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La columna vertebral confiere soporte estructural y flexibilidad, y alberga y protege a la medula espinal y a las estructuras nerviosas relacionadas, por lo que, la funcion normal de esta presupone su estabilidad. Las fracturas vertebrales comprometen la estabilidad mecanica y neurologica de la columna, siendo su principal causa los traumatismos. Determinar si una fractura vertebral es estable o inestable resulta imprescindible para decidir si el manejo sera conservador o quirurgico. Esta decision ha sido variable en el tiempo, principalmente por la falta de un sistema de clasificacion de lesiones universalmente aceptado. Actualmente, la clasificacion mas usada y comprensible es la del Grupo AO Spine, que clasifica a las fracturas segun la morfologia, el estado neurologico y los modificadores clinicos. De esta forma, la comprension de la lesion es mucho mas completa y especifica para cada paciente, y permite tomar mejores decisiones terapeuticas. La presente revision describira los tipos de fractura vertebral segun la clasificacion AO Spine actualizada para cada segmento de la columna (Cervical Superior y Subaxial, Toraco-Lumbar y Sacra) describiendo las lesiones en formas generales, la clinica asociada y el manejo sugerido, el cual finalmente, siempre quedara a criterio del cirujano segun las caracteristicas de cada paciente. Palabras clave: Columna vertebral, examen neurologico, fracturas de columna, trauma, vertebras. The spine provides structural support and flexibility, and houses and protects the spinal cord and related nerve structures, so its normal function presupposes its stability. The main cause of vertebral fractures is trauma, which compromise the mechanical and neurological stability of the spine. Determining whether a vertebral fracture is stable or unstable is essential to decide whether the management will be conservative or surgical. This decision has been variable over time, mainly due to the lack of a universally accepted classification system for injuries. Currently, the most widely used and understandable classification is that of the AO Spine Group, which classifies fractures according to morphology, neurological status, and clinical modifiers. In this way, the understanding of the lesion is much completer and more specific for each patient, and allows better therapeutic decisions to be made. This review will describe the types of vertebral fracture according to the updated AO Spine classification for each segment of the spine (Superior Cervical and Subaxial, Thoraco-Lumbar and Sacral), describing the injuries in general forms, the associated symptoms, and the suggested management which, finally, will always be at the surgeon's discretion according to the characteristics of each patient. Key words: Neurologic examination, spinal fractures, spine, trauma, vertebrae., Introduccion La columna vertebral se organiza en 7 segmentos cervicales, 12 toracicos, 5 lumbares y 5 huesos sacros fusionados, que en conjunto confieren soporte estructural y flexibilidad, ademas de albergar [...]

Pottery-making practices have been approached by the use and application of the concept of chaîne opératoire in different parts of the world. This concept has allowed researchers to re-evaluate the social dimensions of technological studies as well as to explore aspects related to technical and social identity of ancient and modern artisans. In this article, we examine the use of grog (crushed sherds) to temper specific ceramic vessels (infant funerary urns) as material practice often used by ancient potters during Late (c. 950–1450 AD) and Inca (c. 1450–1532 AD) Periods in the Northwestern Argentine (NWA) region. The research shows that this practice can be understood as a ritual material practice with a long-standing tradition in the NWA region. Additionally, several alternative interpretations of this practice are explored in the light of different – animistic – understandings of how the Andean world works, and how people interact each other, with material things, and with landscape.

Preimplantation maternal stress, characterized by elevated glucocorticoids (GCs), has been linked to reproductive failures caused by impaired oviduct functionality, which is known to be predominantly regulated by the sex steroids, progesterone (P4) and (17)estradiol (E2). Although steroid receptors share analogous structures and binding preferences, the interaction between GCs and E2/P4 in the oviduct has attracted little attention. Using an air-liquid interface culture model, porcine oviduct epithelial cells were stimulated with single (cortisol, E2, P4) or hormone mixtures (cortisol/E2, cortisol/P4) for 12 hours and 72 hours. Cultures were subsequently assessed for epithelial morphometry, bioelectrical properties, and gene expression responses (steroid hormone signaling, oviductal function, immune response, and apoptosis). Results confirmed the suppressive role of P4 in regulating oviduct epithelium characteristics, which was partially opposed by E2. Besides increasing the ratio of ciliated cells, cortisol antagonized the effect of P4 on epithelial polarity and modified sex steroid–induced changes in transepithelial electrical properties. Both sex steroids affected the glucocorticoid receptor expression, while cortisol downregulated the expression of progesterone receptor. The overall gene expression pattern suggests that sex steroid dominates the cotreatment, but cortisol contributes by altering the gene responses to sex steroids. We conclude that besides its individual action, maternal cortisol interplays with sex steroids at phenotypic and molecular levels in the oviduct epithelium, thereby influencing the microenvironment of gametes and early embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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