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Apoptosis is a crucial process to maintain the correct balance between healthy cells and committed-to-death cells in every tissue. The internal (or mitochondrial) and external (or death receptor) pathways are responsible for driving a series of molecular events that lead to apoptosis by releasing pro-apoptotic proteins, such as B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) homology 3 (BH3)-only proteins and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/diablo inhibitor of apoptosis protein-binding mitochondrial protein (SMAC/DIABLO), that in turn activate the caspase family of proteases. By counterbalancing the apoptogenic machinery, anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members turn off pro-apoptotic signalling, favouring cell survival, a circumstance that is particularly pronounced in tumour cells in which apoptosis is deranged. Therefore, targeting the defective apoptotic process has become a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of several cancers and much effort is being made in the research and development of effective compounds. This review discussed and updated the most promising therapeutic strategies that target deranged apoptosis process in cancer by mimicking the pro-apoptotic effects of BH3-only and SMAC/DIABLO proteins.

IntroductionThe skin is often exposed to harmful stimuli that might compromise its integrity and functionality. After an injury, the skin has a limited capability to restore its complex structure, and in the case of severe skin damage, surgical operations and rapid application of wound dressings are often required to promote optimal wound healing. Nowadays, collagen-based biomaterials are widely used in combination with bioactive molecules able to prevent excessive inflammation and possible infections. In line with a circular economy and blue biotechnology approach, it was recently demonstrated that both collagen and bioactive molecules (i.e., antioxidant compounds) can be sustainably obtained from sea food by-products and effectively used for biomaterial development. Herein, we describe and compare the application of two marine collagen-based wound dressings (CBWDs), produced with materials obtained from sea urchin food waste, for the treatment of skin lesions in a wound healing organ culture (WHOC) model.MethodsThe ex vivo WHOC model was set up starting from rat skin explants and the induced lesions were assigned into three different groups: control (CTRL) group, not treated, marine collagen wound dressing (MCWD) group, and antioxidants-enriched marine collagen wound dressing (A-MCWD) group. After 5 and 10 days, specimens were examined for organ maintenance and assessed for the healing process.ResultsImmunohistochemical results showed that both CBWDs were similarly successful in prolonging skin repair, preserving the epidermal barrier up to 5 days under static culture conditions. Histological and gene expression analysis highlighted that the A-MCWD might support and accelerate skin wound healing by exerting antioxidant activity and counteracting inflammation.DiscussionOverall, these findings underline the potential of sea urchin food waste as a novel resource for the development of functional medical devices for the treatment of skin wounds.

Background/Objectives: Tetanus is a serious, non-contagious infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which remains a global health threat despite the availability of an effective vaccine. The current state of immunization for agricultural workers in Italy reveals significant disparities, reflecting a non-homogeneous distribution of vaccination coverage across regions and subgroups. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of tetanus antibodies in a cohort of agricultural workers in Eastern Sicily in order to evaluate possible public health strategies for improving vaccination coverage. Methods: This observational retrospective study assessed tetanus immunization coverage in agricultural workers in Eastern Sicily during the period from 2012–2022. Results: A total of 1143 workers participated, of which 71% (n = 871) had protective tetanus antitoxin levels. Of the 835 vaccinated workers, 9% were not immune, while 19% of those who were not vaccinated or did not recall their vaccination history were immune. Significant gaps in vaccination were noted, particularly among non-European workers, with only 23% vaccinated compared to 89% of European workers. Additionally, vaccination rates were higher in those born after 1963, when vaccination became mandatory. Conclusions: The results underscore the need for targeted vaccination strategies, especially for older and migrant workers, as well as the importance of workplace immunization programs led by occupational physicians. Improving vaccination coverage among agricultural workers is essential for preventing tetanus infections in high-risk agricultural populations.

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has shown exponential growth in recent years, with expectations for further development in the years to come. With such significant expansion, efforts and incentives are shifting from EV sales to projects aimed at expanding charging station infrastructure. In order to sustain this growing trend, a reliable and robust charging infrastructure is needed. However, the entire process of planning, designing, and constructing fixed charging stations (FCSs) is time-consuming and expensive. In this scenario, mobile charging stations (MCSs) offer a complementary solution to ensure the necessary reliability for the improvement of EV owners’ experiences in the electrified transportation sector, as they help reduce range anxiety, peak-hour costs, and waiting times. In this sense, this paper aims to disseminate the state-of-the-art research and studies on MCSs, covering topics such as architectures, standards, converter topologies, and market solutions.

Background: European countries have included healthcare workers (HCWs) among priority groups for COVID-19 vaccination. We established a multi-country hospital network to measure the SARS-CoV-2 incidence and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among HCWs against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: HCWs from 19 hospitals in 10 countries participated in a dynamic prospective cohort study, providing samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing at enrolment and during weekly/fortnightly follow-up. We measured the incidence during pre-Delta (2 May–6 September 2021), Delta (7 September–14 December 2021), and Omicron (15 December 2021–2 May 2023) waves. Using Cox regression, we measured the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of the first COVID-19 booster dose versus primary course alone during Delta and Omicron waves. Results: We included a total of 3015 HCWs. Participants were mostly female (2306; 79%), with a clinical role (2047; 68%), and had a median age of 44 years. The overall incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 3.01/10,000 person-days during pre-Delta, 4.21/10,000 during Delta, and 23.20/10,000 during Omicron waves. rVE was 59% (95% CI: −25; 86) during Delta and 22% (1; 39) during Omicron waves. rVE was 51% (30; 65) 7–90 days after the first booster dose during the Omicron wave. Conclusions: The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs was higher during the Omicron circulation period. The first COVID-19 vaccine booster provided additional protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to primary course vaccination when recently vaccinated

Abstract Background Reinforced concrete production is widespread, but little is known about the occupational exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) in such workplaces, including from metalworking and concrete processing. Therefore, the aim was to characterize exposure to fine PM in the typical workplaces of the whole production cycle and to quantify the risk of respiratory symptoms and lung function in a cohort of reinforced concrete parts production industry. Methods At a reinforced concrete parts producing facility in Almaty, we collected 50 personal PM2.5 samples from the main exposure sites and the measured mass concentrations using gravimetric method. Workers also completed questionnaires on a detailed working history, respiratory symptoms (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Assessment Tool (CAT)), followed by spirometry. The association of cumulative dose with CAT score and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) was tested with multiple regression. Results The highest PM2.5 concentrations were found in the concrete-mixing unit (median 1180 µg/m3), followed by metalworking (510 µg/m3), armature workshop (375 µg/m3) and molding site (245 µg/m3), different from the concentrations in the office (29.5 µg/m3), Kruskall-Wallis p

The energy transition towards a low-emission matrix has motivated efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels in the transportation sector. The growth of the electric mobility market has been consistent in recent years. In Brazil, there has been an accelerated growth in the sales rate of new electric (and hybrid) vehicles (EVs). Fiscal incentives provided by governments, along with the reduction in vehicle costs, are factors contributing to the exponential growth of the EV fleet—creating a favorable environment for the dissemination of new technologies and enabling the participation of players from sectors such as battery manufacturing and charging stations. Considering the international context, the E-Lounge R&D joint initiative aims to evaluate different strategies to economically enable the electric mobility market, exploring EV charging service sales by energy distribution utility companies in Brazil. This work describes the step-by-step development of an ideal model of a charging hub and discusses its operation based on a real deployment, as well as its associated technical and economic feasibility. Using EV charging data based on the E-Lounge’s operational behavior, an artificial neural network (ANN) is applied to forecast future energy consumption to each EV charging station. This paper also presents an economic analysis of the E-Lounge case study, which can contribute to proposals for electric vehicle charging ecosystems in the context of smart energy systems. Based on the operational results collected, as well as considering equipment usage projections, it is possible to make EV charging enterprises feasible, even when high investments in infrastructure and equipment (charging stations and battery storage systems) are necessary, since the net present value is positive and the payback period is 4 years. This work contributes by presenting real operational data from a charging hub, a projection model aimed at evaluating future operations, and a realistic economic evaluation model based on a case study implemented in São Paulo, Brazil.

Exposure to asbestiform fibers, including chrysotile and amphibole, is carcinogenic, causing malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) when inhaled. Some populations globally face Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA) exposure, leading to MPM cases like in Biancavilla, Italy, from Fluoro-edenite (FE) contamination. Studies show NOA exposure causes epigenetic changes, focusing on mesothelin methylation, an MPM marker, and altered inflammation, emphasizing the health risks of FE and asbestos. This research, conducted from February 2022 to October 2022, studied 125 construction workers from Biancavilla and 125 controls from 40 km away without Biancavilla work history. With at least ten years in construction and no respiratory conditions, participants underwent medical assessments and gave blood samples for analysis, including inflammation markers, mesothelin methylation, and soluble mesothelin-related protein levels. The results showed similar demographics but differing inflammation and methylation levels in exposed workers, suggesting long-term cellular changes. Pearson correlation showed intricate biomarker relationships. Significant inflammatory differences were found between FE exposed and non-exposed workers, indicating potential health impacts from FE. This raises concerns for communities like Biancavilla, emphasizing the importance of extensive epigenetic research for public health.

Introdução: Quando se define em linhas gerais o que é a anemia, deve-se compreender a hemoglobina em valores abaixo do esperado, e de que ela é essencial para que a disseminação do oxigênio pelo organismo ocorra, dito isso, o comprometimento desta leva ao déficit de oxigênio dos órgãos, principalmente no sistema nervoso central, coração e músculos. Aplasia medular, ou Anemia Aplástica, se caracteriza pelo desequilíbrio hematopoiético, onde uma hipoplasia medular acarreta hipocelularidade percebendo-se uma pancitopenia pela diminuição das linhagens celulares de eritrócitos, leucócitos e plaquetas, classificando-se em primária (congênita) ou secundária. Doença que se caracteriza por pancitopenia, onde há uma substituição da medula hematopoiética por tecido gorduroso, que ocorre por ineficiência dessas células como forma de manter os fatores hematimétricos nas periferias do organismo. Tratamento de suporte hemoterápico, transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas e tratamento com imunossupressores são as possíveis opções para este paciente acometido de tal doença rara, mas que pode ser letal se não tratada a tempo. Objetivos: O presente trabalho procura evidenciar a importância ao estudo dessa doença hematológica, de seus desencadeantes, manifestações clínicas e da análise laboratorial minuciosa e correta. Metodologia: Este Trabalho é uma revisão bibliográfica descritiva, sem horizonte de tempo, para tanto buscou-se artigos e protocolos recentes para compor a pesquisa. Foram utilizados meios informatizados de pesquisa, excluindo documentos que não atendiam a proposta pretendida no trabalho. Desenvolvimento e conclusões: A Anemia Aplástica, ou também chamada Aplasia Medular, é uma doença que acontece por lesão bioquímica. O que ocorre é que a medula é invadida por tecido gorduroso não causando a não ser pancitopenia no início de sua manifestação clínica, não sendo acometida nem por fibrose ou infiltrações leucêmicas, e justamente por esta pancitopenia, o indivíduo se torna suscetível a infecções e sangramentos, anemia grave apresentando neutropenia, plaquetopenia e eritrocitopenia, não apresentando adenomegalia ou esplenomegalia. Em linhas gerais, é uma anemia normocrômica, normocítica ou macrocítica com volume corpuscular médio entre 95 a 110 fL e hemoglobina abaixo de 10 g/dL, neutropenia menor que 1,5 x 103/uL e trombocitopenia menor que 50 x 103/uL, em casos mais graves a queda dos neutrófilos chega abaixo de 0,5 x 103/uL e plaquetopenia menos que 20 x 103/uL, reticulócitos menor que 20 x 103/uL e a celularidade da medula óssea menor a 25% apresentando em média 75% dos espaços medulares que deveriam conter tecido hematopoiético, substituídos por tecido gorduroso e não se encontram celularidade anormal em sangue periférico. Da realização do hemograma, encontram-se semelhanças à leucemia aguda aleucêmica onde restringe-se à medula e não se encontra blastos evidentes no sangue periférico, demonstrando ainda um sangue pancitopênico em que o avaliador da lâmina procure blastos leucêmicos em busca do diagnóstico. Além do hemograma, uma análise da medula é realizada para que um diagnóstico diferencial e seguro seja feito. Entendendo a complexidade e a raridade da Aplasia de Medula, o diagnóstico diferencial se torna a chave para um tratamento eficaz e precoce, por apresentar pancitopenia moderada a grave no sangue periférico e hipocelularidade na medula óssea, seu diagnóstico deve ser por exclusão, visto que outras afecções também manifestam pancitopenia. Argumenta-se que devido à uma agressão à célula tronco hematopoiética pluripotentes, ocorre-se uma diminuição ou até mesmo desaparecimento desta na medula óssea, se manifestando, portanto, de diversas formas diferentes entre os pacientes afetados.

Introdução: Observa-se um alto índice de obesidade na população brasileira, centralizado em áreas industrializadas, como sudeste, por exemplo, podemos esclarecer este fato com o alto consumo de fast-food, cargas extensivas de trabalho, e uma mudança extremamente brusca nos hábitos alimentares, o desenvolvimento da obesidade em mulheres, se mostra ser grandioso, devido a distribuição de gordura corporal, onde estão concentradas no colo, abdômen, glúteos e ainda, se todos os fatores forem somativos, temos anormalidades metabólicas significativas. Objetivo e justificativa: Este trabalho tem como objetivo discorrer sobre a anemia carencial – pós-bariátrica, apontar as problemáticas pós-cirúrgica em pacientes obesos com possível risco de anemia, através de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto. O intuito é alertar a sociedade e possíveis pacientes, sobre o risco de uma anemia perniciosa após a cirurgia bariátrica, enfatiza-se a falta da vitamina B12 no organismo, analisando que, este procedimento cirúrgico está sendo usado também, como um alicerce a estética corporal, entretanto, o real interesse deste procedimento é a melhora da qualidade de vida de pessoas que estão em uma situação de sobrevida. Métodos: Este estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica analítica. Foi utilizado como fonte de análise, artigos científicos indexados nas plataformas virtuais Google Academic, PubMed, SciELO. Para a busca dos artigos, foram utilizados os unitermos: anemia carencial. cirurgia bariátrica. anemia megaloblástica. vitamina B12 e ácido fólico. Discussão: A cirurgia bariátrica pode ser o procedimento de escolha para pacientes que preencherem os requisitos. No entanto, cuidados pós-cirúrgicos são imprescindíveis, como nutrição adequada, mudança no estilo de vida, aconselhamento e acompanhamento médico, nutricional e psicológico, podemos citar, casos, onde a pessoa realizou a cirurgia e seu estado psicológico, apenas foi se degradando. Sabe-se que, devido as alterações gastrointestinais, possivelmente, a produção de ácido clorídrico será diminuída, causando assim, interferências na absorção de vitaminas e outros, como vitamina B12, ácido fólico, ferro, vitamina B1, zinco, que requerem um ambiente ácido para serem adequadamente absorvidos, juntamente com uma restrição alimentar significativa, mudanças na dieta, uso de suplementação sem recomendação, possam levá-lo a uma anemia. A deficiência nutricional é um problema comum em pacientes bariátricos, com destaque para a deficiência de vitamina B12, que pode ser diagnosticada por meio de exames laboratoriais como hemograma e dosagem sérica de vitamina B12 e ácido fólico. A reposição vitamínica pode ser realizada por meio de complexos vitamínicos. Conclusões: O acompanhamento destes pacientes é indispensável devido ao seu novo estilo de vida, tendo que manter a constância no uso de medicamentos e suplementos, juntamente com uma rotina de alimentação e exercícios para que assim possa manter a sua saúde. É necessário dosar os níveis de vitamina B12 e ácido fólico em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, bem como educá-los sobre a importância de uma ingestão adequada dessas vitaminas e outros nutrientes essenciais para prevenir complicações a longo prazo. Mediante a confecção dessa revisão bibliográfica, conseguimos perceber a importância da distribuição das informações quanto as cirurgias bariátricas devido as consequências a serem enfrentadas no futuro.

Background: the precision agriculture field optimizes resource use, enhancing performance. However, this leads to exposure to ergonomic risks for operators, in particular, tractor drivers, potentially causing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigates how the display position in a semi-automatic tractor system influences operator comfort and muscle activation during harrowing operations. Methods: the assessment of muscular strain involved the use of surface electromyographic devices, while posture was evaluated throughout the analysis of the distribution of pressure exerted by the operator’s body on the seat, which was observed using two barometric pads, each positioned on the backrest and base of the seat. Finally, infrared thermography (IRT), a non-invasive tool to assess muscle activation, was used to measure the surface temperature of the driver’s back. The results showed a significantly greater muscular activation display for the position of display in semi-automatic driving at 50° and 80°. Conclusions: this study showed how the position of the display on the vehicle negatively influences posture, exposing workers to the risk of developing fatigue and, therefore, discomfort, with the potential onset of MSDs. The combined use of sEMG and IRT allowed for a non-invasive, cheap, and repeatable mechanical and functionality analysis.

Este estudo visa à determinação da vulnerabilidade física e ambiental da zona costeira de São Miguel do Gostoso e Pedra Grande/RN antes e depois da instalação de parques eólicos. Além disso, é realizada uma análise de vulnerabilidade na linha de costa da área mencionada, levando-se em consideração as alterações espaciais concretizadas nos últimos 30 anos, análise esta que é apresentada separadamente. Calcularam-se os índices de vulnerabilidade natural (IVN) e ambiental (IVA) por meio de análises espaciais baseadas em mapas temáticos das variáveis do meio físico e antrópico, conforme métodos de análise multicritérios hierarquizada e de redução de dimensionalidade por processo analítico hierárquico (PAH) e pela análise de componentes principais (ACP). As vulnerabilidades alta e muito alta, somadas, apresentaram proporções entre 18 e 30% em todos os cenários do IVN e IVA. O índice de vulnerabilidade costeira (IVC) foi definido por dois métodos para três cenários de aumento do nível do mar estabelecidos pelo Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC): um com seis variáveis físicas e hidrodinâmicas, e outro que inclui, além destas, outras três variáveis de ação antrópica. Para todos os cenários, toda a extensão da linha de costa mostrase, majoritariamente, com vulnerabilidades média e alta. Conclui-se que a implantação do complexo de parques eólicos contribuiu para o aumento da vulnerabilidade dos ecossistemas locais nos três índices avaliados, mas não foi o fator preponderante para a definição do grau de vulnerabilidade do IVC.

Ocular pathologies present significant challenges to achieving effective therapeutic results due to various anatomical and physiological barriers. Natural products such as flavonoids, alone or in association with allopathic drugs, present many therapeutic actions including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial action. However, their clinical employment is challenging for scientists due to their low water solubility. In this study, we designed a liquid formulation based on rutin/sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (RTN/SBE-β-CD) inclusion complex for treating ocular infections. The correct stoichiometry and the accurate binding constant were determined by employing SupraFit software (2.5.120) in the UV-vis titration experiment. A deep physical–chemical characterization of the RTN/SBE-β-CD inclusion complex was also performed; it confirmed the predominant formation of a stable complex (Kc, 9660 M−1) in a 1:1 molar ratio, with high water solubility that was 20 times (2.5 mg/mL) higher than the free molecule (0.125 mg/mL), permitting the dissolution of the solid complex within 30 min. NMR studies revealed the involvement of the bicyclic flavonoid moiety in the complexation, which was also confirmed by molecular modeling studies. In vitro, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the formulation was assayed against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The results demonstrated a significant activity of the formulation than that of the free molecules.

Abstract Experimental evidence demonstrated that fluoro-edenite (FE) can develop chronic respiratory diseases and elicit carcinogenic effects. Environmental exposure to FE fibers is correlated with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). An early diagnosis of MPM, and a comprehensive health monitoring of the patients exposed to FE fibers are two clinical issues that may be solved by the identification of specific biomarkers. We reported the microRNA (miRNA) and transfer RNA-derived non coding RNA (tRNA-derived ncRNA) transcriptome in human normal mesothelial and malignant mesothelioma cell lines exposed or not exposed to several concentration FE fibers. Furthermore, an interactive mesothelioma-based network was derived by using NetME tool. In untreated condition, the expression of miRNAs and tRNA-derived ncRNAs in tumor cells was significantly different with respect to non-tumor samples. Moreover, interesting and significant changes were found after the exposure of both cells lines to FE fibers. The network-based pathway analysis showed several signaling and metabolic pathways potentially involved in the pathogenesis of MPM. From papers analyzed by NetME, it is clear that many miRNAs can positively or negatively influence various pathways involved in MPM. For the first time, the analysis of tRNA-derived ncRNAs molecules in the context of mesothelioma has been made by using in vitro systems. Further studies will be designed to test and validate their diagnostic potential in high-risk individuals' liquid biopsies.

A orla marítima oriental do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) possui domínio de falésias ativas da Formação Barreiras e praias arenosas, interceptadas por desembocaduras de laguna, rios e estuários. Neste contexto geológico-geomorfológico localiza-se a Praia de Pipa, no Município de Tibau do Sul, onde as atividades socioeconômicas estão fortemente baseadas no turismo. Submetido à intensa dinâmica costeira, desastres tem ocorrido devido ao inadequado uso e ocupação do solo e às decisões embasadas em políticas públicas ineficazes. Este estudo apresenta o mapa de risco à erosão costeira e movimentos gravitacionais de massa para o trecho urbano da praia de Pipa realizado por meio da análise integrada em ambiente de Sistema de Informações Geográficas de dados espaciais do meio físico, pluviométricos, reanálises do regime de ondas e infraestruturas instaladas inadequadamente. Os resultados mostraram o domínio de setores categorizados em risco alto (R3), risco muito alto (R4) e pontos de risco de desastres iminentes, confirmados em visitas a campo. O mapa de risco forneceu compreensão da sinergia entre os processos continentais e marinhos, atuantes na retração da linha de costa, e, subsídios para o planejamento e controle ambiental costeiro, em tomadas de decisões referentes a intervenções adequadas para a redução de desastres.

Despite the initial optimistic projections from various countries and the evidence that vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reduces the associated hospitalization rates and mortality, vaccine hesitancy and refusal among healthcare personnel (HCP) became a major public health concern globally. The aim of this survey was to estimate the knowledge about the Italian Vaccination Plan for HCP and attitudes about occupational vaccinations for HCP among Italian HCP who refused COVID-19 vaccination and were suspended from work. A total of 52 HCP participated in the study. Nurses were the prevalent profession among vaccination refusers. About COVID-19, 24 (26.2%) of all responders have been involved in COVID-19 care and 21 (40.4%) had a history of COVID-19. None had received influenza and pneumococcus vaccination in the past. Knowledge of vaccinations recommended for HCP was high, ranging from 75% to 98% by vaccine. Instead, all HCP were against any mandatory vaccination policy for all HCP. Finally, most HCP questioned the expected benefits and safety of vaccines in general, raised issues of mistrust of information provided for authorities and of compliance with their HCP’ vaccination recommendations. Our study indicates good knowledge of occupational vaccinations but strong anti-vaccination beliefs among Italian HCP who refused COVID-19 vaccination and were suspended from work.

IntroductionAlmaty is the largest city of Kazakhstan with extreme air pollution, mostly in the cold season, but little is known whether staying indoors could lessen the exposure. The aim was to quantitatively characterize indoor fine PM levels and to verify the contribution of ambient pollution to it in a polluted city like Almaty.MethodsWe collected forty-six 24-hour 15-min average samples of the ambient air and a similar number of paired indoor samples (total 92 samples). Predictors of both ambient and indoor PM2.5 mass concentrations in mg/m3, including ambient concentration, precipitation, minimal daily temperature and humidity, along with the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio were tested in the adjusted regression models at eight 15-min lags.ResultsAmbient air PM2.5 15-min average mass concentrations were highly variable and ranged from 0.001 to 0.694 mg/m3 (geometric mean (GM) 0.090, geometric standard deviation (GSD) 2.285). Snowing was the strongest predictor of lower ambient PM2.5 24-hour mass concentrations (median 0.053 vs 0.135 mg/m3 (pConclusionDuring the cold season when fossil fuel is burnt for heating, the population in Almaty is exposed to very high fine PM levels even indoors. Urgent public health action is needed.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a paediatric cancer with noteworthy heterogeneity ranging from spontaneous regression to high-risk forms that are characterised by cancer relapse and the acquisition of drug resistance. The most-used anticancer drugs exert their cytotoxic effect by inducing oxidative stress, and long-term therapy has been demonstrated to cause chemoresistance by enhancing the antioxidant response of NB cells. Taking advantage of an in vitro model of multidrug-resistant (MDR) NB cells, characterised by high levels of glutathione (GSH), the overexpression of the oncoprotein BMI-1, and the presence of a mutant P53 protein, we investigated a new potential strategy to fight chemoresistance. Our results show that PTC596, an inhibitor of BMI-1, exerted a high cytotoxic effect on MDR NB cells, while PRIMA-1MET, a compound able to reactivate mutant P53, had no effect on the viability of MDR cells. Furthermore, both PTC596 and PRIMA-1MET markedly reduced the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition proteins and limited the clonogenic potential and the cancer stemness of MDR cells. Of particular interest is the observation that PTC596, alone or in combination with PRIMA-1MET and etoposide, significantly reduced GSH levels, increased peroxide production, stimulated lipid peroxidation, and induced ferroptosis. Therefore, these findings suggest that PTC596, by inhibiting BMI-1 and triggering ferroptosis, could be a promising approach to fight chemoresistance.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Marine mammals, as top predators, are constantly exposed to several PFAS compounds that accumulate in different tissues. As a proxy to assess cytotoxicity of PFAS in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), we generated a new immortalized cell line derived from skin samples of bottlenose dolphin. Using high content imaging, we assessed the effects of increasing concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFBA and C6O4 on cell viability and cell cycle phases. In particular, we classified all cells based on multiple morphometric differences of the nucleus in three populations, named respectively “Normal” (nuclei in G0, S and M phase); “Large” (nuclei showing characteristics of senescence) and “Small” (nuclei with fragmentation and condensed chromatin). Combining this approach with cell cycle analysis we determined which phases of the cell cycle were influenced by PFAS. The results revealed that the presence of PFOS, PFBS and PFBA could increase the number of cells in G0+G1 phase and decrease the number of those in the S phase. Moreover, PFOS and PFBS lowered the fraction of cells in the M phase. Interestingly PFOS, PFBS and PFBA reduced the prevalence of the senescence phenotype (“large” nuclei), suggesting a potential tumorigenic effect. Besides, the presence of PFOS and PFBS correlated also with a significant decrease in the number of “small” nuclei. The C6O4 exposure did not highlighted morphometric alteration or cell cycle modification bottlenose dolphin skin cell nuclei. While the effects of PFAS on cell cycle was clear, no significant change was detected either in term of cell proliferation or of viability. This study fosters the overall knowledge on the cellular effects of perfluoroalkyl substances in marine mammals.

On 11 March 2020, following the spread of SARS-CoV-2, WHO declared a pandemic status. The impact on national health and economic systems has been huge. Therefore, many countries took measures to restrict the spread of the virus. Many work activities have been subjected to lockdown measures. However, some production activities, continued to remain open, i.e., large-scale food distribution, food industry, pharmacies, hospitals, etc. In order to contain the spread of the pandemic, public health measures have been implemented by the States to reduce the contagion of the virus in the workplace. Therefore, it was important to implement measures to contrast and contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in workplaces. The aim of this study was to adopt and implement a safety protocol useful to restrict the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in a large-scale retail trade company located in the south of Italy, before vaccination, during the first and second pandemic phases also exploiting telemedicine services. Antibody serological test cards were also used during the first pandemic wave and rapid antigenic swabs during the second to detect workers positive for SARS-CoV-2. A population of subjects who worked for another company similar for production activity and distribution on the territory was selected as the control group. During work activities, this group followed the minimum activity protocol provided by the Italian legislation (24 April 2020, Ministry Protocol), which provided the daily monitoring of the body temperature and in the case of SARS- CoV-2 positive subjects the extraordinary sanitation of the workplace. The measures implemented identified the positive subject for SARS-CoV-2 at an early stage. The protocol made it possible to significantly reduce the spread of the virus within large-scale retail distribution, and therefore, to avoid the temporary closure of the stores with a consequent reduction of economic losses compared with the control group.

Coping with a zero-waste, more sustainable economy represents the biggest challenge for food market nowadays. We have previously demonstrated that by applying smart multidisciplinary waste management strategies to purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) food waste, it is possible to obtain both a high biocompatible collagen to produce novel skin substitutes and potent antioxidant pigments, namely polyhydroxynapthoquinones (PHNQs). Herein, we have analyzed the biological activities of the PHNQs extract, composed of Spinochrome A and B, on human skin fibroblast cells to explore their future applicability in the treatment of non-healing skin wounds with the objective of overcoming the excessive oxidative stress that hinders wound tissue regeneration. Our results clearly demonstrate that the antioxidant activity of PHNQs is not restricted to their ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species; rather, it can be traced back to an upregulating effect on the expression of superoxide dismutase 1, one of the major components of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes defense system. In addition, the PHNQs extract, in combination with Antimycin A, displayed a synergistic pro-apoptotic effect, envisaging its possible employment against chemoresistance in cancer treatments. Overall, this study highlights the validity of a zero-waste approach in the seafood chain to obtain high-value products, which, in turn, may be exploited for different biomedical applications.

The mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) of echinoderms possesses biological peculiarities that facilitate native collagen extraction and employment for biomedical applications such as regenerative purposes for the treatment of skin wounds. Strategies for skin regeneration have been developed and dermal substitutes have been used to cover the lesion to facilitate cell proliferation, although very little is known about the application of novel matrix obtained from marine collagen. From food waste we isolated eco-friendly collagen, naturally enriched with glycosaminoglycans, to produce an innovative marine-derived biomaterial assembled as a novel bi-layered skin substitute (Marine Collagen Dermal Template or MCDT). The present work carried out a preliminary experimental in vivo comparative analysis between the MCDT and Integra, one of the most widely used dermal templates for wound management, in a rat model of full-thickness skin wounds. Clinical, histological, and molecular evaluations showed that the MCDT might be a valuable tool in promoting and supporting skin wound healing: it is biocompatible, as no adverse reactions were observed, along with stimulating angiogenesis and the deposition of mature collagen. Therefore, the two dermal templates used in this study displayed similar biocompatibility and outcome with focus on full-thickness skin wounds, although a peculiar cellular behavior involving the angiogenesis process was observed for the MCDT.

The present systematic review addresses the influence of occupational exposures on prostate cancer risk. Eleven studies were analyzed for a range of occupational exposures, including but not limited to firefighting, physical activity, night shift work, chemical exposure, and solar ultraviolet radiation. The results of the review reveal that firefighters exposed to harmful substances, individuals engaged in physically strenuous work, and workers with chronic night shift routines showed an increased likelihood of developing prostate cancer. Moreover, the review identified an increased risk associated with exposure to certain chemicals, including alkylphenolic compounds and benzene-related substances. The evidence underscores the importance of considering the cumulative effect of multiple risk factors in a comprehensive risk assessment. However, the conclusions indicate the necessity for further research to deepen these relationships and develop more effective strategies for the prevention of prostate cancer.

Morin (MRN) is a natural compound with antiangiogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity. However, it shows a very low water solubility (28 μg/mL) that reduces its oral absorption, making bioavailability low and unpredictable. To improve MRN solubility and positively affect its biological activity, particularly its antiangiogenic activity, in this work, we prepared the inclusion complexes of MNR with sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD). The inclusion complexes obtained by the freeze-drying method were extensively characterized in solution (phase-solubility studies, UV–Vis titration, and NMR spectroscopy) and in the solid state (TGA, DSC, and WAXD analysis). The complexation significantly increased the water solubility by about 100 times for MRN/HP-β-CD and 115 times for MRN/SBE-β-CD. Furthermore, quantitative dissolution of the complexes was observed within 60 min, whilst 1% of the free drug dissolved in the same experimental time. 1H NMR and UV–Vis titration studies demonstrated both CDs well include the benzoyl moiety of the drug. Additionally, SBE-β-CD could interact with the cinnamoyl moiety of MRN too. The complexes are stable in solution, showing a high value of association constant, that is, 3380 M−1 for MRN/HP-β-CD and 2870 M−1 for MRN/SBE-β-CD. In vivo biological studies on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and zebrafish embryo models demonstrated the high biocompatibility of the inclusion complexes and the effective increase in antiangiogenic activity of complexed MRN with respect to the free drug.

Introduction: The skin is often exposed to harmful stimuli that might compromise its integrity and functionality. After an injury, the skin has a limited capability to restore its complex structure, and in the case of severe skin damage, surgical operations and rapid application of wound dressings are often required to promote optimal wound healing. Nowadays, collagen-based biomaterials are widely used in combination with bioactive molecules able to prevent excessive inflammation and possible infections. In line with a circular economy and blue biotechnology approach, it was recently demonstrated that both collagen and bioactive molecules (i.e., antioxidant compounds) can be sustainably obtained from sea food by-products and effectively used for biomaterial development. Herein, we describe and compare the application of two marine collagen-based wound dressings (CBWDs), produced with materials obtained from sea urchin food waste, for the treatment of skin lesions in a wound healing organ culture (WHOC) model. Methods: The ex vivo WHOC model was set up starting from rat skin explants and the induced lesions were assigned into three different groups: control (CTRL) group, not treated, marine collagen wound dressing (MCWD) group, and antioxidants-enriched marine collagen wound dressing (A-MCWD) group. After 5 and 10 days, specimens were examined for organ maintenance and assessed for the healing process. Results: Immunohistochemical results showed that both CBWDs were similarly successful in prolonging skin repair, preserving the epidermal barrier up to 5 days under static culture conditions. Histological and gene expression analysis highlighted that the A-MCWD might support and accelerate skin wound healing by exerting antioxidant activity and counteracting inflammation. Discussion: Overall, these findings underline the potential of sea urchin food waste as a novel resource for the development of functional medical devices for the treatment of skin wounds. Created with BioRender.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Tetanus is a serious, non-contagious infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which remains a global health threat despite the availability of an effective vaccine. The current state of immunization for agricultural workers in Italy reveals significant disparities, reflecting a non-homogeneous distribution of vaccination coverage across regions and subgroups. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of tetanus antibodies in a cohort of agricultural workers in Eastern Sicily in order to evaluate possible public health strategies for improving vaccination coverage. Methods: This observational retrospective study assessed tetanus immunization coverage in agricultural workers in Eastern Sicily during the period from 2012–2022. Results: A total of 1143 workers participated, of which 71% (n = 871) had protective tetanus antitoxin levels. Of the 835 vaccinated workers, 9% were not immune, while 19% of those who were not vaccinated or did not recall their vaccination history were immune. Significant gaps in vaccination were noted, particularly among non-European workers, with only 23% vaccinated compared to 89% of European workers. Additionally, vaccination rates were higher in those born after 1963, when vaccination became mandatory. Conclusions: The results underscore the need for targeted vaccination strategies, especially for older and migrant workers, as well as the importance of workplace immunization programs led by occupational physicians. Improving vaccination coverage among agricultural workers is essential for preventing tetanus infections in high-risk agricultural populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]