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Galaxies grow through star formation (in-situ) and accretion (ex-situ) of other galaxies. Reconstructing the relative contribution of these two growth channels is crucial for constraining the processes of galaxy formation in a cosmological context. In this on-going work, we utilize a conditional variational autoencoder along with a normalizing flow - trained on a state-of-the-art cosmological simulation - in an attempt to infer the posterior distribution of the 2D ex-situ stellar mass distribution of galaxies solely from observable two-dimensional maps of their stellar mass, kinematics, age and metallicity. Such maps are typically obtained from large Integral Field Unit Surveys such as MaNGA. We find that the average posterior provides an estimate of the resolved accretion histories of galaxies with a mean ~10% error per pixel. We show that the use of a normalizing flow to conditionally sample the latent space results in a smaller reconstruction error. Due to the probabilistic nature of our architecture, the uncertainty of our predictions can also be quantified. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to infer the 2D ex-situ fraction maps from observable maps., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures

The manganese pnictide CaMn$_2$Bi$_2$, with Mn atoms arranged in a puckered honeycomb structure, exhibits narrow-gap antiferromagnetism, and it is currently a promising candidate for the study of complex electronic and magnetic phenomena, such as magnetotransport effects and potential spin spirals under high pressure. In this paper, we perform a detailed research of the magnetic properties of CaMn$_2$Bi$_2$ using density functional theory (DFT) combined with the Hubbard U correction and spin-orbit coupling, which accurately describe the magnetic interactions. Our results obtained for a large number of magnetic configurations are accurately captured by a modified Heisenberg model that includes on-site magnetization terms to describe magnetic energy excitations. We further investigate the role of the spin-orbit coupling, and find that the magnetic anisotropy of CaMn$_2$Bi$_2$ shows an easy plane, with the preferred magnetization direction being exchanged between axes in the plane by applying small strain values. This strain-tunable magnetization, driven by the interplay between spin-orbit interactions and lattice distortions, highlights the potential for controlling magnetic states in Mn-pnictides for future applications in spintronic and magnetoelectric devices.

Musical dynamics form a core part of expressive singing voice performances. However, automatic analysis of musical dynamics for singing voice has received limited attention partly due to the scarcity of suitable datasets and a lack of clear evaluation frameworks. To address this challenge, we propose a methodology for dataset curation. Employing the proposed methodology, we compile a dataset comprising 509 musical dynamics annotated singing voice performances, aligned with 163 score files, leveraging state-of-the-art source separation and alignment techniques. The scores are sourced from the OpenScore Lieder corpus of romantic-era compositions, widely known for its wealth of expressive annotations. Utilizing the curated dataset, we train a multi-head attention based CNN model with varying window sizes to evaluate the effectiveness of estimating musical dynamics. We explored two distinct perceptually motivated input representations for the model training: log-Mel spectrum and bark-scale based features. For testing, we manually curate another dataset of 25 musical dynamics annotated performances in collaboration with a professional vocalist. We conclude through our experiments that bark-scale based features outperform log-Mel-features for the task of singing voice dynamics prediction. The dataset along with the code is shared publicly for further research on the topic., Comment: To be published in ISMIR 2024, 6 pages

Despite significant research, robotic swarms have yet to be useful in solving real-world problems, largely due to the difficulty of creating and controlling swarming behaviors in multi-agent systems. Traditional top-down approaches in which a desired emergent behavior is produced often require complex, resource-heavy robots, limiting their practicality. This paper introduces a bottom-up approach by employing an Embodied Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation approach, emphasizing the use of simple robots and identifying conditions that naturally lead to self-organized collective behaviors. Using the Reality-to-Simulation-to-Reality for Swarms (RSRS) process, we tightly integrate real-world experiments with simulations to reproduce known swarm behaviors as well as discovering a novel emergent behavior without aiming to eliminate or even reduce the sim2real gap. This paper presents the development of an Agent-Based Embodiment and Emulation process that balances the importance of running physical swarming experiments and the prohibitively time-consuming process of even setting up and running a single experiment with 20+ robots by leveraging low-fidelity lightweight simulations to enable hypothesis-formation to guide physical experiments. We demonstrate the usefulness of our methods by emulating two known behaviors from the literature and show a third behavior `discovered' by accident., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, submitted to ICRA 2025

Drones which can swarm and loiter in a certain area cost hundreds of dollars, but mosquitos can do the same and are essentially worthless. To control swarms of low-cost robots, researchers may end up spending countless hours brainstorming robot configurations and policies to ``organically" create behaviors which do not need expensive sensors and perception. Existing research explores the possible emergent behaviors in swarms of robots with only a binary sensor and a simple but hand-picked controller structure. Even agents in this highly limited sensing, actuation, and computational capability class can exhibit relatively complex global behaviors such as aggregation, milling, and dispersal, but finding the local interaction rules that enable more collective behaviors remains a significant challenge. This paper investigates the feasibility of training spiking neural networks to find those local interaction rules that result in particular emergent behaviors. In this paper, we focus on simulating a specific milling behavior already known to be producible using very simple binary sensing and acting agents. To do this, we use evolutionary algorithms to evolve not only the parameters (the weights, biases, and delays) of a spiking neural network, but also its structure. To create a baseline, we also show an evolutionary search strategy over the parameters for the incumbent hand-picked binary controller structure. Our simulations show that spiking neural networks can be evolved in binary sensing agents to form a mill., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, presented at the 2024 International Conference on Neuromorphic Systems

Self-interaction error (SIE), arising from the imperfect cancellation of the spurious classical Coulomb interaction between an electron and itself, is a persistent challenge in modern density functional approximations. This issue is illustrated using the prototypical one-electron system $H_2^+$. While significant efforts have been made to eliminate SIE through the development of computationally expensive nonlocal density functionals, it is equally important to explore whether SIE can be mitigated within the framework of more efficient semilocal density functionals. In this study, we present a non-empirical meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA) that incorporates the Laplacian of the electron density. Our results demonstrate that the meta-GGA significantly reduces SIE, yielding a binding energy curve for $H_2^+$ that matches the exact solution at equilibrium and improves across a broad range of bond lengths over those of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) and strongly-constrained and appropriately-normed (SCAN) semilocal density functionals. This advancement paves the way for further development within the realm of semilocal approximations.

This paper presents PHODCOS, an algorithm that assigns a moving coordinate system to a given curve. The parametric functions underlying the coordinate system, i.e., the path function, the moving frame and its angular velocity, are exact -- approximation free -- differentiable, and sufficiently continuous. This allows for computing a coordinate system for highly nonlinear curves, while remaining compliant with autonomous navigation algorithms that require first and second order gradient information. In addition, the coordinate system obtained by PHODCOS is fully defined by a finite number of coefficients, which may then be used to compute additional geometric properties of the curve, such as arc-length, curvature, torsion, etc. Therefore, PHODCOS presents an appealing paradigm to enhance the geometrical awareness of existing guidance and navigation on-orbit spacecraft maneuvers. The PHODCOS algorithm is presented alongside an analysis of its error and approximation order, and thus, it is guaranteed that the obtained coordinate system matches the given curve within a desired tolerance. To demonstrate the applicability of the coordinate system resulting from PHODCOS, we present numerical examples in the Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (NRHO) for the Lunar Gateway., Comment: Code: https://github.com/jonarriza96/phodcos

The problem of imputing multivariate time series spans a wide range of fields, from clinical healthcare to multi-sensor systems. Initially, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) were employed for this task; however, their error accumulation issues led to the adoption of Transformers, leveraging attention mechanisms to mitigate these problems. Concurrently, the promising results of diffusion models in capturing original distributions have positioned them at the forefront of current research, often in conjunction with Transformers. In this paper, we propose replacing time-oriented Transformers with State-Space Models (SSM), which are better suited for temporal data modeling. Specifically, we utilize the latest SSM variant, S6, which incorporates attention-like mechanisms. By embedding S6 within Mamba blocks, we develop a model that integrates SSM, Graph Neural Networks, and node-oriented Transformers to achieve enhanced spatiotemporal representations. Implementing these architectural modifications, previously unexplored in this field, we present Time series Imputation with Bi-directional mamba blocks and diffusion models (TIMBA). TIMBA achieves superior performance in almost all benchmark scenarios and performs comparably in others across a diverse range of missing value situations and three real-world datasets. We also evaluate how the performance of our model varies with different amounts of missing values and analyse its performance on downstream tasks. In addition, we provide the original code to replicate the results., Comment: 14 pages, 7 tables and 2 figures

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems play a crucial role in fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications, primarily achieved through the utilization of precoding matrix techniques. This paper presents precoding techniques employing codebooks in downlink MIMO-5G wireless communications, aiming to enhance network performance to meet the overarching 5G objectives of increased capacity and reduced latency. We conduct a comparative analysis of various precoding techniques outlined by the 5G standard through diverse simulations across different scenarios. These simulations enable us to assess the performance of the different precoding techniques, ultimately revealing the strengths and weaknesses inherent in Type I and Type II codebooks., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures

We present the first detailed study of an 8-channel $2\times2$ mm$^{2}$ WSi superconducting microwire single photon detector (SMSPD) array exposed to 120 GeV proton beam and 8 GeV electron and pion beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. The SMSPD detection efficiency was measured for the first time for protons, electrons, and pions, enabled by the use of a silicon tracking telescope that provided precise spatial resolution of 30 $\mu$m for 120 GeV protons and 130 $\mu$m for 8 GeV electrons and pions. The result demonstrated consistent detection efficiency across pixels and at different bias currents. Time resolution of 1.15 ns was measured for the first time for SMSPD with proton, electron, and pions, enabled by the use of an MCP-PMT which provided a ps-level reference time stamp. The results presented is the first step towards developing SMSPD array systems optimized for high energy particle detection and identification for future accelerator-based experiments.

We review a conjecture by Ruppeiner that relates the nature of interparticle interactions to the sign of the thermodynamic curvature scalar $R$, paying special attention to the case of zero curvature. We highlight the underappreciated fact that there are two Ruppeiner metrics that are equally viable in principle, which are obtained by restricting to systems of constant volume and constant particle number, respectively. We then demonstrate the existence of thermodynamic systems with vanishing curvature scalar but nontrivial interactions. Information about interactions in these systems is obtained by carrying out an inversion procedure on the virial coefficients. Finally, we show using the virial expansion that the ideal gas is the unique physical system for which both curvature scalars vanish. This leads us to propose an extension to Ruppeiner's conjecture., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures

The precision of contouring target structures and organs-at-risk (OAR) in radiotherapy planning is crucial for ensuring treatment efficacy and patient safety. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL) have significantly improved OAR contouring performance, yet the reliability of these models, especially in the presence of out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios, remains a concern in clinical settings. This application study explores the integration of epistemic uncertainty estimation within the OAR contouring workflow to enable OOD detection in clinically relevant scenarios, using specifically compiled data. Furthermore, we introduce an advanced statistical method for OOD detection to enhance the methodological framework of uncertainty estimation. Our empirical evaluation demonstrates that epistemic uncertainty estimation is effective in identifying instances where model predictions are unreliable and may require an expert review. Notably, our approach achieves an AUC-ROC of 0.95 for OOD detection, with a specificity of 0.95 and a sensitivity of 0.92 for implant cases, underscoring its efficacy. This study addresses significant gaps in the current research landscape, such as the lack of ground truth for uncertainty estimation and limited empirical evaluations. Additionally, it provides a clinically relevant application of epistemic uncertainty estimation in an FDA-approved and widely used clinical solution for OAR segmentation from Varian, a Siemens Healthineers company, highlighting its practical benefits., Comment: Keywords: Epistemic Uncertainty - Out-of-Distribution Detection - CT Segmentation - OAR contouring - Radiotherapy

This paper introduces the hypothetical track-length fitting algorithm, a novel method for measuring the kinetic energies of ionizing particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.

High-performance computing (HPC) and supercomputing are critical in Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, development, and deployment. The extensive use of supercomputers for training complex AI models, which can take from days to months, raises significant concerns about energy consumption and carbon emissions. Traditional methods for estimating the energy consumption of HPC workloads rely on metering reports from computing nodes power supply units, assuming exclusive use of the entire node. This assumption is increasingly untenable with the advent of next-generation supercomputers that share resources to accelerate workloads, as seen in initiatives like Acceleration as a Service (XaaS) and cloud computing. This paper introduces EfiMon, an agnostic and non-invasive tool designed to extract detailed information about process execution, including instructions executed within specific time windows and CPU and RAM usage. Additionally, it captures comprehensive system metrics, such as power consumption reported by CPU sockets and PSUs. This data enables the development of prediction models to estimate the energy consumption of individual processes without requiring isolation. Using a regression-based mathematical model, our tool is able to estimate single processes' power consumption in isolated and shared resource environments. In shared scenarios, the model demonstrates robust performance, deviating by a maximum of 2.2% on Intel-based machines and 4.4% on AMD systems compared to non-shared cases. This significant accuracy showcases EfiMon's potential for enhancing energy accounting in supercomputing, contributing to more efficient and energy-aware optimisation strategies in HPC., Comment: Accepted in Latin American High-Performance Computing Conference (CARLA 2024)

Robot dogs are receiving increasing attention in various fields of research. However, the number of studies investigating their potential usability on construction sites is scarce. The construction industry implies several human resource-demanding tasks such as safety monitoring, material transportation, and site inspections. Robot dogs can address some of these challenges by providing automated support and lowering manual effort. In this paper, we investigate the potential usability of currently available robot dogs on construction sites in terms of focusing on their different specifications and on-site requirements to support data acquisition. In addition, we conducted a real-world experiment on a large-scale construction site using a quadruped robot. In conclusion, we consider robot dogs to be a valuable asset for monitoring intricate construction environments in the future, particularly as their limitations are mitigated through technical advancements., Comment: 8 pages, 3 figures, 2 Tables, Forum Bauinformatik

Compact Ultramassive Antenna Array (CUMA) is a pioneering paradigm that leverages the flexibility of the Fluid Antenna System (FAS) to enable a simple multiple access scheme for massive connectivity without the need for precoding, power control at the base station or interference mitigation in each user's equipment. In order to overcome the mathematical intricacy required to analyze their performance, we use an asymptotic matching approach to relax such complexity with a remarkable accuracy. First, we analyze the performance of the CUMA network in terms of the outage probability (OP) and the ergodic rate (ER), deriving simple and highly accurate closed-form approximations to the channel statistics. Then, we evaluate the potential of the CUMA scheme to provide secure multi-user communications from a physical layer security perspective. Leveraging a tight approximation to the signal-to-interference-ratio (SIR) distribution, we derive closed-form expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP). We observe that the baseline CUMA (without side information processing) exhibits limited performance when eavesdroppers are equipped with a CUMA of the same type. To improve their secure performance, we suggest that a simple imperfect interference cancellation mechanism at the legitimate receiver may substantially increase the secrecy performance. Monte Carlo simulations validate our approximations and demonstrate their accuracy under different CUMA-based scenarios.

We study the isotropic and anisotropic Hamiltonian of two coupled harmonic oscillators from an algebraic approach of the $SU(1,1)$ and $SU(2)$ groups. In order to obtain the energy spectrum and eigenfunctions of this problem, we write its Hamiltonian in terms of the boson generators of the $SU(1,1)$ and $SU(2)$ groups. We use the one boson and two boson realizations of the $su(1,1)$ Lie algebra, and the one boson realization of the $su(2)$ Lie algebra to apply three tilting transformations to diagonalize the original Hamiltonian. These transformations let us to obtain the exact solutions of the isotropic and the anisotropic cases, from which the particular expected results are obtained for the cases where the coupling is neglected., Comment: 13 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2409.08179

We study the Hamiltonian of two isotropic oscillators with weak coupling from an algebraic approach. We write the Hamiltonian of this problem in terms of the boson generators of the $SU(1,1)$ and $SU(2)$ groups. This allows us to apply two tilting transformations based on both group similarity transformations to obtain its energy spectrum and eigenfunctions. Then, we obtain the Mandel $Q-$parameter of the photon numbers $n_a$ and $n_b$. It is important to note that in our procedure we consider the case of weak coupling., Comment: 11 pages

This work aims to provide accurate and wide-ranging experimental new speed of sound data $w$($p$,$T$) of two binary ($CH_{4}$ + $He$) mixtures at a nominal helium content of 5% and 10% at pressures $p$ = (0.5 up to 20) MPa and temperatures $T$ = (273.16, 300, 325, 350 and 375) K. For this purpose, the most accurate technique for determining speed of sound in gas phase has been used: the spherical acoustic resonator. Speed of sound is determined with an overall relative expanded ($k$ = 2) uncertainty of 230 parts in $10^{6}$ and compared to reference models for multicomponent natural gas-like mixtures: AGA8-DC92 and GERG-2008 equations of state. Relative deviations of experimental data from model estimations are outside the experimental uncertainty limit, although all points are mostly within the AGA uncertainty of 0.2% and GERG uncertainty of 0.5% and worsen as the helium content increases. Absolute average deviations are better than 0.45% for GERG and below 0.14% for AGA models in (0.95 $CH_{4}$ + 0.05 $He$) mixture and below 0.83% for GERG and within 0.22% for AGA equations in (0.90 $CH_{4}$ + 0.10 $He$) mixture.

Continuing our study on ($CO_{2}$ + $O_{2}$) mixtures, this work reports new experimental($p$, $\rho$, $T$) data for two oxygen-rich mixtures with mole fractions $x$($O_{2}$) = (0.50 and 0.75) mol/mol, in the temperature range $T$ = (250-375) K and pressure range $p$ = (0.5-20) MPa, using a single-sinker densimeter. Experimental density data were compared to two well-established equation-of-state models: EOS-CG and GERG-2008. In the $p$, $T$-range investigated, the EOS-CG gave a better reproduction for the equimolar mixture $x$($O_{2}$) = 0.5, whereas the GERG-2008 performed significantly better for the oxygen-rich mixture $x$($O_{2}$) = 0.75. The EOS-CG generally overestimates the density, while the GERG-2008 underestimates it. This complete set of new experimental data, together with previous measurements, is used to calculate the virial coefficients $B$($T$, $x$) and $C$($T$, $x$), as well as the second interaction virial coefficient $B_{12}$($T$) for the ($CO_{2}$ + $O_{2}$) system.

We analyze $\textit{JWST}$ CEERS NIRCam images to present {the first estimate} of the observed fraction and properties of bars out to $z \sim 4$. We analyze a sample of 1770 galaxies with stellar mass $M_\star > 10^{10} M_\odot$ at $0.5 \leq z \leq 4$ and identify barred galaxies via ellipse fits and visual classification of both F200W and F444W images. Our results apply mainly to bars with projected semi-major axis $a_{\rm bar}$ $> 1.5 $ kpc ($\sim$ 2 $\times$ PSF in F200W images) that can be robustly traced by ellipse fits. For such bars, the {observed} bar fraction at $z\sim$ 2-4 is low ($\lesssim 10\%$), and they appear to be emerging at least as early as $z\sim 4$ when the Universe was $\sim$ 13\% of its present age. At $z\sim$ 2-4, compared to our results, TNG50 simulations {predict} a significantly larger bar fraction due to a large population of small bars with $a_{\rm bar}$ $< 1.5$ kpc {that we cannot robustly detect}. If such a population exists, the true bar fraction may be significantly higher than our results. At $z \ge 1.5$, many barred galaxies show nearby neighbors, suggesting bars may be tidally triggered. {From $z \sim 4$ to $z \sim 0.5$, the observed bar fraction, average projected bar length, and projected bar strength rise.} Our results highlight the early emergence and evolution of barred galaxies and the rising importance of bar-driven secular evolution from $z \sim$4 to today., Comment: 25 pages, 16 figures, submitted to ApJ, Comments are welcome

Robustly estimating energy consumption in High-Performance Computing (HPC) is essential for assessing the energy footprint of modern workloads, particularly in fields such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, development, and deployment. The extensive use of supercomputers for AI training has heightened concerns about energy consumption and carbon emissions. Existing energy estimation tools often assume exclusive use of computing nodes, a premise that becomes problematic with the advent of supercomputers integrating microservices, as seen in initiatives like Acceleration as a Service (XaaS) and cloud computing. This work investigates the impact of executed instructions on overall power consumption, providing insights into the comprehensive behaviour of HPC systems. We introduce two novel mathematical models to estimate a process's energy consumption based on the total node energy, process usage, and a normalised vector of the probability distribution of instruction types for CPU and GPU processes. Our approach enables energy accounting for specific processes without the need for isolation. Our models demonstrate high accuracy, predicting CPU power consumption with a mere 1.9% error. For GPU predictions, the models achieve a central relative error of 9.7%, showing a clear tendency to fit the test data accurately. These results pave the way for new tools to measure and account for energy consumption in shared supercomputing environments., Comment: Accepted in Latin American High-Performance Computing Conference (CARLA 2024)

This work aims to address the technical aspects related to the thermodynamic characterization of natural gas mixtures blended with hydrogen for the introduction of alternative energy sources within the Power-to-Gas framework. For that purpose, new experimental speed of sound data are presented in the pressure range between (0.1 up to 13) MPa and at temperatures of (260, 273.16, 300, 325, and 350) K for two mixtures qualified as primary calibration standards: a 11 component synthetic natural gas mixture (11 M), and another low-calorific $H_{2}$-enriched natural gas mixture with a nominal molar percentage $x_{H_{2}}$ = 3%. Measurements have been gathered using a spherical acoustic resonator with an experimental expanded ($k$ = 2) uncertainty better than 200 parts in $10^{6}$ (0.02%) in the speed of sound. The heat capacity ratio as perfect-gas $\gamma_{pg}$, the molar heat capacity as perfect-gas $C_{p,m}^{pg}$, and the second $\beta_{a}$ and third $\gamma_{a}$ acoustic virial coefficients are derived from the speed of sound values. All the results are compared with the reference mixture models for natural gas-like mixtures, the AGA8-DC92 EoS and the GERG-2008 EoS, with special attention to the impact of hydrogen on those properties. Data are found to be mostly consistent within the model uncertainty in the 11 M synthetic mixture as expected, but for the hydrogen-enriched mixture in the limit of the model uncertainty at the highest measuring pressures.

Millions of people use online social networks to reinforce their sense of belonging, for example by giving and asking for feedback as a form of social validation and self-recognition. It is common to observe disagreement among people beliefs and points of view when expressing this feedback. Modeling and analyzing such interactions is crucial to understand social phenomena that happen when people face different opinions while expressing and discussing their values. In this work, we study a Reddit community in which people participate to judge or be judged with respect to some behavior, as it represents a valuable source to study how users express judgments online. We model threads of this community as complex networks of user interactions growing in time, and we analyze the evolution of their structural properties. We show that the evolution of Reddit networks differ from other real social networks, despite falling in the same category. This happens because their global clustering coefficient is extremely small and the average shortest path length increases over time. Such properties reveal how users discuss in threads, i.e. with mostly one other user and often by a single message. We strengthen such result by analyzing the role that disagreement and reciprocity play in such conversations. We also show that Reddit thread's evolution over time is governed by two subgraphs growing at different speeds. We discover that, in the studied community, the difference of such speed is higher than in other communities because of the user guidelines enforcing specific user interactions. Finally, we interpret the obtained results on user behavior drawing back to Social Judgment Theory., Comment: 29 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables

This work aims to address the technical concerns related to the thermodynamic characterization of gas mixtures blended with hydrogen for the implementation of hydrogen as a new energy vector. For this purpose, new experimental speed of sound measurements have been done in gaseous and supercritical phases of two binary mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen using the most accurate technique available, i.e., the spherical acoustic resonator, yielding an experimental expanded ($k$ = 2) uncertainty of only 220 parts in $10^{6}$ (0.022%). The measurements cover the pressure range between (0.5 and 20) MPa, the temperature range between (260 and 350) K, and the composition range with a nominal mole percentage of hydrogen of (5 and 10) mol%, respectively. From the speed of sound data sets, thermophysical properties that are relevant for the characterization of the mixture, namely the second $\beta_{a}$ and third $\gamma_{a}$ acoustic virial coefficients, are derived. These results are thoroughly compared and discussed with the established reference mixture models valid for mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen, such as the AGA8-DC92 EoS, the GERG-2008 EoS, and the recently developed adaptation of the GERG-2008 EoS, here denoted GERG-$H_{2}$_improved EoS. Special attention has been given to the effect of hydrogen concentration on those properties, showing that only the GERG-$H_{2}$_improved EoS is consistent with the data sets within the experimental uncertainty in most measuring conditions.

In this paper, the solubility of carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) in water along the isobar of 400 bar is determined by computer simulations using the well-known TIP4P/Ice force field for water and TraPPE model for CO$_{2}$. In particular, the solubility of CO$_{2}$ in water when in contact with the CO$_{2}$ liquid phase, and the solubility of CO$_{2}$ in water when in contact with the hydrate have been determined. The solubility of CO$_{2}$ in a liquid-liquid system decreases as temperature increases. The solubility of CO$_{2}$ in a hydrate-liquid system increases with temperature. The two curves intersect at a certain temperature that determines the dissociation temperature of the hydrate at 400 bar ($T_{3}$). We compare the predictions with the $T_{3}$ obtained using the direct coexistence technique in a previous work. The results of both methods agree and we suggest 290(2)K as the value of $T_{3}$ for this system using the same cutoff distance for dispersive interactions. We also propose a novel and alternative route to evaluate the change in chemical potential for the formation of hydrate along the isobar. The new approach is based on the use of the solubility curve of CO$_{2}$ when the aqueous solution is in contact with the hydrate phase. It considers rigorously the non-ideality of the aqueous solution of CO$_{2}$, providing reliable values for driving force for nucleation of hydrates in good agreement with other thermodynamic routes used. It is shown that the driving force for hydrate nucleation at 400 bar is larger for the methane hydrate than for the carbon dioxide hydrate when compared at the same supercooling. We have also analyzed and discussed the effect of the cutoff distance of the dispersive interactions and the occupancy of CO$_{2}$ on the driving force for nucleation of the hydrate., Comment: 25 pages, 19 figures

While the power of quantum computers is commonly acknowledged to rise exponentially, it is often overlooked that the complexity of quantum noise mechanisms generally grows much faster. In particular, quantifying whether the instructions on a quantum processor are close to being unitary has important consequences concerning error rates, e.g., for the confidence in their estimation, the ability to mitigate them efficiently, or their relation to fault-tolerance thresholds in error correction. However, the complexity of estimating the coherence, or unitarity, of noise generally scales exponentially in system size. Here, we obtain an upper bound on the average unitarity of Pauli noise and develop a protocol allowing us to estimate the average unitarity of operations in a digital quantum device efficiently and feasibly for mid-size quantum systems. We demonstrate our results through both experimental execution on IQM Spark (TM), a 5-qubit superconducting quantum computer, and in simulation with up to 10 qubits, discussing the prospects for extending our technique to arbitrary scales., Comment: 11+21 pages, 10 figures

For polynomials of degree two over finite fields, we present an improvement of Fitzgerald's characterization (Finite Fields Appl. 9(1):117-121, 2003). We then use this new characterization to obtain an explicit, complete, and simple description of all primitive polynomials of degree two over finite fields.

While astronomers often assume that exoplanets are perfect spheres when analyzing observations, the subset of these distant worlds that are subject to strong tidal forces and/or rapid rotations are expected to be distinctly ellipsoidal or even triaxial. Since a planet's response to these forces is determined in part by its interior structure, measurements of an exoplanet's deviations from spherical symmetry can lead to powerful insights into its composition and surrounding environment. These shape deformations will imprint themselves on a planet's phase curve and transit lightcurve and cause small (1s-100s of parts per million) deviations from their spherical-planet counterparts. Until recently, these deviations were undetectable in typical real-world datasets due to limitations in photometric precision. Now, however, current and soon-to-come-online facilities such as JWST will routinely deliver observations that warrant the consideration of more complex models. To this end we present squishyplanet, a JAX-based Python package that implements an extension of the polynomial limb-darkened transit model presented in Agol et al. 2020 to non-spherical (triaxial) planets, as well as routines for modeling reflection and emission phase curves., Comment: 4 pages, accepted to JOSS

This paper presents an examination of State Space Models (SSM) and Koopman-based deep learning methods for modelling the dynamics of both linear and non-linear stiff strings. Through experiments with datasets generated under different initial conditions and sample rates, we assess the capacity of these models to accurately model the complex behaviours observed in string dynamics. Our findings indicate that our proposed Koopman-based model performs as well as or better than other existing approaches in non-linear cases for long-sequence modelling. We inform the design of these architectures with the structure of the problems at hand. Although challenges remain in extending model predictions beyond the training horizon (i.e., extrapolation), the focus of our investigation lies in the models' ability to generalise across different initial conditions within the training time interval. This research contributes insights into the physical modelling of dynamical systems (in particular those addressing musical acoustics) by offering a comparative overview of these and previous methods and introducing innovative strategies for model improvement. Our results highlight the efficacy of these models in simulating non-linear dynamics and emphasise their wide-ranging applicability in accurately modelling dynamical systems over extended sequences., Comment: Accepted to DAFx2024

This paper considers an insurance company that faces two key constraints: a ratcheting dividend constraint and an irreversible reinsurance constraint. The company allocates part of its reserve to pay dividends to its shareholders while strategically purchasing reinsurance for its claims. The ratcheting dividend constraint ensures that dividend cuts are prohibited at any time. The irreversible reinsurance constraint ensures that reinsurance contracts cannot be prematurely terminated or sold to external entities. The dividend rate level and the reinsurance level are modelled as nondecreasing processes, thereby satisfying the constraints. The incurred claims are modelled via a Brownian risk model. The main objective is to maximize the cumulative expected discounted dividend payouts until the time of ruin. The reinsurance and dividend levels belong to either a finite set or a closed interval. The optimal value functions for the finite set case and the closed interval case are proved to be the unique viscosity solutions of the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations, and the convergence between these optimal value functions is established. For the finite set case, a threshold strategy is proved to be optimal, while for the closed interval case, an $\epsilon$-optimal strategy is constructed. Finally, numerical examples are presented to illustrate the optimality conditions and optimal strategies., Comment: 62 pages, 1 figure

This paper presents a pioneering solution to the task of integrating mobile 3D LiDAR and inertial measurement unit (IMU) data with existing building information models or point clouds, which is crucial for achieving precise long-term localization and mapping in indoor, GPS-denied environments. Our proposed framework, SLAM2REF, introduces a novel approach for automatic alignment and map extension utilizing reference 3D maps. The methodology is supported by a sophisticated multi-session anchoring technique, which integrates novel descriptors and registration methodologies. Real-world experiments reveal the framework's remarkable robustness and accuracy, surpassing current state-of-the-art methods. Our open-source framework's significance lies in its contribution to resilient map data management, enhancing processes across diverse sectors such as construction site monitoring, emergency response, disaster management, and others, where fast-updated digital 3D maps contribute to better decision-making and productivity. Moreover, it offers advancements in localization and mapping research. Link to the repository: https://github.com/MigVega/SLAM2REF, Data: https://doi.org/10.14459/2024mp1743877.

While 3D LiDAR sensor technology is becoming more advanced and cheaper every day, the growth of digitalization in the AEC industry contributes to the fact that 3D building information models (BIM models) are now available for a large part of the built environment. These two facts open the question of how 3D models can support 3D LiDAR long-term SLAM in indoor, GPS-denied environments. This paper proposes a methodology that leverages BIM models to create an updated map of indoor environments with sequential LiDAR measurements. Session data (pose graph-based map and descriptors) are initially generated from BIM models. Then, real-world data is aligned with the session data from the model using multi-session anchoring while minimizing the drift on the real-world data. Finally, the new elements not present in the BIM model are identified, grouped, and reconstructed in a surface representation, allowing a better visualization next to the BIM model. The framework enables the creation of a coherent map aligned with the BIM model that does not require prior knowledge of the initial pose of the robot, and it does not need to be inside the map., Comment: Conference paper in ISARC 2023

The multipole expansion, a ubiquitous tool in a variety of physical problems, can be formulated in spherical and Cartesian coordinates. By constructing an explicit map linking both formulations in isotropic media, we discover a lack of equivalence between both approaches in anisotropic media. In isotropic media, the Cartesian multipole tensor can be reduced to a spherical tensor containing significantly fewer entries. In anisotropic media, however, the loss of propagation symmetry prevents this reduction. In turn, non-harmonic sources radiate fields that can be projected onto a finite set of Cartesian multipole moments but require (possibly infinitely) many spherical moments. For harmonic sources, the link between both approaches presents a systematic way to construct the spherical multipole expansion from the Cartesian one. The lack of equivalence between both approaches results in physically significant effects wherever the field propagation includes the Laplace operator. We illustrate this issue on an electromagnetic radiation inverse problem in anisotropic media, including an analysis of a large-anisotropy regime. We show that the use of the Cartesian approach significantly increases the efficiency and interpretability of the model. The proposed approach opens the door to wider applications of the multipole expansion in anisotropic media, whose importance is rising in multiple physical systems., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures

The international collaboration designing and constructing the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) has developed a two-phase strategy toward the implementation of this leading-edge, large-scale science project. The 2023 report of the US Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) reaffirmed this vision and strongly endorsed DUNE Phase I and Phase II, as did the European Strategy for Particle Physics. While the construction of the DUNE Phase I is well underway, this White Paper focuses on DUNE Phase II planning. DUNE Phase-II consists of a third and fourth far detector (FD) module, an upgraded near detector complex, and an enhanced 2.1 MW beam. The fourth FD module is conceived as a "Module of Opportunity", aimed at expanding the physics opportunities, in addition to supporting the core DUNE science program, with more advanced technologies. This document highlights the increased science opportunities offered by the DUNE Phase II near and far detectors, including long-baseline neutrino oscillation physics, neutrino astrophysics, and physics beyond the standard model. It describes the DUNE Phase II near and far detector technologies and detector design concepts that are currently under consideration. A summary of key R&D goals and prototyping phases needed to realize the Phase II detector technical designs is also provided. DUNE's Phase II detectors, along with the increased beam power, will complete the full scope of DUNE, enabling a multi-decadal program of groundbreaking science with neutrinos.

The challenge of imaging low-density objects in an electron microscope without causing beam damage is significant in modern TEM. This is especially challenging for life science imaging, where the sample, rather than the instrument, still determines the resolution limit. Here, we explore whether we have to accept this or can progress further in this area. To do this, we use numerical simulations to see how much information we can obtain from a weak phase object at different electron doses. Starting from a model with four phase values, we compare Zernike phase contrast with measuring diffracted intensity under multiple random phase illuminations to solve the inverse problem. Our simulations have shown that diffraction-based methods perform better than the Zernike method, as we have found and addressed a normalization issue that, in some other studies, led to an overly optimistic representation of the Zernike setup. We further validated this using more realistic 2D objects and found that random phase illuminated diffraction can be up to five times more efficient than an ideal Zernike implementation. These findings suggest that diffraction-based methods could be a promising approach for imaging beam-sensitive materials and that current low-dose imaging methods are not yet at the quantum limit., Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures

The calculation of the interfacial free energy between two thermodynamic phases is crucial across different fields including materials science, chemistry, and condensed matter physics. This study delves into a thermodynamic approach to predict interfacial free energy along a coexistence line. For that purpose, we utilize Gibbs-Cahn integration method to accurately determine the interfacial free energy along various coexistence conditions, relying solely on data obtained from a single-state interfacial free energy calculation at given conditions of pressure and temperature. Unlike traditional methods that require individual measurements at each thermodynamic state, this approach significantly reduces computational demand and enhances efficiency. The integration scheme requires the computation of the excess interfacial energy (by means of unbiased NVT computer simulations in which the two phases involved coexist) at different points along the coexistence line, for later use this information as an input in our calculations. We apply this method for the Lennard-Jones and mW water model for the case of the liquid-solid interface, as well as Lennard-Jones and TIP4P/2005 models for liquid-vapor interfaces. Our results highlight the accuracy and effectiveness of this thermodynamic integration route for estimating the interfacial free energy along a coexistence line., Comment: Main text: 13 pages and 9 figures. Supporting material: 7 pages and 4 figures