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Introduction: According to studies undertaken in numerous nations, alarming increase in the number of unidentified bodies is a global concern. The population worldwide is increasing, and so is the population of the developing Indian subcontinent. Interestingly, a portion of this population is made up of individuals who have flocked from different states in search of employment, etc. Such people die under unfortunate circumstances, and under a police inquest, the process of their identification begins with an autopsy surgeon and a forensic scientist playing a larger role in it. DNA profiling provides an efficient tool in identification of such unidentified bodies. In addition, the authors have attempted to put together a background narrative of the ill-fated individuals; divulging into their standing in the urban society., Materials & Methods: A total of 100 case files related to unidentified bodies were selected from total cases received between 2017 and 2021 at Regional Forensic Science Laboratory. The various parameters were reviewed, followed by DNA profiling of all exhibits. An attempt was made to correlate the said parameters with respect to DNA profiles and vice-versa to comprehend how these parameters, coupled with DNA profiling, help in identification of unidentified bodies., Results: The majority of the unknown deceased were males in the age range of 3-90 years old. The unknown deceased died of natural or unnatural causes, with majority dying of injury or trauma. The approximate time since death ranged from same day up to 6 months. Exhibits like dried blood gauzes, liquid blood samples in EDTA vials, teeth, and bones were able to generate DNA profiles in most of the cases for identity of deceased. Blood gauze was the most common source of exhibits submitted at the laboratory., Conclusion: The study's findings revealed that besides age, sex or cause and manner of death of decedent, the type of exhibit (blood gauze, tooth, etc.) for DNA examination, the appropriate exhibit, if collected and preserved properly, can play a vital role in identification. A systematised action plan is required by law enforcement agencies in order to minimise the social and legal burden of unidentified dead bodies. In such a plan, medical experts must note down all possible findings at the time of post-mortem and collect suitable exhibits for DNA profiling. Further DNA profiling of the exhibits by forensic DNA experts should be done to preserve the unaltered identity of the deceased for a longer term in a DNA database., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The author(s) certify that there are no financial/research/academic conflicts of interest with regard to the manuscript's content/research work., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and reduced β-cell mass. Mechanisms that underlie β-cell failure include glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress. This study was designed to assess the protective effect of trigonelline and diosgenin against changes in ER stress-associated apoptotic proteins CHOP, Caspase12, and Caspase3 and antioxidant levels in pancreas as well as adipose tissue PPARγ mRNA in T2DM rats. Markers of diabetes and obesity such as serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), TNF-α, IL-6, and leptin were also assessed. T2DM rats showed significantly elevated levels of pancreatic ER stress proteins and lipid peroxidation, while the antioxidants were significantly reduced. Histological examination also confirmed T2DM-associated damage in pancreas. In addition, a significant increase in serum FFA, TNF-α, IL-6, and decrease in leptin levels along with significantly decreased adipose mass and reduced PPARγ expression were observed in T2DM rats. On the other hand, trigonelline and diosgenin treatment independently brought about significant improvement in serum parameters, decrease in apoptotic ER stress proteins, and reinforced antioxidant status in pancreas. Histological examination of pancreas showed normal morphology. Treated groups also showed increased adipose tissue mass and enhanced PPARγ expression. Data from docking studies indicated good interaction of both compounds with PPARγ, and diosgenin showed better binding efficiency. These findings suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effects of trigonelline and diosgenin are mediated through moderation of ER stress and oxidative stress in pancreas as well as by PPARγ activation in adipose tissue.

Steroid hormones are found to play a major role in the genesis and progression of mammary tumors. The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically detect the presence of estrogen receptor alpha (ER α ), estrogen receptor beta (ER β ), and progesterone receptor (PR) and also to study the association between these markers in 29 cases of benign (11) and malignant (18) canine mammary tumors. ER α immunostaining was noticed in only one case of carcinosarcoma specifically in the nuclei of epithelial and a few myoepithelial cells. ER β immunostaining was noticed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of epithelial cells and smooth muscles lining the blood vessels. Immunoexpression of ER β was 82% in benign tumors and 78% in malignant tumors. PR immunostaining was expressed in the nuclei of epithelial cells in both benign and malignant tumors. Among the 15 PR+ cases, 6 (55%) were of benign type, and 9 (50%) were of malignant type. The most common group of hormone receptor was the ER α -/PR+/ER β + (46%) in benign tumors and ER α -/PR-/ER β + (38%) in malignant tumors. Although there was no significant association between ER α and PR with ER β , the findings indicated that ER β was consistently expressed in both benign and malignant tumors, irrespective of ER α and PR status.

The present study was carried out to record the occurrence of naturally occurring granulomas in cattle and buffaloes. Tissues grossly suspected for granulomas were collected from 336 out of 1600 (21%) abattoir cases. The gross features ranged from focal necrosis to large caseated masses, hard nodules, growths and abscesses. Histopathologically, 102 tissue samples (6.38%) were ascertained as granulomas. Majority of the granulomas were found in the liver 42 (41.18%), followed by lungs 22 (20.59%), lymph nodes 11 (10.78%), kidneys 6 (5.88%) and 14 (13.73%) as subcutaneous nodules/growths. Solitary cases were found in tongue, muscle, and urinary bladder, whereas 4 granulomas (3.92%) were found in body cavities. Based on the cellular component, the granulomas were categorized as epithelioid (53%), eosinophilic (37%) and suppurative (10%). Employing special staining techniques, the possible etiology of 75 granulomas could be identified. Among these, 70 granulomas (68.63%) were of infectious nature (parasitic 37 (36.28%), bacterial 32 (31.37%), and fungal 1(0.98%)). Non-infectious granulomas 5 cases (4.90%) included two lipid granulomas (1.96%), two granulomas (1.96%) associated with neoplasms and one (0.31%) associated with renal calculi. In 27 (26.47%) cases, the etiology of the granuloma could not be established and were categorized as granulomas of unknown etiology.

Age-related resistance to rotavirus disease has been described with some rotaviruses. In the present study, we investigated age-related resistance to rotavirus disease by defining extent of intestinal infection, virus replication, and severity of intestinal lesions in groups of three 1- and 10-day-old gnotobiotic calves of mixed breed inoculated orally with a cloned bovine rotavirus of low virulence for calves (strain C3-160) and in two groups of three uninoculated control calves of mixed breed. One-day-old calves inoculated with rotavirus developed diarrhea 26 hours after inoculation, and their feces contained 10(8.5)-10(9.2) TCID50/g feces; inoculated 10-day-old calves did not develop diarrhea, virus excretion commenced on the second or third day after inoculation, and peak concentrations of virus in feces were 10(5.7)-10(7.9) TCID50/g feces. Calves were euthanatized within 8-30 hours after the attainment of peak virus shedding while they were still shedding virus at peak levels. The mean percentage of small intestinal epithelium that was immunostained for rotavirus was three times greater in 1-day-old calves than in 10-day-old calves, and the large intestine was infected more extensively in 1-day-old calves. Immunostaining for rotavirus was maximal in the mid small intestine. Staining of mucin was substantially less in the epithelium of the small intestines and colon of rotavirus-inoculated 1-day-old calves than in age-matched controls. The mean height of villi was reduced to approximately half that of controls in the mid and distal small intestine of rotavirus-inoculated 1-day-old calves and was unchanged in 10-day-old calves. Mean crypt cell production rates were greater than that in controls in both groups of rotavirus-inoculated calves, indicating increased enterocyte loss. Age-related resistance to disease was not due to an inability of rotavirus to infect and replicate in enterocytes with lethal effects but appeared to be associated with a slowing of the pathogenic process, which occurred because insufficient enterocytes became infected and destroyed for lesions to develop.

Buffalo pox virus produced typical pock lesions on the skin of rabbits at the site of primary inoculation following an incubation period of 48-72 hr. Gross lesions in internal organs, characterized by focal or diffuse necrotic areas on lung, liver and spleen were seen from day 5 post-inoculation (p. i.). Isolated lesions of approximately 2 mm diameter appeared in skin, stomach, intestine and uterus from day 7 p. i. Histopathological changes, i. e. intra-alveolar and intra-bronchial haemorrhages were seen in lungs and severe fatty changes were found in the liver. Multinuclear cells were detected in liver during recovery. Virus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in skin, lung, liver and spleen lesions.