resumen La inteligencia artificial posee una larga historia, llena de innovaciones que han dado como resultado diferentes recursos diagnósticos de alto rendimiento, que se encuentran disponibles actualmente. En este artículo se presenta una revisión sobre la inteligencia artificial y sus aplicaciones en medicina. El trabajo se centra en la especialidad de otorrinolaringología con el objetivo de informar a la comunidad médica la importancia y las aplicaciones más destacadas en los diferentes procesos diagnósticos dentro de la especialidad. Incluimos una sección para el análisis del estado actual de la inteligencia artificial en otorrinolaringología en Chile, así como los desafíos a enfrentar a futuro para utilizar la inteligencia artificial en la práctica médica diaria.

Published
2022

36. Enfermedad gonocócica diseminada:: Reporte de caso

Author

Martínez Montalvo, Carlos M., Forero Vargas, D.A., Cabal Chilito, N.A., Estrada Serrano, N., Muñoz Bedoya, K.J., Fernando Achicanoy, A., Bautista Vargas, V., Navarro Peña, M.T., Martínez Montalvo, Carlos M., Forero Vargas, D.A., Cabal Chilito, N.A., Estrada Serrano, N., Muñoz Bedoya, K.J., Fernando Achicanoy, A., Bautista Vargas, V., and Navarro Peña, M.T.

Abstract

Introduction: Infection by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) is the second cause of sexually transmitted disease (ETS), with an increasing incidence, high rates of antibiotic resistance and with its greatest presentation at the genital level. Its presentation with bacteriemia is less than 3%, limiting its diagnosis due to its low performance. Therefore, we report the case. Case presentation: 60-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus, who was admitted due to polyarticular symptoms with synovitis, associated with a febrile syndrome, with no other finding on physical examination. Bacteremia due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae is documented, with a temporal link with previous sexual intercourse. Antibiotic treatment is indicated according to antibiogram with partner prophylaxis. Patient is discharged without any complications. Conclusion: Hematic dissemination by NG is a rare condition, with very non-specific initial symptoms, with low performance of diagnostic tests in this condition, which requires high clinical suspicion, and a very detailed clinical history is of great importance. As in our case, nonspecific symptoms led to ruling out other conditions until isolation in blood cultures leads to a definitive diagnosis. It is a case with unusual clinical presentation, Introducción: La infección por Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) es la segunda causa enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS), con una incidencia en aumento, altas tasas de resistencia antibiótica y con su mayor presentación a nivel genital. Su presentación con bacteriemia es menor del 3 %, con limitante en su diagnóstico por su bajo rendimiento. Por lo anterior reportamos el caso. Presentación caso: Hombre de 60 años con antecedente de diabetes mellitus, quien ingresa por cuadro poliarticular con sinovitis, asociado a un síndrome febril, sin otro hallazgo al examen físico. Se documenta bacteriemia por NG, con nexo temporal con relación sexual previa. Se indica tratamiento antibiótico según antibiograma con profilaxis a pareja. Paciente egresa sin ninguna complicación. Conclusión: La diseminación hemática por NG es una condición rara, con síntomas iniciales muy inespecíficos, con bajo rendimiento de pruebas diagnósticas en esta condición, por lo cual requiere alta sospecha clínica y cobra gran importancia una historia clínica muy detallada. Como en nuestro caso, los síntomas inespecíficos condicionaron a descartar otras condiciones hasta el aislamiento en hemocultivos lleva a diagnósticos definitivo. Es un caso con presentación clínica inusual

Published
2022

37. Social innovation for sustainable development: assessing current trends

Author

Leal Filho, W, Fritzen, B, Ruiz Vargas, V, Paço, A, Zhang, Q, Doni, F, Azul, A, Vasconcelos, C, Nikolaou, I, Skouloudis, A, Weresa, M, Marczewska, M, Price, E, Anholon, R, Rampasso, I, Quelhas, O, Lange Salvia, A, Ozuyar, P, Moggi, S, Wu, Y, Leal Filho, Walter, Fritzen, Barbara, Ruiz Vargas, Valeria, Paço, Arminda, Zhang, Qiong, Doni, Federica, Azul, Anabela Marisa, Vasconcelos, Claudio R. P., Nikolaou, Ioannis E., Skouloudis, Antonis, Weresa, Marzenna Anna, Marczewska, Magdalena, Price, Elizabeth, Anholon, Rosley, Rampasso, Izabella, Quelhas, Osvaldo, Lange Salvia, Amanda, Ozuyar, Pinar Gokcin, Moggi, Sara, Wu, Yenchun Jim, Leal Filho, W, Fritzen, B, Ruiz Vargas, V, Paço, A, Zhang, Q, Doni, F, Azul, A, Vasconcelos, C, Nikolaou, I, Skouloudis, A, Weresa, M, Marczewska, M, Price, E, Anholon, R, Rampasso, I, Quelhas, O, Lange Salvia, A, Ozuyar, P, Moggi, S, Wu, Y, Leal Filho, Walter, Fritzen, Barbara, Ruiz Vargas, Valeria, Paço, Arminda, Zhang, Qiong, Doni, Federica, Azul, Anabela Marisa, Vasconcelos, Claudio R. P., Nikolaou, Ioannis E., Skouloudis, Antonis, Weresa, Marzenna Anna, Marczewska, Magdalena, Price, Elizabeth, Anholon, Rosley, Rampasso, Izabella, Quelhas, Osvaldo, Lange Salvia, Amanda, Ozuyar, Pinar Gokcin, Moggi, Sara, and Wu, Yenchun Jim

Abstract

Innovation is believed to be a key driver of societal and economic well-being. In many cases, it has also led to more sustainable lifestyles and a more efficient use of natural resources. But despite the relevance of innovation as a tool to support sustainable development, there is a need for research that analyses current trends in order to guide future efforts. The present paper addresses this research need. It examines existing methods and tools for fostering social innovation in matters related to sustainable development, within the framework of the SDGs. By means of an online survey undertaken among sustainability and innovation experts in a sample of industrialised and developing nations, this study has identified some of the means via which social innovation is being pursued, along with its applications and limitations. A number of case studies showing examples of sustainable innovation have been mapped to demonstrate its usefulness. A causal loop diagram, which links the factors associated with social innovation within the context of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, is also presented, offering a greater understanding of their interconnections. The paper concludes by outlining some measures that may help to take better advantage of the many opportunities offered by social innovation that put the principles of sustainable development into practice.

Published
2022

41. Correction to: The MELD Score Is Superior to the Maddrey Discriminant Function Score to Predict Short-Term Mortality in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis: A Global Study

Author

Morales-Arráez, D., primary, Ventura-Cots, M., additional, Altamirano, J., additional, Abraldes, J.G., additional, Cruz-Lemini, M., additional, Thursz, M.R., additional, Atkinson, S.R., additional, Sarin, S.K., additional, Kim, W., additional, Chavez-Araujo, R., additional, Higuera-de la Tijera, M.F., additional, Singal, A.K., additional, Shah, V.H., additional, Kamath, P.S., additional, Duarte-Rojo, A., additional, Charles, E.A., additional, Vargas, V., additional, Jager, M., additional, Rautou, P.E., additional, Rincon, D., additional, Zamarripa, F., additional, Restrepo-Gutiérrez, J.C., additional, Torre, A., additional, Lucey, M.R., additional, Arab, J.P., additional, Mathurin, P., additional, Louvet, A., additional, García-Tsao, G., additional, González, J.A., additional, Verna, E.C., additional, Brown, R.S., additional, Argemi, J., additional, Fernández-Carrillo, C., additional, Clemente, A., additional, Alvarado-Tapias, E., additional, Forrest, E., additional, Allison, M., additional, and Bataller, R., additional

Published
2022
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44. High HCV subtype heterogeneity in a chronically infected general population revealed by high-resolution hepatitis C virus subtyping

Author

Rodriguez-Frias, F., Nieto-Aponte, L., Gregori, J., Garcia-Cehic, D., Casillas, R., Tabernero, D., Homs, M., Blasi, M., Vila, M., Chen, Q., Vargas, V., Castells, Ll., Viladomiu, Ll., Genesca, J., Minguez, B., Augustin, S., Riveiro-Barciela, M., Carbonell, J., Perales, C., Soria, M.E., Asensio, M., Llorens, M., Ordeig, L., Godoy, C., Buti, M., Esteban, R., Pumarola, T., Esteban, J.I., and Quer, J.

Published
2017
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45. The MELD Score Is Superior to the Maddrey Discriminant Function Score to Predict Short-Term Mortality in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis: A Global Study

Author

Morales-Arráez, D., primary, Ventura-Cots, M., additional, Altamirano, J., additional, Abraldes, J.G., additional, Cruz-Lemini, M., additional, Thursz, M.R., additional, Atkinson, S.R., additional, Sarin, S.K., additional, Kim, W., additional, Chavez-Araujo, R., additional, Higuera-de la Tijera, M.F., additional, Singal, A.K., additional, Shah, V.H., additional, Kamath, P.S., additional, Duarte-Rojo, A., additional, Charles, E.A., additional, Vargas, V., additional, Jager, M., additional, Rautou, P.E., additional, Rincon, D., additional, Zamarripa, F., additional, Restrepo-Gutiérrez, J.C., additional, Torre, A., additional, Lucey, M.R., additional, Arab, J.P., additional, Mathurin, P., additional, Louvet, A., additional, García-Tsao, G., additional, González, J.A., additional, Verna, E.C., additional, Brown, R.S., additional, Argemi, J., additional, Fernández-Carillo, C., additional, Clemente, A., additional, Alvarado-Tapias, E., additional, Forrest, E., additional, Allison, M., additional, and Bataller, R., additional

Published
2021
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46. Paraparesis secondary to paravertebral hidatidosis/Paraparesia secundaria a hidatidosis paravertebral

Author

Munoz, R., Orellana P., M., Vargas V., D., and Luna D., S.

Subjects
Health
Abstract

The hydatid disease is a zoonoses caused by Echinoccocus's larvae stage. The most affected regions are Meditarranea, South America, Africa, Mid West, Australia and New Zealand. Mostly infects the liver and the lungs, but any part of the body can be affected, by primary inoculation or dissemination. We present a case of a 54 years old, male patient, with 33 years history of pulmonary and abdominal hydatid disease. He is hospitalized for progressive paraparesia of lower limbs, paresthesia T12 root nerve and low back pain. Without any other symptoms. The CT scan shows a left paravertebral mass with infiltration signs and destruction of T12 vertebra and rib, and a 12 cm anterior paravertebral tumor with aorta invasion. Magnetic resonance imaging shows invasion of the spinal canal. Descompressive laminectomy was made with evacuation of the vesicles. Patient shows a satisfactory evolution, with a complete recovery of paresthesia and be able to walk. The vertebral hydatid disease is rare, but can be manifested by pain and medular compression symptoms, such a paraparesia, paresthesis, altered tendon reflexes, sphincter dysfunction and cauda equina syndrome. Imaging such a CT scan and Magnetic resonance imaging, are necesary for an effective diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. The treatment of choice is the surgical descompression with the use of antihelminthics in order to prevent the recurrence. Key words: Hydatidosis, Hydatid Cyst, Spinal cord compression, Pseudoaneurysm, Low back pain, Lower Limbs Paralysis. La hidatidosis es una zoonosis causada por la fase larval del Echinoccocus. Afecta principalmente a la region mediterranea, Sudamerica, Africa, Medio-Oriente, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Afecta principalmente al higado y al pulmon, aunque puede comprometer cualquier parte del cuerpo ya sea, por inoculacion primaria o diseminacion secundaria. Se presenta el caso de paciente de 54 anos, sexo masculino, con antecedentes de hidatidosis pulmonar izquierda y abdominal subdiafragmatica, diagnosticada hace 33 anos. Ingresa por cuadro de paraparesia progresiva de extremidades inferiores, disminucion de sensibilidad a la altura de T12 y lumbalgia sin otros signos ni sintomas asociados. La Tomografia axial computada mostro lesion tumoral paravertebral izquierda con signos de infiltracion y destruccion de costilla y vertebra T12 a nivel de lamina y pediculo izquierdo, junto con lesion de 12 cm paravertebral anterior, con ingreso de quiste a lumen aortico, entre T4 y T6. Resonancia nuclear magnetica muestra invasion hacia canal medular con signos de compresion. Se realizo laminectomia descompresiva con evacuacion de vesiculas. La evolucion posterior es satisfactoria con recuperacion de su paraparesia, logrando la bipedestacion a los pocos dias. Si bien el compromiso vertebral es raro, este se puede manifestar con dolor y sintomas secundarios a la compresion medular como paraparesia o paraplejia, deficit sensorial, reflejos osteotendineos alterados, disfuncion esfinterica y sindrome de cauda equina. Imagenes como tomografia axial computada y resonancia nuclear magnetica, son necesarias para un efectivo diagnostico y monitorizacion de la hidatidosis. El tratamiento de eleccion es la descompresion quirurgica asociado a antihelminticos para evitar la recurrencia. Palabras clave: Hidatidosis, quiste hidatidico, compresion medular, pseudoaneurisma, lumbago, paraparesia., Introduccion La hidatidosis es una zoonosis que afecta principalmente a la region mediterranea, Sudamerica, Africa, Medio-Oriente, Australia y Nueva Zelanda. Es producida por la fase larval del Echinococcus (1-5). Cuyo [...]

Published
2014

48. Clave para los géneros más comunes de larvas de Ixodida (Acari:Ixodidae)

Author

Mario Vargas V.

Subjects
acari, ixodidae, larvas, géneros, clasificación, Agriculture, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract

Se presenta una clave, a nivel de género, para larvas de garrapatas duras, utilizando caracteres de fácil reconocimiento: surco anal, setas posthypostomales, ojos, sensilla sagittiformia, festones, setas marginales y setas dorsales del tarso I. El procesamiento de los especímenes fue: fijación en alcohol; aclaración en Nesbitt; y montaje en medio de Hoyer. El uso del Nesbitt y Hoyer es fundamental para facilitar la observación de las estructuras requeridas para la clasificación.

Published
2006

50. Past, present, and future of global health financing: A review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995-2050

Author

Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Chang A. Y., Cowling K., Micah A. E., Chapin A., Chen C. S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A. E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almalki M. J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T. W., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Belay Y. B., Belay Y. A., Belete H., Berbada D. A., Berman A. E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B. G., Constantin M. -M., Crowe C. S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J. -W., Deiparine S., Demeke F. M., Do H. P., Dubey M., Tantawi M. E., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A. A., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K. E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Bidgoli H. H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H. Y., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Rad E. H., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O. S., Irvani S. S. N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S. L., Jonas J. B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Matin B. K., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H. K., Kassaw M. W., Karyani A. K., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M. N., Khang Y. -H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K. J., Leung R., Lim L. -L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L. G., Massenburg B. B., Mckee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Kostova N. M., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohajer B., Darwesh A. M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mousavi S. M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A. J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen S. H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Piroozi B., Prada S. I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E. M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Milicevic M. M. S., Jose B. P. S., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S. G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M. G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., Van Boven J. F. M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F. S., Vladimirov S. K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Wolfe C. D. A., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S. B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E. A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C. J. L., Dieleman J. L., Chang, A, Cowling, K, Micah, A, Chapin, A, Chen, C, Ikilezi, G, Sadat, N, Tsakalos, G, Wu, J, Younker, T, Zhao, Y, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Ahmed, A, Alam, K, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almalki, M, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ammar, W, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Aremu, O, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Awasthi, A, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azzopardi-Muscat, N, Bagherzadeh, M, Barnighausen, T, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Belay, Y, Belete, H, Berbada, D, Berman, A, Beuran, M, Bijani, A, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Catala-Lopez, F, Chauhan, B, Constantin, M, Crowe, C, Cucu, A, Dalal, K, De Neve, J, Deiparine, S, Demeke, F, Do, H, Dubey, M, Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeili, R, Fakhar, M, Fazaeli, A, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fukumoto, T, Fullman, N, Galan, A, Gamkrelidze, A, Gezae, K, Ghajar, A, Ghashghaee, A, Goginashvili, K, Haakenstad, A, Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henok, A, Heredia-Pi, I, Herteliu, C, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Rad, E, Hossain, N, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Ilesanmi, O, Irvani, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jalali, A, James, S, Jonas, J, Jurisson, M, Kadel, R, Matin, B, Kasaeian, A, Kasaye, H, Kassaw, M, Karyani, A, Khabiri, R, Khan, J, Khan, M, Khang, Y, Kisa, A, Kissimova-Skarbek, K, Kohler, S, Koyanagi, A, Krohn, K, Leung, R, Lim, L, Lorkowski, S, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mansourian, M, Mantovani, L, Massenburg, B, Mckee, M, Mehta, V, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohajer, B, Darwesh, A, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mousavi, S, Muthupandian, S, Nagarajan, A, Nangia, V, Negoi, I, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, S, Nosratnejad, S, Oladimeji, O, Olgiati, S, Olusanya, J, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Pana, A, Pereira, D, Piroozi, B, Prada, S, Qorbani, M, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Ram, U, Ranabhat, C, Ranta, A, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rezaei, S, Roro, E, Rostami, A, Rubino, S, Salahshoor, M, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Milicevic, M, Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Sepanlou, S, Sepehrimanesh, M, Sheikh, A, Shrime, M, Sisay, S, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Srinivasan, V, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Torre, A, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tran, K, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, Van Boven, J, Vargas, V, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Vladimirov, S, Vlassov, V, Vollmer, S, Vu, G, Wolfe, C, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yousefifard, M, Zaman, S, Zangeneh, A, Zegeye, E, Ziapour, A, Chew, A, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, Chang A. Y., Cowling K., Micah A. E., Chapin A., Chen C. S., Ikilezi G., Sadat N., Tsakalos G., Wu J., Younker T., Zhao Y., Zlavog B. S., Abbafati C., Ahmed A. E., Alam K., Alipour V., Aljunid S. M., Almalki M. J., Alvis-Guzman N., Ammar W., Andrei C. L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C. A. T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Awasthi A., Ayanore M. A., Azari S., Azzopardi-Muscat N., Bagherzadeh M., Barnighausen T. W., Baune B. T., Bayati M., Belay Y. B., Belay Y. A., Belete H., Berbada D. A., Berman A. E., Beuran M., Bijani A., Busse R., Cahuana-Hurtado L., Camera L. A., Catala-Lopez F., Chauhan B. G., Constantin M. -M., Crowe C. S., Cucu A., Dalal K., De Neve J. -W., Deiparine S., Demeke F. M., Do H. P., Dubey M., Tantawi M. E., Eskandarieh S., Esmaeili R., Fakhar M., Fazaeli A. A., Fischer F., Foigt N. A., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Galan A., Gamkrelidze A., Gezae K. E., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Goginashvili K., Haakenstad A., Bidgoli H. H., Hamidi S., Harb H. L., Hasanpoor E., Hassen H. Y., Hay S. I., Hendrie D., Henok A., Heredia-Pi I., Herteliu C., Hoang C. L., Hole M. K., Rad E. H., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc S., Ilesanmi O. S., Irvani S. S. N., Jakovljevic M., Jalali A., James S. L., Jonas J. B., Jurisson M., Kadel R., Matin B. K., Kasaeian A., Kasaye H. K., Kassaw M. W., Karyani A. K., Khabiri R., Khan J., Khan M. N., Khang Y. -H., Kisa A., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Kohler S., Koyanagi A., Krohn K. J., Leung R., Lim L. -L., Lorkowski S., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansourian M., Mantovani L. G., Massenburg B. B., Mckee M., Mehta V., Meretoja A., Meretoja T. J., Kostova N. M., Miller T. R., Mirrakhimov E. M., Mohajer B., Darwesh A. M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A. H., Morrison S. D., Mousavi S. M., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan A. J., Nangia V., Negoi I., Nguyen C. T., Nguyen H. L. T., Nguyen S. H., Nosratnejad S., Oladimeji O., Olgiati S., Olusanya J. O., Onwujekwe O. E., Otstavnov S. S., Pana A., Pereira D. M., Piroozi B., Prada S. I., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ram U., Ranabhat C. L., Ranta A., Rawaf D. L., Rawaf S., Rezaei S., Roro E. M., Rostami A., Rubino S., Salahshoor M., Samy A. M., Sanabria J., Santos J. V., Milicevic M. M. S., Jose B. P. S., Savic M., Schwendicke F., Sepanlou S. G., Sepehrimanesh M., Sheikh A., Shrime M. G., Sisay S., Soltani S., Soofi M., Srinivasan V., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Torre A., Tovani-Palone M. R., Tran B. X., Tran K. B., Undurraga E. A., Valdez P. R., Van Boven J. F. M., Vargas V., Veisani Y., Violante F. S., Vladimirov S. K., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Vu G. T., Wolfe C. D. A., Yonemoto N., Younis M. Z., Yousefifard M., Zaman S. B., Zangeneh A., Zegeye E. A., Ziapour A., Chew A., Murray C. J. L., and Dieleman J. L.

Abstract

Background: Comprehensive and comparable estimates of health spending in each country are a key input for health policy and planning, and are necessary to support the achievement of national and international health goals. Previous studies have tracked past and projected future health spending until 2040 and shown that, with economic development, countries tend to spend more on health per capita, with a decreasing share of spending from development assistance and out-of-pocket sources. We aimed to characterise the past, present, and predicted future of global health spending, with an emphasis on equity in spending across countries. Methods: We estimated domestic health spending for 195 countries and territories from 1995 to 2016, split into three categories-government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending-and estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2018. We estimated future scenarios of health spending using an ensemble of linear mixed-effects models with time series specifications to project domestic health spending from 2017 through 2050 and DAH from 2019 through 2050. Data were extracted from a broad set of sources tracking health spending and revenue, and were standardised and converted to inflation-adjusted 2018 US dollars. Incomplete or low-quality data were modelled and uncertainty was estimated, leading to a complete data series of total, government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending, and DAH. Estimates are reported in 2018 US dollars, 2018 purchasing-power parity-adjusted dollars, and as a percentage of gross domestic product. We used demographic decomposition methods to assess a set of factors associated with changes in government health spending between 1995 and 2016 and to examine evidence to support the theory of the health financing transition. We projected two alternative future scenarios based on higher government health spending to assess the potential ability of governments to generate more reso

Published
2019

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