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The human papillomavirus (HPV) represents one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, knowing more than 100 viral types that, in relation to their oncological pathogenesis, are classified into types of high and low oncological risk. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death from malignant neoplasms in women. HPV can often cause warts. Most types of this virus are harmless, but a percentage of them are associated with an increased risk of cancer. These types are born from the genitals and are acquired through sexual contact with an engaged partner. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death from malignant neoplasms in women. HPV infection is responsible for various lesions in different areas of the body. Common warts are the most frequent. They consist of whitish papillomatous lesions that can be in any area, oral mucosa, genital mucosa, etc. Most people infected with the genital human papillomavirus are only carriers. It usually has no symptoms and goes away on its own, without causing serious health problems. There is no cure for HPV, but there are treatments for the health problems that some types of HPV can cause, such as genital warts and cervical cancer. Thanks to cytology and histopathology, it can be detected and treated promptly, reducing the impact of this disease. In addition, there are vaccines that promise to reduce this cancer, especially in countries with the highest number of cases. The virus can remain in the body, even after receiving treatment for genital warts. This means that HPV can still be transmitted to sexual partners, despite not having physical manifestations of it. This work will present the bases for the differential detection between the riskiest HPV strains: HPV-18 and HPV-16 through their detection using the amazing idea of ​​Kary Mullis: Polymerase Chain Reaction.

If 75% of the planet is made up of water, then we shouldn't worry about anything. The problem is that desalination systems are neither sufficient nor efficient, rather the adjective to use is: scarce. Although we live in the 21st century, we still do not have the systems, and what yesterday was a science fiction movie; fighting for water, today seems to be a reality outside our door. There are various doctorates throughout the world and perhaps a few students see something as close as a topic of work and many are dedicated to more striking sciences such as new technologies in relation to computing, medicine or engineering. However, this is precisely the sciences called to partly solve what this article calls for. What university careers can be aware of or aware of this?

Law 21420 establishes modifications to the Chilean mining code, that mandates the regulatory agency for mining concessions, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería de Chile (SERNAGEOMIN) to employ SIRGAS as a modern reference framework (RF) for the management of mining geospatial information in Chile, replacing PSAD56 (South American Provisional Datum 1956) and SAD69 (South American Datum 1969).In this project, the processing center and geodetic analysis USC develops the process to allow SERNAGEOMIN to migrate from a classic RF to a modern RF called REDGEOMIN (Red Geodésica para Minería), aligned to SIRGAS. REDGEOMIN is a kinematic RF with an associated deformation model called ADELA (Analysis of DEformation beyond Los Andes). To date, REDGEOMIN has four solutions aligned to IGS reference frame (REDGEOMIN 2019.00, 2020.00, 2021.00, and 2022.00) calculated with approximately 210 stations. From these stations, time series were calculated between the years 2009 to 2022, applying a joint model that contemplates the interseismic, coseismic, and post-seismic periods, where the latter describes the period after the telluric movement applying for their calculation combined logarithmic and exponential functions. In addition to time series, the Thin Plate Spline (TPS) method is used to interpolate what is happening between GNSS stations.The study consists of three phases: the first, the calculation of the REDGEOMIN-ADELA which is constantly updating the time series, the second, the calculation of the transformation parameters; this phase is finished and finally, the project culminates with the implementation of the REDGEOMIN-ADELA as the first kinematic reference frame that includes seismic events in Chile., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

There is an increase in HIV/AIDS transmission rates world-wide Aim: To explore obstacles and facilitators in the use of barrier methods for the prevention of HIV/AIDS among Chilean young people between 20 and 29 years of age.During the second semester of the year 2020, 134 young Chileans answered an online questionnaire with open-ended questions about barrier methods. A qualitative methodology that considered the main techniques of grounded theory for data analysis was used.There are individual, interpersonal, sociocultural, and structural factors that operate as obstacles and facilitators for the use of barrier methods to prevent the transmission of HIV/AIDS.There are culturally embedded beliefs among young people, such as, a perception of invulnerability caused by not being part of risk groups, among others, that affect self-care.

Potato late blight, caused by Phytophtora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is considered as the most crucial and devastating disease affecting this crop worldwide. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of employing applications of copper hydroxide fungicide (Kocide 2000®) and a mix of Trichoderma spp. on P. infestans control in potato crops in the Chiloé area, it was evaluated the in vitro and in vivo sensitivity of three strains of the Trichoderma genus (T. harzianum 1, T. harzianum 2, and T. viride) and P. infestans; and it was established the effective concentration 50 and 95 (EC50and EC95). Furthermore, it was estimated the area under the relative disease progress curve (rAUDPC), and the yield was determined. Trichoderma spp. strains were less sensitive than P. infestans to the fungicide. T. harzanium 1(EC50174.6 mg L-1 and EC95 1036.5 mg L-1) and T. harzanium 2 (EC50 158.6 mg L-1 and EC95 912.4 mg L-1) strains displayed similar behavior. T. viride was less sensitive (EC50 581.1 mg L-1 and EC95 5052.2 mg L-1). P. infestans presented a higher sensibility with EC50 6.52 mg L-1 and EC95 17.2 mg L-1. Kocide 2000® and Trichoderma spp. applications reduced the rAUDPC and maximized yields. These results demonstrate the importance of the disease management; furthermore, it suggests that Trichoderma and copper hydroxide improve crop health and yields., El tizón tardío de la papa causado por Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, es considerada la enfermedad más importante y devastadora en este cultivo a nivel mundial. Con el objetivo de demostrar la factibilidad de utilizar aplicaciones del fungicida hidróxido de cobre (Kocide 2000®) y una mezcla de Trichoderma spp. en el control de P. infestans en el cultivo de la papa en Chiloé; se evaluó la sensibilidad in vitro e in vivo de tres cepas de Trichoderma (T. harzianum 1 y 2; T. viride) y P. infestans y se estableció la concentración efectiva 50 y 95 (CE50 y CE95), además se estimó el área bajo la curva relativa de progreso de la enfermedad (AUDPCr) y se determinó el rendimiento. Las cepas de Trichoderma spp. fueron menos sensibles que P. infestans al fungicida. Las cepas T. harzianum 1 (CE50=174,6 mg L-1 y CE95=1036,5 mg L-1) y T. harzianum 2 (CE50=158,6 mg L-1 y CE95=912,4 mg L-1) presentaron comportamiento similar, T. viride fue menos sensible (CE50=581,1 mg L-1 y CE95=5052,2 mg L-1). P. infestans presentó una mayor sensibilidad con CE50=6,52 mg L-1 y CE95=17,2 mg L-1. Aplicaciones de Kocide 2000® y Trichoderma spp. disminuyeron el AUDPCr y maximizaron los rendimientos. Los resultados demuestran la importancia del manejo de la enfermedad y además sugieren que aplicaciones de Trichoderma e hidróxido de cobre, favorecen la sanidad del cultivo y el rendimiento.

The circadian system is a supraphysiological system that modulates different biological functions such as metabolism, sleep-wake, cellular proliferation, and body temperature. Different chronodisruptors have been identified, such as shift work, feeding time, long days, and stress. The environmental changes and our modern lifestyle can alter the circadian system and increase the risk of developing pathologies such as cancer, preeclampsia, diabetes, and mood disorder. This system is organized by transcriptional/tranductional feedback loops of clock genes Clock, Bmal1, Per1–3, and Cry1-2. How molecular components of the clock are able to influence the development of diseases and their risk relation with genetic components of polymorphism of clock genes is unknown. This research describes different genetic variations in the population and how these are associated with risk of cancer, metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemias, and also mood disorders such as depression, bipolar disease, excessive alcohol intake, and infertility. Finally, these findings will need to be implemented and evaluated at the level of genetic interaction and how the environment factors trigger the expression of these pathologies will be examined.

Pregnancy is a complex and well-regulated temporal event in which several steps are finely orchestrated including implantation, decidualization, placentation, and partum and any temporary alteration has serious effects on fetal and maternal health. Interestingly, alterations of circadian rhythms (i.e., shiftwork) have been correlated with increased risk of preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, and preeclampsia. In the last few years evidence is accumulating that the placenta may have a functional circadian system and express the clock genes Bmal1, Per1-2, and Clock. On the other hand, there is evidence that the human placenta synthesizes melatonin, hormone involved in the regulation of the circadian system in other tissues. Moreover, is unknown the role of this local production of melatonin and whether this production have a circadian pattern. Available information indicates that melatonin induces in placenta the expression of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, prevents the injury produced by oxidative stress, and inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a gene that in other tissues is controlled by clock genes. In this review we aim to analyze available information regarding clock genes and clock genes controlled genes such as VEGF and the possible role of melatonin synthesis in the placenta.

Fleas associated with small mammals from 7 localities in northern and central Chile were collected between December 2008 and March 2009. During this period we captured 348 small mammals belonging to 12 species from which we obtained 675 fleas of 15 different species and 2 subspecies. The most frequently captured host species was Abrothrix olivaceus (n = 127), and the less common were Abrocoma bennetti, Mus musculus and Octodon bridgesi (n = 1, each species). The most frequently captured flea species were Neotyphloceras crassispina crassispina (n = 198) and Neotyphloceras chilensis (n = 175), and the less common were Ectinorus (Ichyonus) angularis, Polygenis (Polygenis) platensis, Tetrapsyllus (Tetrapsyllus) comis, and Tetrapsyllus (Tetrapsyllus) corfidii (n = 1, each one). High values of flea species richness and diversity were found in Fray Jorge National Park, while the highest values of mean abundance (MA) and prevalence were found in Los Molles River, Fray Jorge NP and Dichato. On the other hand, high values of flea richness and diversity were found on two rodent species, A. olivaceus, and A. longipilis, while the highest values of MA and prevalence were found on O. longicaudatus, A. longipilis and P. xanthopygus. A total of 3 new host recordings, 7 new localities and 9 new host species and locality recordings are reported in this study. Also, this study represents the first known record of Tetrapsyllus (Tetrapsyllus) comis in Chile and the first ecological analysis of Neotyphloceras chilensis in its new taxonomic status. This last species was recently elevated to species status based on characteristics of modified abdominal segments of both sexes Fil: Bazán Leon, E. A.. Universidad de Chile; Chile Fil: Lareschi, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina Fil: Sánchez, Juliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina Fil: Soto Nilo, G.. Universidad de Chile; Chile Fil: Lazzoni, I.. Universidad de Chile; Chile Fil: Venegas, C. I.. Universidad de Chile; Chile Fil: Poblete, Y.. Universidad de Chile; Chile Fil: Vásquez, Rodrigo. Universidad de Chile; Chile

Fleas associated with small mammals from seven localities from northern and central Chile were assessed. We captured 352 small mammals belonging to 12 species from which we obtained 675 fleas belonging to 15 different species. The most frequently captured flea species were Neotyphloceras crassispina crassispina (n = 198) and N. chilensis (n = 175). High values of flea species richness and diversity were found in Fray Jorge National Park (NP), a north-central Chilean site, whereas the highest values of mean abundance (MA) and prevalence were found in three diverse sites that include Los Molles River, a high altitude site located in northcentral Chile, Fray Jorge NP and Dichato, in south-central Chile. On the other hand, high values of flea richness and diversity were found on two rodent species, Abrothrix olivacea and A. longipilis, whereas the highest values of MA and prevalence were found on Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, A. longipilis and Phyllotis xanthopygus. A total of three new host recordings, nine new localities and nine new host species and locality recordings are reported. Also, this study represents the first known record of Tetrapsyllus (Tetrapsyllus) comis in Chile and the first ecological analysis of Neotyphloceras chilensis. Fil: Bazán León, E. A.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile Fil: Lareschi, Marcela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina Fil: Sánchez, Juliana Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (i); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina Fil: Soto Nilo, G.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile Fil: Lazzoni, I.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile Fil: Venegas, C. I.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile Fil: Poblete, Y.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile Fil: Vásquez, R. A.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile

En este trabajo se evaluó la presencia de VPH en la cavidad bucal (mediante oroscopia y citología oral exfoliativa) y su relación con la infección genital en mujeres con diagnóstico citológico sugestivo de infección por VPH. La muestra consistió en 60 pacientes a quienes se les realizó oroscopia, citología y determinación viral en boca y cérvix por PCR, utilizando los iniciadores genéricos MY09/MY11 y MPCR. Se detectó ADN de VPH en las mucosas oral y genital en 48,33 % y 73,3% de las pacientes, respectivamente, obteniéndose una concordancia de 44,2% (k=0,44 indicando grado de acuerdo moderado). Los tipos virales más frecuentes fueron de bajo riesgo, especialmente el tipo 6, encontrado en 86,2% de las muestras bucales y 65,9% de las muestras cervicales, solo o en combinación con otros tipos de bajo (11) o de alto riesgo oncogénico (16, 18, 33), con una concordancia de 10,45% (k=0,1 indicando grado de acuerdo muy bajo); sin embargo, particularmente en relación al tipo 6, hubo una concordancia de 75,86% (k=0,7 indicando grado de acuerdo alto). La citología de la cavidad bucal tuvo una sensibilidad de 3,5 % y especificidad de 93,6 %. Para la oroscopia, la sensibilidad fue de 27,6 % y la especificidad de 74,2 %. Los resultados señalan que la infección por VPH en cavidad bucal de pacientes con infección genital pudiera ser frecuente. La baja concordancia global entre los tipos virales sugiere que la infección por VPH en boca y cérvix presenta un comportamiento biológico diferente. This work evaluated HPV infection in the oral cavity (using oroscopy and exfoliative oral cytology) and its relation to genital infection in women with cytological diagnosis suggestive of HPV infection. The sample consisted of 60 patients who underwent oroscopy, cytology and viral determination in mouth and cervix by PCR using generic primers MY09/MY11 and MPCR. HPV DNA was detected in oral and genital mucosa in 48.33% and 73.3% of patients, respectively, yielding a concordance of 44.2% (k=0.44, moderate agreement). The most common viral types were low risk, especially type 6, found in 86.2% of oral samples and 65.9% of cervical specimens, alone or in combination with other types of low (11) or high oncogenic risk (16, 18, 33), with a concordance of 10.45% (k = 0.1, insignificant agreement). However, in relation to type 6, there was a concordance of 75.86% (k=0.7, high agreement). The cytology of the oral cavity had a sensitivity of 3.5% and a specificity of 93.6%. For oroscopy, sensitivity was 27.6% and specificity was 74.2%. The results indicate that HPV infection in the oral cavity of patients with genital infection could be frequent. The low concordance between HPV types suggests that HPV infection in the mouth and cervix has a different biological behavior.

The invention relates to nucleic acid derived from Perkinsus marinus which encodes a 9-elongase, a Δ8-desaturase and a Δ5-desaturase enzyme. All of the coding sequences can be transcribed as a single transcript.

Trabajo presentado en la 43rd European Brain and Behaviour Society Meeting (EBBS), celebrada en Sevilla, España, del 9 al 12 de septiembre de 2011

The present invention relates to the production of γ-linolenic acid (18:3Δ6,9,12) or stearidonic acid (18:4Δ6,9,12,15) or γ-linolenic acid (18:3Δ6,9,12) and stearidonic acid (18:4Δ6,9,12,15) in transgenic plants of the family Brassicaceae, where the transgenic plants comprise at least 10% by weight of oleic acid based on the total fatty acid content and, as the result of the activity of the Δ6-desaturases used in the method, have an increased Δ6-C18-fatty acid content. The invention furthermore relates to novel nucleic acid sequences which code for the Δ6-desaturases used in the method, gene constructs comprising these nucleic acid sequences, a vector and transgenic plants comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence or a gene construct.

"El consumo de tabaco es un problema de salud pública en el mundo y se le ha asociado con diferentes tipos de cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedades respiratorias, alteraciones en el sistema reproductivo, problemas dentales, úlcera péptica y algunas enfermedades de los ojos. De acuerdo con la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones de 2002, en México fuman 26.4% de las personas entre 12 y 65 años de la población urbana y 14.3% de la población rural. En este sentido, la Secretaría de Salud señala que en México fallecen anualmente más de 53 mil personas por enfermedades relacionadas con el consumo de tabaco, lo que lo ubica entre los diez primeros lugares de morbilidad y mortalidad. Entre los tratamientos propuestos para dejar de fumar se identifican las terapias sustitutivas con nicotina, las terapias farmacológicas, los tratamientos psicológicos y combinaciones de ellos. En relación con los tratamientos psicológicos, existe evidencia empírica que muestra la efectividad de las técnicas conductuales y cognitivo-conductuales para dejar de fumar. En México, se emplean tratamientos psicológicos y farmacológicos (nicotínicos y no nicotínicos) en personas que desean dejar de fumar. Sin embargo, en dichas intervenciones no se reportan datos específicos de los cambios en el patrón de consumo después de la aplicación de dichas intervenciones y si éste se mantiene a lo largo del tiempo. Asimismo, se sabe específicamente poco de la efectividad de las intervenciones breves dirigidas a fumadores en la población mexicana. Por lo tanto, en la presente investigación se evalúa un programa de intervención breve motivacional para fumadores que incide en el patrón de consumo de cigarros, en la percepción de la autoeficacia de los usuarios al finalizar la aplicación del programa y en el seguimiento a los seis meses. Para cumplir con el propósito se aplicó el programa de intervención breve motivacional a 10 personas de entre 19 y 55 años de edad que deseaban dejar de fumar. La evaluación del programa se realizó a partir de la comparación del patrón de consumo antes, durante y después de la aplicación de la intervención breve, así como del nivel de autoeficacia antes y después de la aplicación de la intervención breve. Un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de medidas repetidas mostró cambios significativos en el patrón de consumo entre la línea base, intervención y seguimiento (F[2,18]=53.10, p

The invention relates to the production of ?-linolenic acid (18:3 ?6,9,12) or stearidonic acid (18:4 ?6,9,12,15) or ?-linolenic acid (18:3?6,9,12) and stearidonic acid (18:4 ?6,9,12,15) in transgenic plants of the brassicaceae family, said transgenic plants containing at least 10 percent by weight of oleic acid relative to the total fatty acid concentration and being provided with an increased ?-6-C18 fatty acid concentration as a result of the activity of the ?-6 desaturases used in the method. The invention also relates to novel nucleic acid sequences coding for the ?-6 desaturases used in the method, gene constructs containing said nucleic acid sequences, a vector and transgenic plants containing at least one nucleic acid sequence or a gene construct.