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9. Potential application of the by-product ammonium nitrate from uranium purification facility as a nutrient enriched fertiliser

Author

Mehetre, S.T., Shrishma, Paik, Satpati, S.K., Sahu, M.L., Suprasanna, P., and Venugopalan, V.P.

Abstract

Ammonium nitrate is obtained as a by-product from the nitrate effluent generated during uranium purification process. This is a traditional nutrient source and has a proven potential for application as a fertiliser for increasing the productivity of crop plants. In the present study, biogas manure was amended with ammonium nitrate and tested with maize and mungbean crops for increasing yield to enable a gainful utilisation of the nitrate effluent towards agriculture purposes. Results showed increase in the yield and biomass with the application of ammonium nitrate amended manure in both the crops and it helped in enhancement in soil carbon and other microbial parameters too. Thus, the enriched manure played dual role of increasing the crop yield as well as improving the soil fertility. This novel study has opened up the possibility of fruitful utilisation of ammonium nitrate effluent generated in uranium refineries for improving production of different crops.

Published
2024
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25. Immobilization of Cr(VI) and its reduction to Cr(III) phosphate by granular biofilms comprising a mixture of microbes

Author

Nancharaiah, Y.V., Dodge, C., Venugopalan, V.P., Narasimhan, S.V., and Francis, A.J.

Subjects
Bacterial growth -- Analysis, Chromium -- Chemical properties, Microbial mats -- Research, Oxidation-reduction reaction -- Analysis, Sewage -- Purification, Sewage -- Methods, Biological sciences
Abstract

A study was conducted to examine the potential use of mixed microbial consortia, in the form of granular biofilms to reduce chromate and remove it from synthetic minimal medium. The sustained reduction of Cr(VI) by granular biofilms confirmed in fed-batch experiments demonstrated the potential of granular-biofilm-based systems for the treatment of Cr(VI)-containing effluents and wastewater.

Published
2010

26. Architecture of a nascent Sphingomonas sp. biofilm under varied hydrodynamic conditions

Author

Venugopalan, V.P., Kuehn, M., Hausner, M., Springael, D., Wilderer, P.A., and Wuertz, S.

Subjects
Microbial mats -- Research, Microbial mats -- Spectra, Biological sciences
Abstract

The architecture of a Sphingomonas biofilm was studied using strain L138, a gfp-tagged derivative of Sphingomonas sp. strain LB126, as a model organism and flow cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy as experimental tools. Sphingomonas sp. strain L138 biofilm architecture consisted of micro-colonies and extensive water channels.

Published
2005

29. Chlorination and biofouling control in industrial cooling water systems

Author

Rajagopal, S., Jenner, H.A., Venugopalan, V.P., Rajagopal, S., Jenner, H.A., and Venugopalan, V.P.

Subjects
Biocide, Food industry, Animal Ecology and Physiology, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Pulp and paper industry, Biofouling, Wastewater, chemistry, Chlorine, Water cooling, Environmental science, Water treatment, Ecotoxicity, business
Abstract

Chlorine, a powerful oxidizing biocide, was first used in Europe and North America in the early 1900s for the disinfection of drinking water and resulted in a dramatic decline in typhoid and cholera cases. At the present time, it is largely used as for water treatment, such as taste and odour control, disinfection of drinking water and wastewater, in the food industry and for biofouling control. Of all the disinfectants, it is certainly the most extensively studied with regard to chemistry, toxicity and ecotoxicity. Due to its well-tried technology, its long-term worldwide industrial uses and its reasonable cost, chlorine remains the most common antifouling treatment in industrial cooling water systems. An ideal biocide is toxic to one particular organism or group of organisms, but has no harmful effects on “non-target” organisms. It is not consumed by reactions with substances in the water (i.e. there is no “demand”), and soon after it enters the environment, it breaks down into non-toxic forms. Chlorine is a long way from being an ideal biocide: it is non-specific and reacts with virtually all constituents of natural waters—including man-made pollutants—to yield products having varying degree of persistence and toxicity. Nevertheless, it continues to be used for biofouling control in power plant cooling water systems.

Published
2012

33. Biofouling control: Alternatives to chlorine

Author

Rajagopal, S., Jenner, H.A., Venugopalan, V.P., Khalanski, M., Rajagopal, S., Jenner, H.A., and Venugopalan, V.P.

Subjects
Animal Ecology and Physiology
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext

Published
2012

39. Larval development in the sand crab Emerita emerita (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anomura Hippoidea), reared in the laboratory

Author

Israel, S., Murugan, T., Venugopalan, V.P., Subramoniam, T., Munuswamy, M., and Velde, G. van der

Subjects
Animal Ecology and Physiology, fungi
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 35724.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Larval stages of the intertidal anomuran sand crab, Emerita emeritus (L., 1767) were reared in the laboratory up to the megalopa stage under conditions of 32� salinity, 25-27�C and a 12 : 12 hours light : dark cycle. A total of six zoeal stages and a megalopa stage were recorded with the average duration of development being 29 days. Zoeae fed on a diet containing Artemia nauplii showed better survival as compared to those fed on an algal diet. The laboratory reared larvae of E. emeritus are compared with earlier reports of larval stages in the Hippidae, both from plankton collections and laboratory reared specimens. Variations in larval morphology among various species of Emerita from the plankton as against laboratory reared larvae are discussed.

Published
2006

40. Dose-response of mussels to chlorine

Author

Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, Jenner, H.A., J.H. Lehr, J.K.J.L., and J.H. Lehr, J.K.J.L.

Subjects
Pollutant, Biocide, animal structures, Fouling, Animal Ecology and Physiology, fungi, chemistry.chemical_element, Mussel, Biology, Acclimatization, Biofouling, chemistry, Environmental chemistry, polycyclic compounds, Chlorine, Sample collection, Water Quality and Resource Development
Abstract

Chlorine, like any other biocide, produces a dose-dependent response in organisms. However, the response is dependent on a number of parameters. Chlorination of cooling water leaves residuals and by-products that are potential pollutants in the receiving water body and can impact nontarget organisms. Therefore, it is imperative to generate data on the chlorine dose–response relationships of important fouling organisms, such as various mussel species, for efficient but environmentally acceptable biofouling control. Data are presented to show the effects of mussel size (shell length), season of sample collection (spawning vs. nonspawning season), nutritional status (fed vs. nonfed), and acclimation temperature (5–30°C) on the mortality pattern of different mussel species under continuous chlorination (0.5–5 mg L−1). From the data, it can be concluded that although various factors can influence the dose–response relationships of mussels, generalization is not possible because of species specificity. Among the various parameters, mussel species, mussel size, status of byssal attachment, spawning season, and acclimation temperature have significant effect on chlorine tolerance of mussels, whereas nutritional status shows very little effect. Keywords: chlorine; dose–response; biofouling control; mussels; spawning season; byssal attachment

Published
2005

41. Chlorine and chlorine residuals

Author

Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, Jenner, H.A., J.H. Lehr, J.K.J.L., and J.H. Lehr, J.K.J.L.

Subjects
Animal Ecology and Physiology, Water Encyclopedia
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext

Published
2005

47. Control of modiolid mussels in cooling water systems by continuous chlorination.

Author

Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, Jenner, H.A., Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, and Jenner, H.A.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Modiolid mussels such as Modiolus philippinarum and Modiolus metcalfei constitute a numerically significant group in fouling communities, especially in tropical and subtropical industrial cooling water systems. Nevertheless, there are hardly any published reports on the tolerance of these species to chlorination or biofouling control measures, This article provides data on the mortality pattern (LT50 and LT100) and physiological activities (oxygen consumption, filtration rate, foot activity, and byssus thread production) of different size groups of M. philippinarum (7- to 30-mm shell lengths) and M. metcalfei (6- to 26-mm shell lengths) exposed to different concentrations of residual chlorine (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 mg/L for sublethal responses; 1, 2, 3, and 5 mg/L for mortality). It is shown that exposure time for 100% mortality of M. philippinarum and M. metcalfei significantly decreased with increasing residual chlorine concentration. For example, 30-mm size group M. philippinarum exposed to 1 mg/L chlorine residual took 402 h to reach 100% mortality, whereas those exposed to 5 mg/L chlorine took 108 h. Among the two mussels, M. philippinarum showed slightly higher tolerance (9�20%) to chlorine when compared to M. metcalfei. The effect of mussel size on mortality of M. philippinarum was significant, with the larger size group mussels showing greater resistance than smaller ones. However, in M. metcalfei, size of the mussel does not seem to be a determinant of its chlorine tolerance. All size groups of M. philippinarum and M. metcalfei showed progressive reduction in physiological activities (oxygen consumption, filtration rate, foot activity index, and byssus thread production) when chlorine residuals gradually increased from 0 to 1 mg/L. Reduction in physiological activities was strongly correlated with chlorine concentration. A comparison of present data with data available for other coexisting mussel species suggests that M. philippinarum and M.

Published
2006

48. The greening of the coasts: review of the Perna viridis success story.

Author

Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, Jenner, H.A., Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, and Jenner, H.A.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 35220.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), The green mussel Perna viridis has been receiving a lot of attention from workers working in the research areas of intertidal ecology, aquaculture, pollution monitoring, biofouling, zoogeography and invasion biology. P. viridis is a remarkable species in terms of its ability to reach very high biomass levels, to withstand environmental fluctuations, to concentrate a variety of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants, to colonise artificial marine habitats and to invade new geographic territories. This review collates data available on salient aspects of the distribution, biology and ecology of P. viridis. It is argued that the remarkable success of P. viridis as an invasive species basically stems from its long larval duration, fast growth rate, high fecundity, early maturity, high productivity and ability to withstand fluctuating environmental conditions (temperature, salinity, water turbidity and pollutants). Relevant aspects of the data are compared with the data available for a similar species Perna perna, which too is an invasive species, but to a more limited extent.

Published
2006

49. Response of mussel Brachidontes variabilis to chlorination

Author

Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, Jenner, H.A., Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, and Jenner, H.A.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 32936.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

Published
2005

50. Chlorine and chlorine residuals

Author

J.H. Lehr, J.K.J.L., Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, Jenner, H.A., J.H. Lehr, J.K.J.L., Rajagopal, S., Venugopalan, V.P., Velde, G. van der, and Jenner, H.A.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext

Published
2005

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