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Classification of tumors from MRI plays very important role for diagnosing various diseases. But, it consumes an enormous amount of time for classification. Due to the similar structure of anomalous and typical tissues in the brain, it is difficult to complete the detection process successfully. Many researchers have developed new methods for detection and classification of tumors. But most of them failed at some point due to these limitations. Therefore in our work, we introduced a new machine learning algorithm for detection and classification of tumors. In addition to this, an intellectual segmentation technique known as Improved Binomial Thresholding technique is also introduced in this paper. This newly developed approach is used to differentiate the normal and abnormal slices from brain MRI. We can extract different features from the segmented image. The extracted features may be Wavelet Transform based (WT) or Scattering Wavelet Transform based (SWT). Feature selection process is achieved using a hybrid algorithm known as CS-FS (Hybrid Cuckoo Search with Fish Swarm) to minimize the dimension of extracted features. Finally, feature classification process is performed using Sparse Bayesian Extreme Learning Machine (SBELM) classifier. The proposed method is executed with the help of BRATS (Brain Tumor Image Segmentation) 2015 dataset. The result of the proposed method is evaluated on different parameters like accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. The values of these parameters are obtained by computing four factors such as TP, TN, FN and FP. The final evaluation results showed that, our proposed SBELM classifier has attained 97.2% accuracy, which is better than the other existing method like state-of-the-art method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of nodes. Issues involved with the use of a sensor network are energy‐saving and the effective use of energy. Clustering in WSNs is a proven technique for energy optimization. The relationship between sensor nodes and cluster heads (CHs) has only been considered prior to cluster‐based routing protocols. However, most clustering algorithms have failed to address the routing overhead and the energy consumption rate between CH nodes and SINK. In this paper, a new framework named as EEC‐MA‐PSOGA ‐ an energy‐efficient (EE) intra‐cluster mobile agent (INC‐MA)‐based particle swarm optimization–genetic algorithm (PSO‐GA), has been presented to initiate the distance communication and place the SINK optimally in WSNs. The cluster members send the collected data towards their respective CHs for aggregation. To find the sink's best position, the PSO‐GA‐based location estimation algorithm is initiated based on the network structure. The limited capability of WSNs makes them more vulnerable to attackers. The prevention mechanism must be less complex to ensure the fair operations in the network. Here, the attack detection ability of the proposed solution has been tested against clone attack. With varied communication range, simulation time, and sensor nodes, the tests are conducted extensively on various scenarios of WSNs. When compared with the prior mechanisms, the framework provides better results and better prevention with less overhead by analyzing the experimental results such as energy consumption, network lifetime, and throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Improvement in the power transfer capability and the system stability of long transmission lines by series compensation is a cost-effective solution. However, the Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) due to series compensation leads to severe risk of Torsional Interactions (TI). This paper presents, a review on damping of torsional interactions using Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based FACTS with various Subsynchronous Damping Controllers (SSDC) proposed in the literature. This review can help researchers to make a comparative study of the impact of FACTS devices and various subsynchronous damping controllers on damping of subsynchronous oscillations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the combined effects of thermal radiation, chemical reaction on MHD hydromagnetic boundary layer flow over a vertical cone filled with nanofluid saturated porous medium under variable properties. The governing flow, heat and mass transfer equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using similarity variables and are solved numerically by a Galerkin Finite element method. Numerical results are obtained for dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction. The effects of various controlling parameters on these quantities are investigated. Pertinent results are presented graphically and discussed quantitatively. The present results are compared with existing results and found to be good agreement. It is found that the temperature of the fluid remarkably enhances with the rising values of Brownian motion parameter (Nb). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have considered the MHD flow of an incompressible fluid with heat and mass transfer over a vertical plate in the presence of magnetic field with Soret and Dufour effects, chemical reaction and a convective heat exchange at the surface with the surrounding has been studied. The similarity solution is used to transform the system of partial differential equations and an efficient numerical technique is implemented to solve the reduced system by using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with shooting technique. The results are presented graphically and the conclusion is drawn that the flow field and other quantities of physical interest are significantly influenced by the flow parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a facile, one-pot, three-component methodology for the synthesis of 8 H-quinazolino[4,3-b]quinazolin-8-ones from commercially available 2-aminobenzonitriles, triethyl orthoformate, and anthranilic acids/esters/amides in good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on osteoclastoma, which forms around 20% of all bone tumours. Accordingly, the giant cell tumour would have occurred for sometime before the patient is assigned to roentgenologic examination. It says that some cases of osteoclastoma are treated only by radiation, some only by surgery, while others are appropriate for either method.

Besides assimilation, plant water relations are important aspects of physiological basis of productivity of crops in water limited environment. The relationships of photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf water potential and stomatal conductance with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) during pre-flowering (panicle initiation to ear emergence) and grain filling (from anthesis to maturity) stages of a sorghum hybrid (cv. CSH-6) grown under rainfed conditions were studied. Photosynthesis rate declined when PAR was above 1300 µmol m-2s-1 during both the growth stages. Higher transpiration rate during grain filling stage at higher PAR caused the transpiration efficiency to be lower than during pre-flowering stage** when PAR was above 1200 µmol m-2s-1. Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance decreased with increase in PAR. Leaf water potential was higher during pre-flowering than during grain filling stage but maximum photosynthesis rate was similar during both the growth stages. Changes in VPD did not qualitatively alter the relationships of the physiological variables with PAR. Decreasing photosynthesis rate and LWP at high PAR suggest that photosynthesis rate was limited by low leaf water potential when PAR was optimal, and by low PAR even when leaf water potential was high in rainfed sorghum during rainy season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we have deliberated the combined impact of magneto hydro dynamic mixed convective two dimensional flow of viscous fluid which is of electrically conducting and incompressible through porous medium past between unbounded vertical plate taking Soret and Joules dissipations into account The dimensionless equations are examined by using perturbation technique. The impacts of the dimensionless parameters, warmth, velocity and concentration distributions are examined with the aids of graphs. Also the consequences of the pertinent parameters at the skin-friction coefficient and rates of heat and mass transfer in phrases of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computationally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a chemical equation related to the article "Reaction of Imidoformates with Anthranilates: Facile, One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of 8H-Quinazolino[4,3-b]quinazolin-8-ones" by researchers P. Ravikiran and others published in the "Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry" in 2013.

Background: Digalloyl-resveratrol (di-GA) is a synthetic compound aimed to combine the biological effects of the plant polyhydroxy phenols gallic acid and resveratrol, which are both radical scavengers and cyclooxygenase inhibitors exhibiting anticancer activity. Their broad spectrum of activities may probably be due to adjacent free hydroxyl groups.Methods: Protein activation and expression were analysed by western blotting, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels by HPLC, ribonucleotide reductase activity by (14)C-cytidine incorporation into nascent DNA and cell-cycle distribution by FACS. Apoptosis was measured by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide double staining of nuclear chromatin and the formation of gaps into the lymphendothelial barrier in a three-dimensional co-culture model consisting of MCF-7 tumour cell spheroids and human lymphendothelial monolayers.Results: In HL-60 leukaemia cells, di-GA activated caspase 3 and dose-dependently induced apoptosis. It further inhibited cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase by four different mechanisms: rapid downregulation of cyclin D1, induction of Chk2 with simultaneous downregulation of Cdc25A, induction of the Cdk-inhibitor p21(Cip/Waf) and inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase activity resulting in reduced dCTP and dTTP levels. Furthermore, di-GA inhibited the generation of lymphendothelial gaps by cancer cell spheroid-secreted lipoxygenase metabolites. Lymphendothelial gaps, adjacent to tumour bulks, can be considered as gates facilitating metastatic spread.Conclusion: These data show that di-GA exhibits three distinct anticancer activities: induction of apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest and disruption of cancer cell-induced lymphendothelial disintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turmeric is a well recognized and highly recommended herb in ayurvedic systems of medicine and it has also been used for culinary purposes for thousands of years. Bis-O-demethylatedcurcumin (BDMC) was found to be more efficacious than curcumin and the increased potentcy was attributed to a higher number of phenolic groups in BDMC. A novel demethylatedcurcuminoid composition (DC) comprising minimum 95% of total demethylatedcurcuminoids (67.8% bisdemethylcurcumin, 20.7% demethylmonodemethoxycurcumin, 5.86% bisdemethoxycurcumin, 2.58% demethylcurcumin) was prepared (PCT/IN05/00337, dated October 13, 2005) starting from Curcuma longa extract containing 95% total curcuminoids (C95). DC exhibited superior neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory efficacy compared to C95 in a GeneChip study. Based on these interesting findings, this study sought to determine the broad-spectrum safety of DC. Acute oral, acute dermal, primary skin and eye irritation, and dose-dependent 90 day sub-chronic toxicity studies were conducted. The acute oral LD50 of DC was found to be > 5000 mg/kg in female SD rats. No changes in body weight or adverse effects were observed following necropsy. Acute dermal LD50 of DC was found to be > 2000 mg/kg. Based on the data from primary skin irritation test conducted on New Zealand Albino rabbits, DC was classified as minimally irritating. Similarly, primary eye irritation test was conducted with DC on rabbits and based on the test outcome DC was classified as mildly irritating to the eye. A dose-dependent 90-day sub-chronic toxicity study demonstrated no significant changes in selected organ weights and as percentages of body and brain weights. DC supplementation did not cause changes in hepatic DNA fragmentation. Hematology, clinical chemistry, and histopathological evaluations did not show any adverse effects in any of the organs tested. These results demonstrate the broad spectrum safety of DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]