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The use of natural products has been a practice carried out by people throughout history to take care of their health and to alleviate a wide variety of ailments. The reasons for the use of natural medicine at this time, with so many advances in pharmacology, are varied, among which are the dissatisfaction of the immediate needs of people to feel better about themselves and the economic factor. It must be considered that not everything natural is good. Therefore, the products manufactured and distributed under the line of Natural Medicinal Products must go through a verification and certification process, ensuring that they contain sufficient information on their composition and effects to avoid the risks that they may bring to those who consume them. This research describes good practices in the manufacture of natural products and shows the establishment of a Quality Management System in the pharmaceutical industry in different countries of the world. Finally, the use of natural products in Costa Rica is detailed, certain aspects to establish a Quality Management System in the country, as well as its importance. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmacia

Introduction: Ginger is a medicinal plant native to India. Its potential use in cosmetics, medicines and natural products has been reported, however depending on the conditions of cultivation the medicinal components of the different parts of the plant not only changes in its concentration, but in its composition, this modifies its action medicinal. Objective: Characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale cultivated in the San Carlos area, Costa Rica, and to compare its antifungal and antibacterial effect in order to standardize future crops of the plant. Hydroponic form and validate its pharmacological effect and, or Cosmetic a posteriori. Materials and Methods: The rhizomes of the plant were used, the active ingredients were extracted by ethanolic extraction with Soxhlet and steam distillation, the analysis was performed by a qualitative phytochemical profile for the ethanolic extract, and the composition of the essential oil was studied by means of Gas Chromatography coupled to a mass detector (GC-MS). In addition, microbiological tests were performed by plate diffusion for ethanolic extracts and essential oil with strains of bacteria and fungi common in cutaneous pathologies. By means of a scanning electron microscope. Results and Conclusions: The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes in the ethanolic extract was qualitatively determined. In the characterization of the essential oil by GC-MS, geranial (27.42%), neral (20.11%), 1,8-cineol (13.35%), camphene (4.65%) and E-geraniol%). The composition obtained with the composition reported in the literature was compared, obtaining a clear difference with that reported in other studies, which allows to predict an antimicrobial behavior different from most of the traditional essential oils of this rhizome. It was determined that the essential oil inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Stahylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Enteroccocus faecalis, but not against Pseudomonas aureginosa, the ethanolic extract showed no antifungal or antibacterial activity, in addition it was demonstrated that the oil Essential has a stronger anti-Candida Albicans effect than inhibition halo at the same concentration of essential oil and that its mechanism of action included destruction of the membrane by pore formation and an osmotic shock. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmacia

The aim of this study is to determine the impact caused by direct compression on the crystalline state of two prototypes of Rupatadine fumarate 10 mg tablets. The tablets were manufactured through direct compression. Five grams powdered tablets samples were taken randomly for analysis through DSC, TGA and XRD. The results were analyzed by making a comparison between their crystalline characterization and the one shown by the active pharmaceutical ingredient, excipients, the placebo and the powdered formula before compression. The active pharmaceutical ingredient showed a melting point at 201.38 °C, which decreased 2 – 3 °C in the tablets’ thermograms. Placebos presented an endotherm at 228 °C characteristic of amorphous lactose’s melting point. The only thermal change presented between the tablets and the other samples is the crystallization of amorphous lactose around 172 – 176 °C. X-ray diffractograms showed an increased intensity for the peaks of α - lactose monohydrate after compression and no changes regarding the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The comparison done between the analyses, confirmed that compression didn’t impact the crystalline state of Rupatadine fumarate. However mechanical treatment and the influence of the excipients caused the fusion peak to shift towards lower temperatures. Lactose’s crystal lattice suffered the greatest impact caused by compression, which generated the crystallization of the amorphous region present in that raw material. Nevertheless, such modification doesn’t alter the prototypes’ aptitude for being developed into a final solid pharmaceutical form and it is not a situation that affects the product’s quality. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Bactris gasipaes es una palmera de la cual se obtiene una fruta conocida comúnmente en Costa Rica como Pejibaye, es autóctona de América Central, muy común en la alimentación de Costa Rica, por su alto contenido de almidón en su fruto. La semilla es un producto de desecho industrial. El presente estudio busca caracterizar la composición de la misma para analizar sus aplicaciones farmacéuticas. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

The Bactris gasipaes is a native palm from Central America which its fruit is known as pejibaye, its wood is also used for the manufacture of various utensils, the marrow of its tender stems is edible and it is called palmetto, it is used in the preparation of salads and other dishes. The pejibaye is cultivated in Costa Rica and part of the diet, this due to its high content of starch and mainly by content of antioxidant substances. The objective of the present study is to identify the main phytochemical groups and quantify the main markers in order to associate them with cosmetic or medicinal functions in pharmaceutical products. Materials and Methods: The mature fruits of Bactris gasipaes were peeled and separated the seeds of the mesocarp, were dried, milled and subdivisions were made with low, medium and high polarity solvents, then a phytochemical screening was carried out according to the Guidelines for the Quality Control of Products of Natural Origin of the World Health Organization, additionally the antioxidant properties were evaluated, the concentration of total phenols, total carotenoids content, the content and type of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and the physicochemical properties of the aqueous extract were determined. The study found a low concentration of phenolic compounds such as condensed and non-condensed tannins and the main phytochemical groups such as: carotenoids, terpenes, fats, carbohydrates and alkaloids and the absence of Anthocyanins. The antioxidant power that was 45.56 ± 1.96 g/mol Trolox Eq/g dry fruit, an EC 50 0.293 mg/Lfor the mesocarp oil, the total phenols found are 0.628 ± 0.12 mg/Gof dry sample (equivalents of Gallic acid), which shows that the main antioxidant components are lipophilic, so they can be useful in formulations such as emollients, anti-aging effect, anti-wrinkle, nourishing and moisturizing for the skin, and as a sunscreen. The mesocarp oil contains unsaturated fats (78.6% ± 1.2 µg/g): oleic, linoleic and Palmitoleic and Palmitic acid, respectively 58.3 ± 1.8, 14.5 ± 1.2, 4.5 ± 0.3 and 20.8 ± 1.4 µg/g. The acidity index is 4.32 ± 0.10 which is beneficial to maintain the cutaneous acid mantle and thus favor the normal flora of the skin, although this property represents a challenge in the formulation of Carbomer-based gels. The aqueous extract is hyperosmotic, 2333 ± 9.54 mOs/kg, and has a high electrical conductivity (1492 ± 5.56 S/cm) due to the presence of polyelectrolytes and a high concentration of reducing sugars according to the obtained brix degrees (13.45 ± 0.01), finally mesocarp oil at 0.1% w/w shows an absorption of ultraviolet radiation of 25% at wavelengths between 260 nm and 400 nm, which could also be useful for formulating compositions for sun protection UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Polymorphism analysis of pharmaceutical raw materials is considered one of the most relevant evaluations that should be done. As we know, different crystal forms from the same molecule have differences in terms of their physicochemical properties. According to the crystal form used, researchers can obtain benefits for the development of a new product or it can also imply a disadvantage for the formulation of the product. The present study focuses on the identification of crystalline forms in Rupatadine Fumarate raw material samples. The active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antihistaminic, classified as a second-generation selective H1 receptor, which shows advantages in terms of solubility in contrast with the free base and the trichloride form. Analytical techniques employed were: X ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The results were analyzed all together and compared with the information found in literature. Based on the results obtained, it was demonstrated that the analyzed drug samples don´t present any other polymorphic form besides A form, which is the only one reported in literature. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Ginger is a medicinal plant native to India. Their potential use in cosmetics, medicines and natural productshas been reported, however depending on crop conditions,the medicinal components of the different parts of the plantmaynot only go through changes in concentration but in composition, what modifies its medicinal potential. The aim of this study was to characterizeby the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from rhizomes of Zingiber officinalegrown in the area of San Carlos, Costa Rica,in order to standardize future hydroponic cultivations of the plant and validate their subsequent pharmacological or cosmetic effects.The rhizomes of the plant were used, the active principles were extracted by ethanolic extraction with Soxleth and distillation by entrainment with vapor, analysis was performed by using a qualitative phytochemical profile for the ethanolic extract, and the composition of the essential oil was studied by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). Thepresence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes in the ethanolic extract was qualitatively determined. In characterizing the essential oil by GC-MS we identified as lead compounds geranialdehyde (27.42%), neral (20.11%), 1.8-cineole (13.35%), camphene (4.65%) and E-geraniol (3.92%). The composition we obtained presenteda clear difference with those reported in other studies, allowing the prediction of an antimicrobial behavior unlike most traditional essential oils of the rhizomes. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica/[]/UNA/Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Liposomal vesicles are used as a strategy to enhance the stability and bioavailability of its bioactive components. Large part of its characteristics can be attributed to the likeness between the liposomal and biological membranes, given both are formed by amphiphilic molecules. Since they have a vesicular shape, liposomes have the particularity to encapsulate bioactive molecules. This way certain physicochemical and pharma-kinetic characteristics can be enhanced and optimized. Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound with a high therapeutic potential. However, its bioavailability, stability and solubility are relatively low. Due to this, alternatives have been explored, such as liposomes to enhance the aforementioned properties. This investigation yielded a characterization of the physicochemical properties of a nutritious product using curcumin as a bioactive component. Brix levels, pH levels, specific gravity, refraction index and conductivity were measured. Additionally, liposomal vesicles were observed through optical microscopy to recognize structure, size (diameter) and membrane width. Physicochemical characterization indicates that the formula is stable. Also, they can be utilized as quality control for the product and represent a starting point to accomplish possible formula enhancements and optimization. The microscopic observation indicates that liposomes are multi-vesicular and multi-layered structures. This fact indicates that liposomal vesicles are more stable which results favorable for successful formulation. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

The study of has increased in the last decades. One of the mechanisms that has acquired great relevance is to formulate using liposomal vesicles. Liposomes are structures that enh and transport of active compounds, which is reflected by an increase in the bioactivity of the encapsulated molecules. The guarana extract has proven to be rich in methylxanthines and phenolic compounds. These metabolites are exert a stimulating effect. For this reason, it has become popular in nutritional products. was characterized physicochemically a nutritional product based on guarana, vitamins In this product the active components were encapsulated in liposomal vesicles, which were analyzed to know their structure, size (diameter) and membrane thickness. liposomes are multivesicular and multilam greater stability of the vesicles, which represents a favorable aspect for the formulation. hand, the data obtained from the physicochemical characterization can be used as part of control performed on the formulation. Additionally, they represent a starting point for improvements and optimization of this nutritional product. Copyright©2017, Madrigal-Redondo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmacia

There are more than 700 species of the genus Rubus, popularly known as Mora (tropical highland blackberry). In Costa Rica, the species Rubus adenotrichus has been characterized by its high content of antioxidant substances, becoming one of the most cultivated species and that may have characteristics to be used in cosmetics or medicine. The objective of the present study is to identify the main phytochemical groups and to quantify the main markers in order to associate them with cosmetic or medicinal functions in pharmaceutical products. Ripe fruits of Rubus adenotrichius were fractionated with solvents of low, medium and high polarity, followed by a phytochemical screening according to the World Health Organization Guidelines for the Control of Quality of Products of Natural Origin. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by means of the H-ORAC and DPPH test; the concentration of total phenols by Folin-Ciocalteau and antocinanins by differential pH was determined. Finally, the physicochemical properties of the aqueous extract, such as pH, specific gravity, Brix grades, conductivity, and osmolarity was determined and an absorption spectrum from 260 to 700 nm was obtained. Phenolic compounds were found as condensed and non-condensed tannins, anthocyanins, flavonoids, terpenes, and alkaloids as major phytochemical groups, a high antioxidant power measured in H-ORAC 311 ± 7.63 μg/mol Trolox Equivalent/g of dry fruit, and EC 50 118.46 mg/L for the aqueous extract. The total phenols found was 20.85 ± 0.27 mg/g of dry sample of gallic acid equivalents which makes the Rubus adenotrichus fruit an excellent component for bacteriostatic, anti-aging, anti-wrinkle, nourishing and moisturizing formulations, and the astringent effect also allows its application to small superficial wounds on the skin. Likewise, the acidic pH of 3.55 ± 0.1 is beneficial for maintaining the cutaneous acid mantle thereby favoring the normal flora of the skin, but may be a problem for the formulation of carbomer-based gels or the incorporation of preservatives. The aqueous extract is hyperosmotic (559.66 ± 3.21 mOs/kg) and has a high electrical conductivity (285 ± 2 μS/cm) due to the presence of electrolytes and a considerable amount of sugars, according to Brix degrees (7.543° ± 0.005°). Finally, the 4% w/w aqueous extract shows an absorption of ultraviolet radiation of 25% in the wavelengths from 260 to 400nm, by which it also could be useful for formulating compositions for sun protection. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

The determination of the spatial configuration of the compounds structures used in the production of drugs is of utmost importance due to the different physical characteristics that each have in their solid state and therefore the different qualities of each one for its use as pharmaceutical raw material. This study aimed to identify the polymorphic crystalline form of Etoricoxib raw material, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) enzyme widely used in the present, which was done through four different instrumental analytical techniques: X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy, comparing and studying the results obtained from the analysis with those found in the literature. Using the data obtained with these four techniques it was demonstrated that the study sample exists predominantly in the 1 anhydrous Etoricoxib form. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmacia

Determining the spatial configuration of the structures of compounds used in the production of medicines is extremely important due to the different characteristics of each of them in its solid state and therefore its different qualities of each for use as pharmaceutical raw material. This study aimed to identify the phase of the solid state of Atorvastatin hemi-dihydrate, a lipid-lowering medication HMG-CoA reductase widely use in the present and their characterization by four different instrumental analytical techniques: X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy, comparing the obtained analytical results with those found in the literature. Using data obtained from these four techniques are able to show that the study sample exists predominantly in the 27 form of amorphic hemi-dihydrate calcic atorvastatin. Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Introduction: Since 2009 the University of Costa Rica, through the Faculty of Pharmacy, is dedicated to promote a model of development in cosmetics in small and medium industries in rural or poorest areas of Costa Rica, in which female heads of household are leading the company,. aA successful example of this model is microenterprise Biosphere, located in the province of Alajuela, canton of San Carlos, District Fortune, which produces cosmetics based on hot springs and peloids obtained in the surroundings of the Arenal Volcano, which are characterized and formulated at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (INIFAR). Objective: Formulate a cream based on hot springs with renewable natural resources, cosmetic features, and high in content of minerals and high in content of minerals and not physicochemically unstable due to this composition. Methods: the raw materials and formulations were characterized by physicochemical tests such as pH, rheology, density, and organoleptic tests, and a formula were selected due to this characterized attributes. Results and conclusions: an stable formulation at high mineral content, HLB 6.82 , thixotropic adequate bed-wetting characteristics, pH 5.0 -7.0 , and without overheating with the friction, useful as the base was obtained for massage spas were obtain. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Costa Rica is a volcanic country, containing a variety of peloids with different physicochemical properties; also its main source of income is the tourism. Most of their abundant natural resources have not been characterized and even used yet, this need offer the opportunity to study the physicochemical characteristics of peloids near the Arenal Volcano which may be related to its therapeutic properties, despite of this is a tourist attraction area characterized by hot springs, hotels and spas, it has a low socioeconomic and industrial development, and industrialization of products would create new jobs, and promote the health and wellness tourism, producing a productive linkage. Objective The physicochemical characterization of the Peloids near the Arenal Volcano Costa Rica and relate them to their therapeutic properties. Methods Peloids were characterized by tests such as pH, rheology, density, DSC, X-ray diffraction and thermal conductivity. Results and conclusions Peloids where characterized primarily as kandites billaminars, with a thixotropic flow, high in Fe2O3 , Al2O3, SIO2, Na2O, TiO2, ZrO2 minerals, an acid 4,70 pH, allowing them for the formulation of masks and other anti-psoriasis and anti-acne pharmaceutical forms. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmacia

A problem of rural women in Latin America is the poor access to economic resources; a solution we propose is to implement a collaborative model, where are used natural resources in the area for production of value added products such as cosmetics products,to improve their living conditions. Objective: This paper concerns the evaluation of the physicochemical stability of hair cosmetics based on natural resources of the Costa Rican flora. Methodology: cosmetic products were developed based on Carica papaya,Ananascomosus, and others from the area, equally developed stability testing at 25 ° C and 40 ° C for six months following the guidelines of ANVISA, and quality control which were adapted for reproduction on the production site. Results: Formulations designed contain at least 80% of natural excipients, but preservatives exclude parabens derivatives or other similar substances, also were quantified their physicochemical properties such as viscosity, specific gravity and pH, in different storage conditions during the time of the present study.Using ANOVA,was analyzed thedata. Conclusions: the study revealed that the formulations are stable for at least one year under the conditions of no more than 30°C and protected from light packaging, and achieved the respective health registry that allowed the marketing of the product. Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Desde el año 2009 la Universidad de Costa Rica por medio de la Facultad de Farmacia se ha dedicado a promover un modelo de desarrollo en la pequeña y mediana industria cosmética, para las zonas rurales o más pobres de Costa Rica, en la que las mujeres jefas de hogar lideran la empresa. Un ejemplo exitoso de este modelo es la microempresa Ditutto S.A, de las montañas de Acosta, la cual produce cosméticos a base de leche de cabra, en coordinación con el Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, donde son evaluados y formulados. Este modelo ha hecho que la empresa genere empleo local, aumente su producción y ventas, y exporte a países como Canadá. Se plantea el modelo socioeconómico empleado y los resultados del mismo, entre los años 2009 al 2013, como un ejemplo del vínculo Empresa-Universidad-Sociedad. Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

Trabajo final de graduación de 149 páginas en formato pdf El presente trabajo determinó el razonamiento de las personas peritas en el campo farmacéutico, durante la evalucaión de la patenttabilidad de fórmulas Markush, polimorfos, composiciones farmacéuticas, enantiómeros, métodos de tratamiento, reinvidicaciones tipo suizo, entre otras formas comunes de protección. De esta forma, los objetivos de esta investigación consistieron en determinar los criterios de las personas responsables del examen de fondo de patentabilidad, ante ciertas modalidades habituales de las reinvindcaciones de patentes farmacéuticas, para establecer aquellos que pueden ser unificados en dicho examen, determinar los criterios planteados en las directrices para examen de fondo de otros países, así como redactar una propuesta de guías basadas en criterios unificados, para facilitar la presentación y evaluación de las solicitues de patente farmacéuticas. La presente investigación se ubicó en el contexto de una investigación cualitativa, siguiendo el diseño metodológico etnográfico particularista. La inforamción se obtuvo por medio de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a cinco personas especialistas y análisis de documentos publicados por las oficinas de patentes en cinco países y una oficina regional. Con los resultados obtenidos, luego de confrontar datos, clasificarlos y agruparlos, se determinaron, en primier lugar, los criterios utilizados por las personas que realizan el examen de patentabilidad de solicituds de patentes farmacéuticas. Luego se identficacron los criterios de los manuales de evaluación de patentabilidad de las oficinas de Argentina, Esapaña, India, Canadá, Reino Unido y la Oficina Europea de Patentes.Finalmente, se estableció una comparación entre ambos grupos de criterios, determinándose la presencia mayoritaria de congruencia entre ambos grupos, más que de discrepacias. Con esta informació, se redactó una propues de guías que servirán para las personas encargadas de realizar el examen de fondo de patentabilidad de solicitud del campo farmacéuticos, druante la realización del mismo. Además se presentó un resumen práctico de la guía, en forma de tabla, para una consulta rápida de la directriz para cada modalidad de protección delas solicitudes de patentes farmacéuticas. Universidad Estatal a Distancia de Costa Rica

El presente trabajo corresponde a un estudio in vitro de equivalencia terapéutica e intercambiabilidad de tres medicamentos multiorigen de tabletas de liberación inmediata de levofloxacino del mercado costarricense. Método: Se siguieron los criterios del informe 7 de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Los medicamentos se analizaron mediante un método de espectroscopía ultravioleta desarrollado y validado en nuestro laboratorio. Resultados: Se demostró que los productos analizados de dos laboratorios, designados por A y B, se comportaron con una muy rápida disolución (no menos de un 85 % disuelto del etiquetado en 15 minutos) En cambio, un tercer producto de un laboratorio, denominado C, mostró una rápida disolución (no menos del 85 % disuelto del etiquetado a los 30 minutos). Conclusiones: y por tanto podrían declararse intercambiables con el medicamento de referencia Elequine®, mientras que C no es comparable con el de referencia y por tanto no puede demostrarse su intercambiabilidad in vitro, sino que se requiere un estudio in vivo. Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)

El curso de Fisicoquímica Farmacéutica II, que se imparte en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Costa Rica, es uno de los más complicados para el desarrollo de los aprendizajes debido a la complejidad de sus contenidos, el número de estudiantes, la infraestructura de la Facultad, entre otros. En la investigación realizada se aplicó la estrategia de aprendizaje colaborativo a un grupo de 15 estudiantes repitentes del curso, utilizando las tecnologías innovadoras en educación. Se formaron 7 grupos, asignándose un tema diferente a cada uno, para desarrollarlo con la participación y guía de cuatro profesores. Se tomó la opinión de los estudiantes, por medio de una encuesta, con la intención de evaluar la estrategia. Así, se pudo concluir, tomando los resultados de la encuesta, que la técnica utilizada y la evaluación son las adecuadas para el tipo de contenidos desarrollados en el curso, aunque el tiempo utilizado para desarrollar latécnica, el número de estudiantes totales del curso, la falta de personal, y el recurso bibliográfico limitado, dificultan la reproducción de la experiencia a toda la población del curso, es decir, en general repitentes y no repitentes. The Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry II course, taught at the School of Pharmacy at the University of Costa Rica is one of the most complicated for the development of learning due to the complexity of its content, the number of students, and infrastructure, among others. In this research a collaborative learning strategy was applied to a group of 15 students that were repeating the course, using innovative technologies in education. 7 groups were formed, assigning each a different theme to develop with the participation and guidance of four teachers. It took the students' opinion through a survey, with the intention of evaluating the strategy. Thus, it was concluded, taking the results of the survey, that the technique and assessment are appropriate for the type of content developed in the course, although the time taken to develop the technique, the total number of students of the course, lack of staff, and limited bibliographic resources, difficult the appliance of theexperience to the entire population of the course. Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmacia