Search

Your search keyword '"Vasankari, T. (Tuula)"' showing total 6 results
Start Over Author "Vasankari, T. (Tuula)"
6 results on '"Vasankari, T. (Tuula)"'

1. Prevalence, duration of exposure and predicting factors for snus use among young Finnish men:a cross-sectional study

Author

Danielsson, M. (Maria), Tanner, T. (Tarja), Patinen, P. (Pertti), Birkhed, D. (Dowen), Anttonen, V. (Vuokko), Lammi, A. (Anelma), Siitonen, S. (Simo), Ollgren, J. (Jukka), Pylkkänen, L. (Liisa), and Vasankari, T. (Tuula)

Subjects
public health, substance misuse, oral medicine, epidemiology, preventive medicine
Abstract

Objective: The health hazards of tobacco products depend on the level of exposure, but little is known about the characteristics of snus use. The aim of this study was to investigate the duration of daily exposure to snus among occasional and daily users and its associated predictive factors among young Finnish men. Design: Cross-sectional questionnaire study. Setting: Three out of 16 Finnish Defence Forces units. Participants: 1280 young Finnish male conscripts starting their military service in 2016 chosen by simple random sampling. Primary and secondary measures: The prevalence, duration of use and the amount of daily usage of snus and cigarettes were investigated. The attitudes towards perceived harmfulness of snus and the predictive factors affecting the total time of snus consumption were examined. Results: Almost a fifth (19.5%) of the conscripts reported daily snus use, and a further 16% reported occasional use. Daily snus use was associated with an earlier starting age, longer duration of use and higher daily exposure time compared with occasional use. On average, daily snus users consumed 10 portions and occasional users three portions per day (p

Published
2021

2. Pitkään tupakoineiden keuhkosyövän seulontaa tulisi Suomessa selvittää

Author

Aro, M. (Miia), Kaarteenaho, R. (Riitta), Vasankari, T. (Tuula), Jekunen, A. (Antti), and Koivunen, J. (Jussi)

Abstract

Tiivistelmä Keuhkosyöpä aiheuttaa suurimman syöpäkuolleisuuden Suomessa, ja suomalaisten naisten kuollei­suuden keuhkosyöpään ennustetaan lisääntyvän. Keuhkosyöpä voi olla alkuvaiheessa täysin oireeton. Se todetaan usein vasta levinneessä vaiheessa, minkä vuoksi suurelle osalle potilaista leikkaushoito ei ole mahdollinen. Uusien kansainvälisten tutkimusten tulokset viittaavat siihen, että kuolleisuutta voitaisiin laskea seulomalla tupakoitsijoista suuren riskin henkilöitä pieniannoksisella tietokonetomografialla (TT). Eurooppalainen keuhkojärjestö (ERS) on suositellut, että jokaisessa Euroopan maassa perustettaisiin työryhmä, jonka tehtävänä on selvittää keuhkosyöpäseulonnan mahdollisuudet ja kustannustehokkuus.

Published
2021

3. Sähkösavukkeiden terveyshaitat

Author

Harju, T. (Terttu), Aro, M. (Miia), Riikonen, K. (Katja), and Vasankari, T. (Tuula)

Abstract

Tiivistelmä Sähkösavukkeet sisältävät haitallisia yhdisteitä, joiden pitkäaikaisvaikutuksista ei ole tarpeeksi tietoa. Myös passiivinen altistus kemikaaleille voi olla riski. Niiden käyttöä tupakasta vieroitukseen ei ole tutkittu riittävästi. Nykytiedon mukaan niistä ei ole merkittävää apua. Sähkösavuke on etenkin nuorille reitti nikotiinituotteiden käyttöön. Eläin- ja solutason tutkimukset osoittavat, että sähkösavukkeilla on monia negatiivisia vaikutuksia, vaikkakaan ne eivät näyttäisi olevan yhtä moninaisia kuin tavallisella tupakalla. English summary Adverse health effects of electronic cigarettes Electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) are devices that generate aerosols from liquids by vaporizing. They are used to inhale nicotine and other products and they contain potentially toxic chemicals. However, compared to conventional cigarettes, toxic chemicals are fewer and in lower concentrations. Second-hand exposure to ECIG chemicals can represent a potential risk, but the data are still scarce. Moreover, scientific evidence to support ECIGs as an aid to smoking cessation is still low, due to lack of controlled trials, especially those comparing ECIGs with other stop-smoking treatments such as nicotine replacement therapy. On the contrary, the use of ECIGs may promote excessive nicotine use, especially in adolescents. Animal studies and cell culture experiments have shown that ECIGs can have multiple negative effects. Further, the long-term effects of ECIGs are still unknown, thus there is no evidence that ECIGs are safer than tobacco in the long term, and therefore, negative health effects cannot be ruled out.

Published
2020

4. Next-generation ARIA care pathways for rhinitis and asthma: A model for multimorbid chronic diseases

Author

Bousquet, J.J. (J. Jean), Schünemann, H.J. (Holger), Togias, A., Erhola, M. (Marina), Hellings, P.W. (Peter), Zuberbier, T. (Torsten), Agache, I. (Ioana), Ansotegui, I.J. (I.), Anto, J.M. (Josep), Bachert, C. (Claus), Becker, S. (Sven), Bedolla-Barajas, M. (Martin), Bewick, M. (Michael), Bosnic-Anticevich, S. (Sinthia), Bosse, I. (Isabelle), Boulet, L.P., Bourrez, J.M. (Jean Marc), Brusselle, G.G. (Guy), Chavannes, N.H. (Nicolas), Costa, E. (Elisio), Cruz, A.A. (Alvaro), Czarlewski, W. (Wienczyslawa), Fokkens, W.J. (Wytske), Fonseca, J.A. (Joao A.), Gaga, M. (Mina), Haahtela, T. (Tari), Illario, M. (Maddalena), Klimek, L. (Ludger), Kuna, P. (Piotr), Kvedariene, V. (Violeta), Le, L.T., Larenas-Linnemann, D. (Désirée), Laune, D. (Daniel), Lourenço, O.M. (Olga M.), Menditto, E. (Enrica), Mullol, J. (Joaquin), Okamoto, Y. (Yashitaka), Papadopoulos, N., Pham-Thi, N. (Nhân), Picard, R. (Robert), Pinnock, H. (Hilary), Roche, N. (Nicolas), Roller-Wirnsberger, R.E. (Regina E.), Rolland, C. (Christine), Samolinski, B. (Boleslaw), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Toppila-Salmi, S. (Sanna), Tsiligianni, I.G. (Ioanna G), Valiulis, A. (Arunas), Valovirta, E. (Erkka), Vasankari, T. (Tuula), Ventura, M.-T. (Maria-Teresa), Walker, S. (Samantha), Williams, S. (Sian), Akdis, C.A. (Cezmi A.), Annesi-Maesano, I. (Isabella), Arnavielhe, S. (Sylvie), Basagaña, X. (Xavier), Bateman, E.D. (Eric), Bedbrook, A. (Anna), Bennoor, K.S. (K.), Benveniste, S. (Samuel), Bergmann, K.-C. (Karl-Christian), Bialek, S. (Slawomir), Billo, N. (Nils), Bindslev-Jensen, C. (Carsten), Bjermer, L. (Leif), Blain, H. (Hubert), Bonini, M. (Matteo), Bonniaud, P. (Philippe), Bouchard, J. (Jacques), Briedis, V. (Vitalis), Brightling, C.E. (Christofer E.), Brozek, J., Buhl, R. (Roland), Buonaiuto, R. (Roland), Canonica, G.W. (Giorgo W.), Cardona, D. (Doris), Carriazo, A.M. (Ana M.), Carr, W.W. (Warner), Cartier, C. (Christine), Casale, T.B. (Thomas), Cecchi, L. (Lorenzo), Cepeda Sarabia, A.M. (Alfonso M.), Chkhartishvili, E. (Eka), Chu, D.K. (Derek K.), Cingi, C. (Cemal), Colgan, E. (Elaine), De Sousa, J.C. (Jaime Correia), Courbis, A.L. (Anne Lise), Custovic, A. (Adnan), Cvetkosvki, B. (Biljana), Damato, G. (Gennaro), Da Silva, J. (Jane), Dantas, C. (Carina), Dokic, D. (D.), Dauvilliers, Y. (Yves), Dedeu, A. (Antoni), De Feo, G. (Giulia), Devillier, P. (Philippe), Di Capua, S. (Stefania), Dykewickz, M. (Marc), Dubakiene, R. (R.), Ebisawa, M. (Motohiro), El-Gamal, Y. (Y.), Eller, E. (Esben), Emuzyte, R., Farrell, J. (John), Fink-Wagner, A. (Antjie), Fiocchi, A. (Alessandro), Fontaine, J.F. (Jean F.), Gemicioǧlu, B. (Bilun), Schmid-Grendelmeir, P. (Peter), Gamkrelidze, A. (Amiran), Garcia-Aymerich, J. (Judith), Gomez, M. (Maximiliano), Diaz, S.G. (Sandra González), Gotua, M. (M.), Guldemond, N. (Nick), Guzmán, M.A. (M.), Hajjam, J. (Jawad), O'Hourihane, J.B. (John B.), Humbert, M. (Marc), Iaccarino, G. (Guido), Ierodiakonou, D. (Despo), Ivancevich, J.C. (Juan), Joos, G.F. (Guy), Jung, K.-S. (Ki-Suck), Jutel, M. (M.), Kaidashev, I. (Igor), Kalayci, O. (Omer), Kardas, P. (Przemyslaw), Keil, M. (Mark), Khaitov, M. (Mussa), Khaltaev, N., Kleine-Tebbe, J. (Jörg), Kowalski, M.L., Kritikos, V. (Vicky), Kull, C.A. (Christian), Leonardini, L. (Lisa), Lieberman, A.P. (Andrew), Lipworth, B., Lødrup Carlsen, K.C. (K. C.), Loureiro, C.C. (Claudia C.), Louis, R. (Renaud), Mair, A. (Alpana), Marien, G. (Gert), Mahboub, B., Malva, J. (Joao), Manning, P. (Patrick), De Manuel Keenoy, E. (Esteban), Marshall, G.D., Masjedi, M.R. (Mohamed R.), Maspero, J.F. (Jorge F.), Mathieu-Dupas, E. (Eve), Matricardi, P.M. (Poalo M.), Melén, E. (Eric), Melo-Gomes, E. (Elisabete), Meltzer, E.O., Mercier, J. (Jacques), Miculinic, N. (Neven), Mihaltan, F. (Florin), Milenkovic, B. (Branislava), Moda, G. (Giuliana), Mogica-Martinez, M.-D. (Maria-Dolores), Mohammad, Y., Montefort, S. (Steve), Monti, R. (Ricardo), Morais-Almeida, M. (Mario), Mösges, R. (Ralph), Münter, L. (Lars), Muraro, A. (Antonella), Murray, R. (Ruth), Naclerio, R., Napoli, L. (Luigi), Namazova-Baranova, L. (Leila), Neffen, H. (Hugo), Nekam, K. (Kristoff), Neou, A. (A.), Novellino, E. (Enrico), Nyembue, D. (Dieudonné), O'Hehir, R. (Robin), Ohta, K., Okubo, K. (Kimi), Onorato, G. (Gabrielle), Ouedraogo, S., Pali-Schöll, I. (I.), Palkonen, S. (Susanna), Panzner, P. (P.), Park, H.-S. (Hae-Sim), Pépin, J.-L. (Jean-Louis), Pereira, A.-M. (Ana-Maria), Pfaar, O. (Oliver), Paulino, E. (Ema), Phillips, J. (Jim), Plavec, D. (Davor), Popov, T.A. (Ted A.), Portejoie, F. (Fabienne), Price, D. (David), Prokopakis, E.P. (Emmanuel P.), Pugin, B. (Benoit), Raciborski, F. (Filip), Rajabian-Söderlund, R. (Rojin), Reitsma, S. (Sietze), Rodo, X. (Xavier), Romano, A., Rosario, N. (Nelson), Rottem, M. (Menahenm), Ryan, D. (Dermot), Salimäki, J. (Johanna), Sanchez-Borges, M.M. (Mario M.), Sisul, J.C. (J.), Solé, D. (Dirceu), Somekh, D. (David), Sooronbaev, T. (Talant), Sova, M. (Milan), Spranger, O., Stellato, C. (Cristina), Stelmach, R. (Rafael), Ulrik, C.S., Thibaudon, M. (Michel), To, T. (Teresa), Todo Bom, A., Tomazic, P.V. (Peter V.), Valero, A.A. (Antonio A.), Valenta, R. (Rudolph), Valentin-Rostan, M. (Marylin), Van Der Kleij, R.M. (Rianne Mjj), Vandenplas, O. (Olivier), Vezzani, G. (Giorgio), Viart, F. (Frédéric), Viegi, G., Wallace, D. (D.), Wagenmann, M. (Martin), Wang, D.Y. (De Y.), Waserman, S. (Susan), Wickman, M. (Magnus), Williams, D., Wong, G. (G.), Wroczynski, P. (Piotr), Yiallouros, P.K. (P.), Yorgancioglu, A. (Arzu), Yusuf, O.M. (Osman), Zar, H.J. (Heahter J.), Zeng, S. (Stéphane), Zernotti, M., Zhang, L. (Luo), Zhong, N.S. (Nan S.), Zidarn, M. (Mihaela), Bousquet, J.J. (J. Jean), Schünemann, H.J. (Holger), Togias, A., Erhola, M. (Marina), Hellings, P.W. (Peter), Zuberbier, T. (Torsten), Agache, I. (Ioana), Ansotegui, I.J. (I.), Anto, J.M. (Josep), Bachert, C. (Claus), Becker, S. (Sven), Bedolla-Barajas, M. (Martin), Bewick, M. (Michael), Bosnic-Anticevich, S. (Sinthia), Bosse, I. (Isabelle), Boulet, L.P., Bourrez, J.M. (Jean Marc), Brusselle, G.G. (Guy), Chavannes, N.H. (Nicolas), Costa, E. (Elisio), Cruz, A.A. (Alvaro), Czarlewski, W. (Wienczyslawa), Fokkens, W.J. (Wytske), Fonseca, J.A. (Joao A.), Gaga, M. (Mina), Haahtela, T. (Tari), Illario, M. (Maddalena), Klimek, L. (Ludger), Kuna, P. (Piotr), Kvedariene, V. (Violeta), Le, L.T., Larenas-Linnemann, D. (Désirée), Laune, D. (Daniel), Lourenço, O.M. (Olga M.), Menditto, E. (Enrica), Mullol, J. (Joaquin), Okamoto, Y. (Yashitaka), Papadopoulos, N., Pham-Thi, N. (Nhân), Picard, R. (Robert), Pinnock, H. (Hilary), Roche, N. (Nicolas), Roller-Wirnsberger, R.E. (Regina E.), Rolland, C. (Christine), Samolinski, B. (Boleslaw), Sheikh, A. (Aziz), Toppila-Salmi, S. (Sanna), Tsiligianni, I.G. (Ioanna G), Valiulis, A. (Arunas), Valovirta, E. (Erkka), Vasankari, T. (Tuula), Ventura, M.-T. (Maria-Teresa), Walker, S. (Samantha), Williams, S. (Sian), Akdis, C.A. (Cezmi A.), Annesi-Maesano, I. (Isabella), Arnavielhe, S. (Sylvie), Basagaña, X. (Xavier), Bateman, E.D. (Eric), Bedbrook, A. (Anna), Bennoor, K.S. (K.), Benveniste, S. (Samuel), Bergmann, K.-C. (Karl-Christian), Bialek, S. (Slawomir), Billo, N. (Nils), Bindslev-Jensen, C. (Carsten), Bjermer, L. (Leif), Blain, H. (Hubert), Bonini, M. (Matteo), Bonniaud, P. (Philippe), Bouchard, J. (Jacques), Briedis, V. (Vitalis), Brightling, C.E. (Christofer E.), Brozek, J., Buhl, R. (Roland), Buonaiuto, R. (Roland), Canonica, G.W. (Giorgo W.), Cardona, D. (Doris), Carriazo, A.M. (Ana M.), Carr, W.W. (Warner), Cartier, C. (Christine), Casale, T.B. (Thomas), Cecchi, L. (Lorenzo), Cepeda Sarabia, A.M. (Alfonso M.), Chkhartishvili, E. (Eka), Chu, D.K. (Derek K.), Cingi, C. (Cemal), Colgan, E. (Elaine), De Sousa, J.C. (Jaime Correia), Courbis, A.L. (Anne Lise), Custovic, A. (Adnan), Cvetkosvki, B. (Biljana), Damato, G. (Gennaro), Da Silva, J. (Jane), Dantas, C. (Carina), Dokic, D. (D.), Dauvilliers, Y. (Yves), Dedeu, A. (Antoni), De Feo, G. (Giulia), Devillier, P. (Philippe), Di Capua, S. (Stefania), Dykewickz, M. (Marc), Dubakiene, R. (R.), Ebisawa, M. (Motohiro), El-Gamal, Y. (Y.), Eller, E. (Esben), Emuzyte, R., Farrell, J. (John), Fink-Wagner, A. (Antjie), Fiocchi, A. (Alessandro), Fontaine, J.F. (Jean F.), Gemicioǧlu, B. (Bilun), Schmid-Grendelmeir, P. (Peter), Gamkrelidze, A. (Amiran), Garcia-Aymerich, J. (Judith), Gomez, M. (Maximiliano), Diaz, S.G. (Sandra González), Gotua, M. (M.), Guldemond, N. (Nick), Guzmán, M.A. (M.), Hajjam, J. (Jawad), O'Hourihane, J.B. (John B.), Humbert, M. (Marc), Iaccarino, G. (Guido), Ierodiakonou, D. (Despo), Ivancevich, J.C. (Juan), Joos, G.F. (Guy), Jung, K.-S. (Ki-Suck), Jutel, M. (M.), Kaidashev, I. (Igor), Kalayci, O. (Omer), Kardas, P. (Przemyslaw), Keil, M. (Mark), Khaitov, M. (Mussa), Khaltaev, N., Kleine-Tebbe, J. (Jörg), Kowalski, M.L., Kritikos, V. (Vicky), Kull, C.A. (Christian), Leonardini, L. (Lisa), Lieberman, A.P. (Andrew), Lipworth, B., Lødrup Carlsen, K.C. (K. C.), Loureiro, C.C. (Claudia C.), Louis, R. (Renaud), Mair, A. (Alpana), Marien, G. (Gert), Mahboub, B., Malva, J. (Joao), Manning, P. (Patrick), De Manuel Keenoy, E. (Esteban), Marshall, G.D., Masjedi, M.R. (Mohamed R.), Maspero, J.F. (Jorge F.), Mathieu-Dupas, E. (Eve), Matricardi, P.M. (Poalo M.), Melén, E. (Eric), Melo-Gomes, E. (Elisabete), Meltzer, E.O., Mercier, J. (Jacques), Miculinic, N. (Neven), Mihaltan, F. (Florin), Milenkovic, B. (Branislava), Moda, G. (Giuliana), Mogica-Martinez, M.-D. (Maria-Dolores), Mohammad, Y., Montefort, S. (Steve), Monti, R. (Ricardo), Morais-Almeida, M. (Mario), Mösges, R. (Ralph), Münter, L. (Lars), Muraro, A. (Antonella), Murray, R. (Ruth), Naclerio, R., Napoli, L. (Luigi), Namazova-Baranova, L. (Leila), Neffen, H. (Hugo), Nekam, K. (Kristoff), Neou, A. (A.), Novellino, E. (Enrico), Nyembue, D. (Dieudonné), O'Hehir, R. (Robin), Ohta, K., Okubo, K. (Kimi), Onorato, G. (Gabrielle), Ouedraogo, S., Pali-Schöll, I. (I.), Palkonen, S. (Susanna), Panzner, P. (P.), Park, H.-S. (Hae-Sim), Pépin, J.-L. (Jean-Louis), Pereira, A.-M. (Ana-Maria), Pfaar, O. (Oliver), Paulino, E. (Ema), Phillips, J. (Jim), Plavec, D. (Davor), Popov, T.A. (Ted A.), Portejoie, F. (Fabienne), Price, D. (David), Prokopakis, E.P. (Emmanuel P.), Pugin, B. (Benoit), Raciborski, F. (Filip), Rajabian-Söderlund, R. (Rojin), Reitsma, S. (Sietze), Rodo, X. (Xavier), Romano, A., Rosario, N. (Nelson), Rottem, M. (Menahenm), Ryan, D. (Dermot), Salimäki, J. (Johanna), Sanchez-Borges, M.M. (Mario M.), Sisul, J.C. (J.), Solé, D. (Dirceu), Somekh, D. (David), Sooronbaev, T. (Talant), Sova, M. (Milan), Spranger, O., Stellato, C. (Cristina), Stelmach, R. (Rafael), Ulrik, C.S., Thibaudon, M. (Michel), To, T. (Teresa), Todo Bom, A., Tomazic, P.V. (Peter V.), Valero, A.A. (Antonio A.), Valenta, R. (Rudolph), Valentin-Rostan, M. (Marylin), Van Der Kleij, R.M. (Rianne Mjj), Vandenplas, O. (Olivier), Vezzani, G. (Giorgio), Viart, F. (Frédéric), Viegi, G., Wallace, D. (D.), Wagenmann, M. (Martin), Wang, D.Y. (De Y.), Waserman, S. (Susan), Wickman, M. (Magnus), Williams, D., Wong, G. (G.), Wroczynski, P. (Piotr), Yiallouros, P.K. (P.), Yorgancioglu, A. (Arzu), Yusuf, O.M. (Osman), Zar, H.J. (Heahter J.), Zeng, S. (Stéphane), Zernotti, M., Zhang, L. (Luo), Zhong, N.S. (Nan S.), and Zidarn, M. (Mihaela)

Abstract

Background: In all societies, the burden and cost of allergic and chronic respiratory diseases are increasing rapidly. Most economies are struggling to deliver modern health care effectively. There is a need to support the transformation of the health care system into integrated care with organizational health literacy. Main body: As an example for chronic disease care, MASK (Mobile Airways Sentinel NetworK), a new project of the ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma) initiative, and POLLAR (Impact of Air POLLution on Asthma and Rhi-nitis, EIT Health), in collaboration with professional and patient organizations in the field of allergy and airway diseases, are proposing real-life ICPs centred around the patient with rhinitis, and using mHealth to monitor environmental exposure. Three aspects of care pathways are being developed: (i) Patient participation, health literacy and self-care through technology-assisted "patient activation", (ii) Implementation of care pathways by pharmacists and (iii) Next-generation guidelines assessing the recommendations of GRADE guidelines in rhinitis and asthma using real-world evidence (RWE) obtained through mobile technology. The EU and global political agendas are of great importance in supporting the digital transformation of health and care, and MASK has been recognized by DG Santé as a Good Practice in the field of digitally-enabled, integrated, person-centred care. Conclusion: In 20 years, ARIA has considerably evolved from the first multimorbidity guideline in respiratory diseases to the digital transformation of health and care with a strong political involvement.

Published
2019
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. Future and potential spending on health 2015-40: Development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries

Author

Dieleman, J.L. (Joseph L.), Campbell, M. (Madeline), Chapin, A. (Abigail), Eldrenkamp, E. (Erika), Fan, V.Y. (Victoria Y.), Haakenstad, A. (Annie), Kates, J. (Jennifer), Li, Z. (Zhiyin), Matyasz, T. (Taylor), Micah, A. (Angela), Reynolds, A. (Alex), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Schneider, M.T. (Matthew T.), Sorensen, R. (Reed), Abbas, K.M. (Kaja M.), Abera, S.F. (Semaw Ferede), Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. (Aliasghar), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Alam, K. (Khurshid), Alizadeh-Navaei, R. (Reza), Alkerwi, A. (Ala'a), Amini, E. (Erfan), Ammar, W. (Walid), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Atey, T.M. (Tesfay Mehari), Avila-Burgos, L. (Leticia), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Berheto, T.M. (Tezera Moshago), Beyene, A.S. (Addisu Shunu), Beyene, T.J. (Tariku Jibat), Birungi, C. (Charles), Bizuayehu, H.M. (Habtamu Mellie), Breitborde, N.J.K. (Nicholas J.K.), Cahuana-Hurtado, L. (Lucero), Castro, R.E. (Ruben Estanislao), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dharmaratne, R.D.S.D. (Rakhi Dandona Samath D.), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Faro, A. (Andé), Feigl, A.B. (Andrea B.), Fischer, F. (Florian), Fitchett, J.R.A. (Joseph R. Anderson), Foigt, N. (Nataliya), Giref, A.Z. (Ababi Zergaw), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Harb, H.L. (Hilda L.), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Horino, M. (Masako), Jürisson, M. (Mikk), Jakovljevic, M.B. (Mihajlo B.), Javanbakht, M. (Mehdi), John, D. (Denny), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Karimi, S.M. (Seyed M.), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kinge, J.M. (Jonas M), Krohn, K.J. (Kristopher J.), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Leung, R. (Ricky), Magdy Abd El Razek, H. (Hassan), Magdy Abd El Razek, M. (Mohammed), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Molla, G. (Gedefaw), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Olgiati, S. (Stefano), Owolabi, M.O. (Mayowa O.), Patel, T. (Tejas), Paternina Caicedo, A.J. (Angel J.), Pereira, D.M. (David M.), Perelman, J. (Julian), Polinder, S. (Suzanne), Rafay, A. (Anwar), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Ram, U. (Usha), Ranabhat, C.L. (Chhabi Lal), Roba, H.S. (Hirbo Shore), Savic, M. (Miloje), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Te Ao, B.J. (Braden J.), Tesema, A.G. (Azeb Gebresilassie), Thomson, A.J. (Alan J.), Tobe-Gai, R. (Ruoyan), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Undurraga, E.A. (Eduardo A.), Vargas, V. (Veronica), Vasankari, T. (Tuula), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher), Dieleman, J.L. (Joseph L.), Campbell, M. (Madeline), Chapin, A. (Abigail), Eldrenkamp, E. (Erika), Fan, V.Y. (Victoria Y.), Haakenstad, A. (Annie), Kates, J. (Jennifer), Li, Z. (Zhiyin), Matyasz, T. (Taylor), Micah, A. (Angela), Reynolds, A. (Alex), Sadat, N. (Nafis), Schneider, M.T. (Matthew T.), Sorensen, R. (Reed), Abbas, K.M. (Kaja M.), Abera, S.F. (Semaw Ferede), Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. (Aliasghar), Ahmed, M.B. (Muktar Beshir), Alam, K. (Khurshid), Alizadeh-Navaei, R. (Reza), Alkerwi, A. (Ala'a), Amini, E. (Erfan), Ammar, W. (Walid), Antonio, C.A.T. (Carl Abelardo T), Atey, T.M. (Tesfay Mehari), Avila-Burgos, L. (Leticia), Awasthi, A. (Ashish), Barac, A. (Aleksandra), Berheto, T.M. (Tezera Moshago), Beyene, A.S. (Addisu Shunu), Beyene, T.J. (Tariku Jibat), Birungi, C. (Charles), Bizuayehu, H.M. (Habtamu Mellie), Breitborde, N.J.K. (Nicholas J.K.), Cahuana-Hurtado, L. (Lucero), Castro, R.E. (Ruben Estanislao), Catalá-López, F. (Ferrán), Dalal, K. (Koustuv), Dandona, L. (Lalit), Dharmaratne, R.D.S.D. (Rakhi Dandona Samath D.), Dubey, M. (Manisha), Faro, A. (Andé), Feigl, A.B. (Andrea B.), Fischer, F. (Florian), Fitchett, J.R.A. (Joseph R. Anderson), Foigt, N. (Nataliya), Giref, A.Z. (Ababi Zergaw), Gupta, R. (Rahul), Hamidi, S. (Samer), Harb, H.L. (Hilda L.), Hay, S.I. (Simon), Hendrie, D. (Delia), Horino, M. (Masako), Jürisson, M. (Mikk), Jakovljevic, M.B. (Mihajlo B.), Javanbakht, M. (Mehdi), John, D. (Denny), Jonas, J.B. (Jost B.), Karimi, S.M. (Seyed M.), Khang, Y.-H. (Young-Ho), Khubchandani, J. (Jagdish), Kim, Y.J. (Yun Jin), Kinge, J.M. (Jonas M), Krohn, K.J. (Kristopher J.), Kumar, G.A. (G. Anil), Leung, R. (Ricky), Magdy Abd El Razek, H. (Hassan), Magdy Abd El Razek, M. (Mohammed), Majeed, A. (Azeem), Malekzadeh, R. (Reza), Malta, D.C. (Deborah Carvalho), Meretoja, A. (Atte), Miller, T.R. (Ted R), Mirrakhimov, E.M. (Erkin M.), Mohammed, S. (Shafiu), Molla, G. (Gedefaw), Nangia, V. (Vinay), Olgiati, S. (Stefano), Owolabi, M.O. (Mayowa O.), Patel, T. (Tejas), Paternina Caicedo, A.J. (Angel J.), Pereira, D.M. (David M.), Perelman, J. (Julian), Polinder, S. (Suzanne), Rafay, A. (Anwar), Rahimi-Movaghar, V. (Vafa), Rai, R.K. (Rajesh Kumar), Ram, U. (Usha), Ranabhat, C.L. (Chhabi Lal), Roba, H.S. (Hirbo Shore), Savic, M. (Miloje), Sepanlou, S.G. (Sadaf G), Te Ao, B.J. (Braden J.), Tesema, A.G. (Azeb Gebresilassie), Thomson, A.J. (Alan J.), Tobe-Gai, R. (Ruoyan), Topor-Madry, R. (Roman), Undurraga, E.A. (Eduardo A.), Vargas, V. (Veronica), Vasankari, T. (Tuula), Violante, F.S. (Francesco S), Wijeratne, T. (Tissa), Yonemoto, N. (Naohiro), Younis, M.Z. (Mustafa Z.), Yu, C. (Chuanhua), Zaidi, Z. (Zoubida), El Sayed Zaki, M. (Maysaa), and Murray, C.J.L. (Christopher)

Abstract

Background: The amount of resources, particularly prepaid resources, available for health can affect access to health care and health outcomes. Although health spending tends to increase with economic development, tremendous variation exists among health financing systems. Estimates of future spending can be beneficial for policy makers and planners, and can identify financing gaps. In this study, we estimate future gross domestic product (GDP), all-sector government spending, and health spending disaggregated by source, and we compare expected future spending to potential future spending. Methods: We extracted GDP, government spending in 184 countries from 1980-2015, and health spend data from 1995-2014. We used a series of ensemble models to estimate future GDP, all-sector government spending, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending through 2040. We used frontier analyses to identify patterns exhibited by the countries that dedicate the most funding to health, and used these frontiers to estimate potential health spending for each low-income or middle-income country. All estimates are inflation and purchasing power adjusted. Findings: We estimated that global spending on health will increase from US$9.21 trillion in 2014 to $24.24 trillion (uncertainty interval [UI] 20.47-29.72) in 2040. We expect per capita health spending to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 5.3% (UI 4.1-6.8) per year. This growth is driven by continued growth in GDP, government spending, and government health spending. Lower-middle income countries are expected to grow at 4.2% (3.8-4.9). High-income countries are expected to grow at 2.1% (UI 1.8-2.4) and low-income countries are expected to grow at 1.8% (1.0-2.8). Despite this growth, health spending per capita in low-income countries is expected to remain low, at $154 (UI 133-181) per capita in 2030 and $195 (157-258) per capita in 2040. Increases in national hea

Published
2017
Full Text
View/download PDF

6. Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations

Author

Joshi, P.K. (Peter), Esko, T. (Tõnu), Mattsson, H. (Hannele), Eklund, N. (Niina), Gandin, I. (Ilaria), Nutile, T., Jackson, A.U. (Anne), Schurmann, C. (Claudia), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Zhang, W. (Weihua), Okada, Y. (Yukinori), Stancáková, A. (Alena), Faul, J.D. (Jessica D.), Zhao, W. (Wei), Bartz, T.M. (Traci M.), Concas, M.P. (Maria Pina), Franceschini, N. (Nora), Enroth, S. (Stefan), Vitart, V. (Veronique), Trompet, S. (Stella), Guo, X. (Xiuqing), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), O'Connel, J.R. (Jeffrey R.), Corre, T. (Tanguy), Nongmaithem, S.S. (Suraj S.), Chen, Y. (Yuning), Mangino, M. (Massimo), Ruggiero, D., Traglia, M. (Michela), Farmaki, A.-E. (Aliki-Eleni), Kacprowski, T. (Tim), Bjonnes, A. (Andrew), Spek, A. (Ashley) van der, Wu, Y. (Ying), Giri, A.K. (Anil K.), Yanek, L.R. (Lisa), Wang, L. (Lihua), Hofer, E. (Edith), Rietveld, C.A. (Niels), McLeod, O. (Olga), Cornelis, M. (Marilyn), Pattaro, C. (Cristian), Verweij, N. (Niek), Baumbach, C. (Clemens), Abdellaoui, A. (Abdel), Warren, H. (Helen), Vuckovic, D. (Dragana), Mei, H. (Hao), Bouchard, C. (Claude), Perry, J.R.B. (John), Cappellani, S. (Stefania), Mirza, S.S. (Saira), Benton, M.C. (Miles C.), Broeckel, U. (Ulrich), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Lind, P.A. (Penelope), Malerba, G. (Giovanni), Drong, A. (Alexander), Yengo, L. (Loic), Bielak, L.F. (Lawrence F.), Zhi, D. (Degui), Most, P.J. (Peter) van der, Shriner, D. (Daniel), Mägi, R. (Reedik), Hemani, G., Karaderi, T. (Tugce), Wang, Z. (Zhaoming), Liu, T. (Tian), Demuth, I. (Ilja), Zhao, J.H. (Jing Hua), Meng, W. (Weihua), Lataniotis, L. (Lazaros), Van Der Laan, S.W. (Sander W.), Bradfield, J.P. (Jonathan), Wood, A.R. (Andrew), Bonnefond, A. (Amélie), Ahluwalia, T.S. (Tarunveer Singh), Hall, L.M. (Leanne M.), Salvi, E. (Erika), Yazar, S. (Seyhan), Carstensen, L. (Lisbeth), Haan, H.G. (Hugoline) de, Abney, M. (Mark), Afzal, U. (Uzma), Allison, M.A. (Matthew), Amin, N. (Najaf), Asselbergs, F.W. (Folkert W.), Bakker, S.J.L. (Stephan), Barr, R.G. (Graham), Baumeister, S.E. (Sebastian), Benjamin, D.J. (Daniel J.), Bergmann, S. (Sven), Boerwinkle, E.A. (Eric), Bottinger, E.P. (Erwin P.), Campbell, A. (Archie), Chakravarti, A. (Aravinda), Chan, Y. (Yingleong), Chanock, S.J. (Stephen), Chen, C. (Constance), Chen, Y.-D.I. (Y.-D. Ida), Collins, F.S. (Francis), Connell, J. (John), Correa, A. (Adolfo), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Davies, G. (Gail), Dörr, M. (Marcus), Ehret, G.B. (Georg), Ellis, S.B. (Stephen B.), Feenstra, B. (Bjarke), Feitosa, M.F. (Mary Furlan), Ford, I., Fox, C.S. (Caroline), Frayling, T.M. (Timothy), Friedrich, N. (Nele), Geller, F. (Frank), Scotland, G. (Generation), Gillham-Nasenya, I. (Irina), Gottesman, R.F. (Rebecca), Graff, M.J. (Maud J.L.), Grodstein, F. (Francine), Gu, C. (Charles), Haley, C. (Chris), Hammond, C.J. (Christopher), Harris, S.E. (Sarah), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Hastie, N. (Nick), Heard-Costa, N.L. (Nancy), Heikkilä, K. (Kauko), Hocking, L.J. (Lynne), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Huang, J. (Jian), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Hysi, P.G. (Pirro), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Ingelsson, E. (Erik), Joensuu, A. (Anni), Johansson, A. (Åsa), Jousilahti, P. (Pekka), Jukema, J.W. (Jan Wouter), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Kamatani, Y. (Yoichiro), Kanoni, S. (Stavroula), Kerr, S.M. (Shona), Khan, N.M. (Nazir M.), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Koistinen, H.A. (Heikki A.), Kooner, M.K. (Manraj K.), Kubo, M. (Michiaki), Kuusisto, J. (Johanna), Lahti, J. (Jari), Launer, L.J. (Lenore), Lea, R.A. (Rodney A.), Lehne, B. (Benjamin), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liewald, D.C.M. (David), Lind, L. (Lars), Loh, M. (Marie), Lokki, M.L., London, S.J. (Stephanie J.), Loomis, S.J. (Stephanie J.), Loukola, A. (Anu), Lu, Y. (Yingchang), Lumley, T. (Thomas), Lundqvist, A. (Annamari), Männistö, S. (Satu), Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro), Masciullo, C. (Corrado), Matchan, A. (Angela), Mathias, J. (Jasmine), Matsuda, K. (Koichi), Meigs, J.B. (James), Meisinger, C. (Christa), Meitinger, T. (Thomas), Menni, C. (Cristina), Mentch, F.D. (Frank), Mihailov, E. (Evelin), Milani, L. (Lili), Montasser, M.E. (May E.), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant), Morrison, A.C. (Alanna), Myers, R.H. (Richard), Nadukuru, R. (Rajiv), Navarro, P. (Pau), Nalis, M. (Mari), Nieminen, M.S. (Markku S.), Nolte, I.M. (Ilja M.), O'Connor, G.T. (George), Ogunniyi, A. (Adesola), Padmanabhan, S. (Sandosh), Palmas, W. (Walter), Pankow, J.S. (James), Patarcic, I. (Inga), Pavani, F. (Francesca), Peyser, P.A. (Patricia A.), Pietilainen, K.H. (Kirsi Hannele), Poulter, N.R. (Neil), Prokopenko, I. (Inga), Ralhan, S. (Sarju), Redmond, P. (Paul), Rich, S.S. (Stephen S.), Rissanen, H. (Harri), Robino, A. (Antonietta), Rose, L.M. (Lynda M.), Rose, R.J. (Richard J.), Sala, C. (Cinzia), Salako, B. (Babatunde), Salomaa, V. (Veikko), Sarin, A.-P., Saxena, R. (Richa), Schmidt, R. (Reinhold), Scott, L.J. (Laura), Scott, W.R. (William R.), Sennblad, B. (Bengt), Seshadri, S. (Sudha), Sever, P. (Peter), Shrestha, S. (Smeeta), Smith, B.H. (Blair), Smith, J.A. (Jennifer A), Soranzo, N. (Nicole), Sotoodehnia, N. (Nona), Southam, L. (Lorraine), Stanton, A. (Alice), Stathopoulou, M.G. (Maria G), Strauch, K. (Konstantin), Strawbridge, R.J. (Rona), Suderman, M.J. (Matthew J.), Tandon, N. (Nikhil), Tang, S.-T. (Sian-Tsun), Taylor, K.D. (Kent D.), Tayo, B. (Bamidele), Töglhofer, A.M. (Anna Maria), Tomaszewski, M. (Maciej), Tsernikova, N. (Natalia), Tuomilehto, J. (Jaakko), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Vaidya, D. (Dhananjay), Hylckama Vlieg, A. (Astrid) van, Setten, J. (Jessica) van, Vasankari, T. (Tuula), Vedantam, S. (Sailaja), Vlachopoulou, E. (Efthymia), Vozzi, D. (Diego), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Waldenberger, M. (Melanie), Ware, E.B. (Erin B.), Wentworth-Shields, W. (William), Whitfield, J. (John), Wild, S. (Sarah), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Yajnik, C.S. (Chittaranjan S.), Yao, J. (Jie), Zaza, G. (Gianluigi), Zhu, X. (Xiaofeng), Salem, R.M. (Rany), Melbye, M. (Mads), Bisgaard, H. (Hans), Samani, N.J. (Nilesh), Cusi, D. (Daniele), Mackey, D.A. (David A.), Cooper, R.S. (Richard S.), Froguel, P. (Philippe), Pasterkamp, G. (Gerard), Grant, S.F.A. (Struan F.A.), Hakonarson, H. (Hakon), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Scott, R.A. (Robert), Morris, A.D. (Andrew), Palmer, C.N.A. (Colin), Dedoussis, G.V. (George V.), Deloukas, P. (Panagiotis), Bertram, L. (Lars), Lindenberger, U. (Ulman), Berndt, S.I. (Sonja), Lindgren, C.M. (Cecilia), Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Tönjes, A. (Anke), Munroe, P. (Patricia), Sørensen, T.I.A. (Thorkild I.A.), Rotimi, C. (Charles), Arnett, D.K. (Donna), Oldehinkel, A.J. (Albertine), Kardia, S.L.R. (Sharon), Balkau, B. (Beverley), Gambaro, G. (Giovanni), Morris, A.P. (Andrew), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan G.), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Hunt, S.C. (Steven), Starr, J.M. (John), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Griffiths, L.R. (Lyn R.), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Pirastu, N. (Nicola), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Wareham, N.J. (Nick), Perusse, L. (Louis), Wilson, J.G. (James), Girotto, S., Caulfield, M. (Mark), Raitakari, O.T. (Olli T.), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Gieger, C. (Christian), van der Harst, P., Hicks, A.A. (Andrew), Kraft, P. (Peter), Sinisalo, J. (Juha), Knekt, P., Johannesson, M. (Magnus), Magnusson, P.K.E. (Patrik K. E.), Hamsten, A. (Anders), Borecki, I.B. (Ingrid), Vartiainen, E. (Erkki), Becker, D.M. (Diane), Bharadwaj, D. (Dwaipayan), Mohlke, K.L. (Karen), Boehnke, M. (Michael), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Sanghera, D.K. (Dharambir), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Zeggini, E. (Eleftheria), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Gasparini, P. (Paolo), Ulivi, S. (Shelia), Ober, C. (Carole), Toniolo, D. (Daniela), Rudan, I. (Igor), Porteous, D.J. (David J.), Ciullo, M., Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Hayward, C. (Caroline), Dupuis, J. (Josée), Loos, R.J.F. (Ruth), Wright, A. (Alan), Chandak, G.R. (Giriraj), Vollenweider, P. (Peter), Shuldiner, A.R. (Alan), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Rotter, J.I. (Jerome I.), Sattar, N. (Naveed), Gyllensten, U. (Ulf), North, K.E. (Kari), Pirastu, M. (Mario), Psaty, B.M. (Bruce), Weir, D.R. (David), Laakso, M. (Markku), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Takahashi, A. (Atsushi), Chambers, J.C. (John C.), Kooner, J.S. (Jaspal S.), Strachan, D.P. (David P.), Campbell, H. (Harry), Hirschhorn, J.N. (Joel N.), Perola, M. (Markus), Polasek, O. (Ozren), Wilson, J.F. (James), Joshi, P.K. (Peter), Esko, T. (Tõnu), Mattsson, H. (Hannele), Eklund, N. (Niina), Gandin, I. (Ilaria), Nutile, T., Jackson, A.U. (Anne), Schurmann, C. (Claudia), Smith, A.V. (Davey), Zhang, W. (Weihua), Okada, Y. (Yukinori), Stancáková, A. (Alena), Faul, J.D. (Jessica D.), Zhao, W. (Wei), Bartz, T.M. (Traci M.), Concas, M.P. (Maria Pina), Franceschini, N. (Nora), Enroth, S. (Stefan), Vitart, V. (Veronique), Trompet, S. (Stella), Guo, X. (Xiuqing), Chasman, D.I. (Daniel), O'Connel, J.R. (Jeffrey R.), Corre, T. (Tanguy), Nongmaithem, S.S. (Suraj S.), Chen, Y. (Yuning), Mangino, M. (Massimo), Ruggiero, D., Traglia, M. (Michela), Farmaki, A.-E. (Aliki-Eleni), Kacprowski, T. (Tim), Bjonnes, A. (Andrew), Spek, A. (Ashley) van der, Wu, Y. (Ying), Giri, A.K. (Anil K.), Yanek, L.R. (Lisa), Wang, L. (Lihua), Hofer, E. (Edith), Rietveld, C.A. (Niels), McLeod, O. (Olga), Cornelis, M. (Marilyn), Pattaro, C. (Cristian), Verweij, N. (Niek), Baumbach, C. (Clemens), Abdellaoui, A. (Abdel), Warren, H. (Helen), Vuckovic, D. (Dragana), Mei, H. (Hao), Bouchard, C. (Claude), Perry, J.R.B. (John), Cappellani, S. (Stefania), Mirza, S.S. (Saira), Benton, M.C. (Miles C.), Broeckel, U. (Ulrich), Medland, S.E. (Sarah), Lind, P.A. (Penelope), Malerba, G. (Giovanni), Drong, A. (Alexander), Yengo, L. (Loic), Bielak, L.F. (Lawrence F.), Zhi, D. (Degui), Most, P.J. (Peter) van der, Shriner, D. (Daniel), Mägi, R. (Reedik), Hemani, G., Karaderi, T. (Tugce), Wang, Z. (Zhaoming), Liu, T. (Tian), Demuth, I. (Ilja), Zhao, J.H. (Jing Hua), Meng, W. (Weihua), Lataniotis, L. (Lazaros), Van Der Laan, S.W. (Sander W.), Bradfield, J.P. (Jonathan), Wood, A.R. (Andrew), Bonnefond, A. (Amélie), Ahluwalia, T.S. (Tarunveer Singh), Hall, L.M. (Leanne M.), Salvi, E. (Erika), Yazar, S. (Seyhan), Carstensen, L. (Lisbeth), Haan, H.G. (Hugoline) de, Abney, M. (Mark), Afzal, U. (Uzma), Allison, M.A. (Matthew), Amin, N. (Najaf), Asselbergs, F.W. (Folkert W.), Bakker, S.J.L. (Stephan), Barr, R.G. (Graham), Baumeister, S.E. (Sebastian), Benjamin, D.J. (Daniel J.), Bergmann, S. (Sven), Boerwinkle, E.A. (Eric), Bottinger, E.P. (Erwin P.), Campbell, A. (Archie), Chakravarti, A. (Aravinda), Chan, Y. (Yingleong), Chanock, S.J. (Stephen), Chen, C. (Constance), Chen, Y.-D.I. (Y.-D. Ida), Collins, F.S. (Francis), Connell, J. (John), Correa, A. (Adolfo), Cupples, L.A. (Adrienne), Davies, G. (Gail), Dörr, M. (Marcus), Ehret, G.B. (Georg), Ellis, S.B. (Stephen B.), Feenstra, B. (Bjarke), Feitosa, M.F. (Mary Furlan), Ford, I., Fox, C.S. (Caroline), Frayling, T.M. (Timothy), Friedrich, N. (Nele), Geller, F. (Frank), Scotland, G. (Generation), Gillham-Nasenya, I. (Irina), Gottesman, R.F. (Rebecca), Graff, M.J. (Maud J.L.), Grodstein, F. (Francine), Gu, C. (Charles), Haley, C. (Chris), Hammond, C.J. (Christopher), Harris, S.E. (Sarah), Harris, T.B. (Tamara), Hastie, N. (Nick), Heard-Costa, N.L. (Nancy), Heikkilä, K. (Kauko), Hocking, L.J. (Lynne), Homuth, G. (Georg), Hottenga, J.J. (Jouke Jan), Huang, J. (Jian), Huffman, J.E. (Jennifer), Hysi, P.G. (Pirro), Ikram, M.A. (Arfan), Ingelsson, E. (Erik), Joensuu, A. (Anni), Johansson, A. (Åsa), Jousilahti, P. (Pekka), Jukema, J.W. (Jan Wouter), Kähönen, M. (Mika), Kamatani, Y. (Yoichiro), Kanoni, S. (Stavroula), Kerr, S.M. (Shona), Khan, N.M. (Nazir M.), Koellinger, Ph.D. (Philipp), Koistinen, H.A. (Heikki A.), Kooner, M.K. (Manraj K.), Kubo, M. (Michiaki), Kuusisto, J. (Johanna), Lahti, J. (Jari), Launer, L.J. (Lenore), Lea, R.A. (Rodney A.), Lehne, B. (Benjamin), Lehtimäki, T. (Terho), Liewald, D.C.M. (David), Lind, L. (Lars), Loh, M. (Marie), Lokki, M.L., London, S.J. (Stephanie J.), Loomis, S.J. (Stephanie J.), Loukola, A. (Anu), Lu, Y. (Yingchang), Lumley, T. (Thomas), Lundqvist, A. (Annamari), Männistö, S. (Satu), Marques-Vidal, P. (Pedro), Masciullo, C. (Corrado), Matchan, A. (Angela), Mathias, J. (Jasmine), Matsuda, K. (Koichi), Meigs, J.B. (James), Meisinger, C. (Christa), Meitinger, T. (Thomas), Menni, C. (Cristina), Mentch, F.D. (Frank), Mihailov, E. (Evelin), Milani, L. (Lili), Montasser, M.E. (May E.), Montgomery, G.W. (Grant), Morrison, A.C. (Alanna), Myers, R.H. (Richard), Nadukuru, R. (Rajiv), Navarro, P. (Pau), Nalis, M. (Mari), Nieminen, M.S. (Markku S.), Nolte, I.M. (Ilja M.), O'Connor, G.T. (George), Ogunniyi, A. (Adesola), Padmanabhan, S. (Sandosh), Palmas, W. (Walter), Pankow, J.S. (James), Patarcic, I. (Inga), Pavani, F. (Francesca), Peyser, P.A. (Patricia A.), Pietilainen, K.H. (Kirsi Hannele), Poulter, N.R. (Neil), Prokopenko, I. (Inga), Ralhan, S. (Sarju), Redmond, P. (Paul), Rich, S.S. (Stephen S.), Rissanen, H. (Harri), Robino, A. (Antonietta), Rose, L.M. (Lynda M.), Rose, R.J. (Richard J.), Sala, C. (Cinzia), Salako, B. (Babatunde), Salomaa, V. (Veikko), Sarin, A.-P., Saxena, R. (Richa), Schmidt, R. (Reinhold), Scott, L.J. (Laura), Scott, W.R. (William R.), Sennblad, B. (Bengt), Seshadri, S. (Sudha), Sever, P. (Peter), Shrestha, S. (Smeeta), Smith, B.H. (Blair), Smith, J.A. (Jennifer A), Soranzo, N. (Nicole), Sotoodehnia, N. (Nona), Southam, L. (Lorraine), Stanton, A. (Alice), Stathopoulou, M.G. (Maria G), Strauch, K. (Konstantin), Strawbridge, R.J. (Rona), Suderman, M.J. (Matthew J.), Tandon, N. (Nikhil), Tang, S.-T. (Sian-Tsun), Taylor, K.D. (Kent D.), Tayo, B. (Bamidele), Töglhofer, A.M. (Anna Maria), Tomaszewski, M. (Maciej), Tsernikova, N. (Natalia), Tuomilehto, J. (Jaakko), Uitterlinden, A.G. (André), Vaidya, D. (Dhananjay), Hylckama Vlieg, A. (Astrid) van, Setten, J. (Jessica) van, Vasankari, T. (Tuula), Vedantam, S. (Sailaja), Vlachopoulou, E. (Efthymia), Vozzi, D. (Diego), Vuoksimaa, E. (Eero), Waldenberger, M. (Melanie), Ware, E.B. (Erin B.), Wentworth-Shields, W. (William), Whitfield, J. (John), Wild, S. (Sarah), Willemsen, G.A.H.M. (Gonneke), Yajnik, C.S. (Chittaranjan S.), Yao, J. (Jie), Zaza, G. (Gianluigi), Zhu, X. (Xiaofeng), Salem, R.M. (Rany), Melbye, M. (Mads), Bisgaard, H. (Hans), Samani, N.J. (Nilesh), Cusi, D. (Daniele), Mackey, D.A. (David A.), Cooper, R.S. (Richard S.), Froguel, P. (Philippe), Pasterkamp, G. (Gerard), Grant, S.F.A. (Struan F.A.), Hakonarson, H. (Hakon), Ferrucci, L. (Luigi), Scott, R.A. (Robert), Morris, A.D. (Andrew), Palmer, C.N.A. (Colin), Dedoussis, G.V. (George V.), Deloukas, P. (Panagiotis), Bertram, L. (Lars), Lindenberger, U. (Ulman), Berndt, S.I. (Sonja), Lindgren, C.M. (Cecilia), Timpson, N.J. (Nicholas), Tönjes, A. (Anke), Munroe, P. (Patricia), Sørensen, T.I.A. (Thorkild I.A.), Rotimi, C. (Charles), Arnett, D.K. (Donna), Oldehinkel, A.J. (Albertine), Kardia, S.L.R. (Sharon), Balkau, B. (Beverley), Gambaro, G. (Giovanni), Morris, A.P. (Andrew), Eriksson, J.G. (Johan G.), Wright, M.J. (Margaret), Martin, N.G. (Nicholas), Hunt, S.C. (Steven), Starr, J.M. (John), Deary, I.J. (Ian), Griffiths, L.R. (Lyn R.), Tiemeier, H.W. (Henning), Pirastu, N. (Nicola), Kaprio, J. (Jaakko), Wareham, N.J. (Nick), Perusse, L. (Louis), Wilson, J.G. (James), Girotto, S., Caulfield, M. (Mark), Raitakari, O.T. (Olli T.), Boomsma, D.I. (Dorret), Gieger, C. (Christian), van der Harst, P., Hicks, A.A. (Andrew), Kraft, P. (Peter), Sinisalo, J. (Juha), Knekt, P., Johannesson, M. (Magnus), Magnusson, P.K.E. (Patrik K. E.), Hamsten, A. (Anders), Borecki, I.B. (Ingrid), Vartiainen, E. (Erkki), Becker, D.M. (Diane), Bharadwaj, D. (Dwaipayan), Mohlke, K.L. (Karen), Boehnke, M. (Michael), Duijn, C.M. (Cornelia) van, Sanghera, D.K. (Dharambir), Teumer, A. (Alexander), Zeggini, E. (Eleftheria), Metspalu, A. (Andres), Gasparini, P. (Paolo), Ulivi, S. (Shelia), Ober, C. (Carole), Toniolo, D. (Daniela), Rudan, I. (Igor), Porteous, D.J. (David J.), Ciullo, M., Spector, T.D. (Timothy), Hayward, C. (Caroline), Dupuis, J. (Josée), Loos, R.J.F. (Ruth), Wright, A. (Alan), Chandak, G.R. (Giriraj), Vollenweider, P. (Peter), Shuldiner, A.R. (Alan), Ridker, P.M. (Paul), Rotter, J.I. (Jerome I.), Sattar, N. (Naveed), Gyllensten, U. (Ulf), North, K.E. (Kari), Pirastu, M. (Mario), Psaty, B.M. (Bruce), Weir, D.R. (David), Laakso, M. (Markku), Gudnason, V. (Vilmundur), Takahashi, A. (Atsushi), Chambers, J.C. (John C.), Kooner, J.S. (Jaspal S.), Strachan, D.P. (David P.), Campbell, H. (Harry), Hirschhorn, J.N. (Joel N.), Perola, M. (Markus), Polasek, O. (Ozren), and Wilson, J.F. (James)

Abstract

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10-300, 2.1 × 10-6, 2.5 × 10-10 and 1.8 × 10-10, respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been p

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results