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The aim of this research was to assess the yield and postharvest characteristics of 'BRS Sol do Cerrado' sour passion fruits based on irrigation with varying levels of saline water and potassium fertilization. The study was conducted under field conditions at an experimental farm in São Domingos, Paraíba, Brazil. A randomized block design was implemented in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with five levels of electrical conductivity of water (ECw): 0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m−1, and four potassium doses (KD): 60, 80,100, and 120% of the recommended amount, with 3 replications. The potassium dose equivalent to 120% of the recommended dose in combination with low-salinity water resulted in the highest fresh mass accumulation in the sour passion fruit. Water electrical conductivity up to 2.7 dS m−1, along with the lowest recommended KD, led to increased levels of soluble solids and ascorbic acid in the sour passion fruit. Irrigation with water of 3.5 dS m−1 and using 80 to 100% of the recommended KD enhanced the total sugar content in the sour passion fruit. On the other hand, irrigation with water of 3.5 dS m−1 combined with 60% of the recommended KD resulted in a higher pulp yield in the 'BRS Sol do Cerrado' sour passion fruit 160 days post-transplantation. Adjustments in potassium fertilization management at different irrigation water salinity levels played a crucial role in maintaining both the production and quality of the sour passion fruit.

Guava is a fruit tree with high potential in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. However, qualitative and quantitative water scarcity is a limiting factor for the expansion of irrigated agriculture. Thus, it is necessary to use techniques to mitigate the effects of salt stress, such as foliar application of proline. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline as a mitigator of salt stress effects on the morphophysiology of guava cv. Paluma. The experiment was carried out under field conditions at the ‘Rolando Enrique Rivas Castellón’ Experimental Farm in São Domingos, PB, Brazil, using a randomized block design in a 5 × 4 factorial scheme referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water, ECw (0.8, 1.5, 2.2, 2.9, and 3.5 dS m−1) and four concentrations of proline (0, 8, 16, and 24 mM). Salinity above 0.8 dS m−1 compromised gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, photochemical efficiency, and growth of guava plants at 360 days after transplanting. Foliar application of proline at a concentration of 24 mM mitigated the effect of salt stress on the relative water content, stomatal conductance, and carotenoid contents in plants irrigated with 3.6 dS m−1 water. Meanwhile, a proline concentration of up to 18 mM resulted in higher transpiration, CO2 assimilation rate, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, and absolute growth rate in stem diameter under ECw of 0.8 dS m−1. Proline concentration of up to 24 mM increased the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and the relative growth rate in stem diameter of guava in the period from 190 to 360 days after transplanting.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos fatores operacionais dosagem de coagulante, tempo de sedimentação e dosagem de desinfetante na eficiência de remoção de turbidez, cor aparente e verdadeira de uma solução alternativa coletiva simplificada de tratamento de água (SALTA-z) usando coagulantes orgânico e inorgânico com águas de reservatório da região semiárida do Brasil. A SALTA-z foi adaptada à escala de bancada por equipamento jar test com filtro acoplado. Com o delineamento Box-Behnken associado à metodologia da superfície de resposta, foi possível verificar que a remoção da turbidez foi influenciada principalmente pela dosagem dos coagulantes e pelo tempo de sedimentação, enquanto o agente desinfetante atuou como oxidante, responsável pela remoção de cor aparente e verdadeira. Em relação à performance dos coagulantes, a remoção da turbidez foi mais efetiva ao usar o orgânico enquanto a remoção da cor aparente e verdadeira foi mais eficiente ao usar o coagulante inorgânico.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, and photochemical efficiency of sour passion fruit genotypes irrigated with saline water under the conditions of the semi-arid region of Paraíba state, Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm in São Domingos, PB. A randomized block design was adopted, in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water—ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m−1)—and three genotypes of sour passion fruit (Gigante Amarelo—‘BRS GA1’; Sol do Cerrado—‘BRS SC1’; and Catarina—‘SCS 437’. The increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water negatively affected most of the physiological characteristics of the sour passion fruit at 154 days after transplanting. Significant differences were observed between sour passion fruit genotypes when its tolerance was subjected to the salinity of irrigation water. There was an increase in the percentage of damage to the cell membrane with the increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water, with maximum values of 70.63, 60.86, and 80.35% for the genotypes ‘BRS GA1’, ‘BRS SC1’, and SCS 437’, respectively, when irrigated with water of 3.5 dS m−1. The genotype ‘BRS Sol do Cerrado’ showed an increase in the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments when irrigated with water of 3.5 dS m−1, with maximum values estimated at 1439.23 μg mL−1 (Chl a); 290.96 μg mL−1 (Chl b); 1730.19 μg mL−1 (Chl t); and 365.84 μg mL−1 (carotenoids). An increase in photosynthetic efficiency parameters (F0, Fm, and Fv) of the genotype ‘BRS Gigante Amarelo’ was observed when cultivated with water with high electrical conductivity (3.5 dS m−1).

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the attenuation of salt stress on the growth, photochemical efficiency, production and water use efficiency of ‘All Big’ bell pepper plants. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (0.8, 1.2, 2.0, 2.6 and 3.2 dS m−1) and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 μM), with three replicates. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at concentration of 15 μM attenuated the deleterious effects of salt stress on photochemical efficiency, biomass accumulation and production components of bell pepper plants irrigated using water with an electrical conductivity of up to 3.2 dS m−1. Foliar spraying of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 60 μM intensified the effects of salt stress. The ‘All Big’ bell pepper was classified as moderately sensitive to salt stress, with an irrigation water salinity threshold of 1.43 dS m−1 and a unit decrease of 8.25% above this salinity level.

Salicylic acid is a phytohormone that has been used to mitigate the effects of saline stress on plants. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid as a salt stress attenuator on the physiology and growth of precocious-dwarf cashew plants in the post-grafting phase. The study was carried out in a plant nursery using a randomized block design in a 5 × 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to five electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water (0.4, 1.2, 2.0, 2.8, and 3.6 dS m−1) and four salicylic acid concentrations (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mM), with three replications. Irrigation water with electrical conductivity levels above 0.4 dS m−1 negatively affected the relative water content in the leaf blade, photosynthetic pigments, the fluorescence of chlorophyll a, and plant growth and increased electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade of precocious-dwarf cashew plants in the absence of salicylic acid. It was verified through the regression analysis that salicylic acid at a concentration of 1.1 mM attenuated the effects of salt stress on the relative water content and electrolyte leakage in the leaf blade, while the concentration of 1.7 mM increased the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments in precocious-dwarf cashew plants.

Salt stress reduces the yield and quality of colored fiber cotton production, but this problem can be mitigated by the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide in adequate concentrations. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the production and characteristics of fibers of naturally colored cotton cultivares under irrigation with low- and high-salinity water and leaf application of hydrogen peroxide. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse under a randomized block design, arranged in 4 × 3 × 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (0, 25, 50, and 75 μM), three cultivares of colored fiber cotton (‘BRS Rubi’, ‘BRS Topázio’, and ‘BRS Verde’), and two electrical conductivities of water (0.8 and 5.3 dS m−1), with three replicates and one plant per plot. Irrigation with water of 0.8 dS m−1 associated with a foliar application of 75 μM of hydrogen peroxide favored the lint and seed weight, strength, micronaire index, and maturity of ‘BRS Topázio’. The ‘BRS Rubi’ cotton cultivar showed higher tolerance to salinity, followed by the ‘BRS Topázio’ and ‘BRS Verde’ cultivares regarding the yield of seed cotton weight, with reduction below 20% under water of 5.3 dS m−1.

Brazil stands out as the largest producer of sour passion fruit; however, the water available for irrigation is mostly saline, which can limit its cultivation. This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of salicylic acid in the induction of tolerance in sour passion fruit to salt stress. The assay was conducted in a protected environment, using a completely randomized design in a split-plot scheme, with the levels of electrical conductivity of the irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, and 4.0 dS m−1) considering the plots and concentrations of salicylic acid (0, 1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mM) the subplots, with three replications. The physiological indices, production components, and postharvest quality of sour passion fruit were negatively affected by the increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water, and the effects of salt stress were intensified in the second cycle. In the first cycle, the foliar application of salicylic acid at concentrations between 1.0 and 1.4 mM partially reduced the harmful effects of salt stress on the relative water content of leaves, electrolyte leakage, gas exchange, and synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, in addition to promoting an increase in the yield and quality parameters of sour passion fruit.

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of salt stress, varying the phenological stages, and K fertilization on NPK concentrations, physiology, and production of Passiflora edulis Sims. The research was carried out at the University Farm of São Domingos, Paraíba, Brazil, using a randomized block design with a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement. Six irrigation strategies were evaluated (use of low electrical conductivity water (0.3 dS m−1) during all stages of development and application of high-salinity water (4.0 dS m−1) in the following stages: vegetative, flowering, fruiting, successively in the vegetative/flowering, and vegetative/fruiting stages) and two potassium levels (207 and 345 g K2O per plant), with four replications and three plants per plot. The leaf concentrations of N, P, and K in the sour passion fruit plants found in the present study were below the optimal levels reported in the literature, regardless of the development stage and the cultivation cycle. The relative water content, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis were reduced by salt stress in the first cycle. However, in the second cycle, irrigation with 4.0 dS m−1 in the vegetative/flowering stages increased the CO2 assimilation rate. Passion fruit is sensitive to salt stress in the vegetative/flowering stages of the first cycle. In the second cycle, salt stress in the fruiting stage resulted in higher production per plant.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound capable of inducing physiological and metabolic changes that enhance the tolerance of plants to saline stress associated with using a hydroponic system and enable the use of saline water in semi-arid regions. In this context, this assay aimed to evaluate the impact of the foliar application of SA on mitigating salt stress effects on Japanese cucumber cultivated in a hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out in a protected ambient (greenhouse), using the Nutrient Film Technique—NFT hydroponic system. A completely randomized design was performed in a 4 × 4 split-plot scheme, with four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution—ECns (2.1, 3.6, 5.1, and 6.6 dS m−1)—considered as plots and four SA concentrations (0, 1.8, 3.6, and 5.4 mM), regarded as subplots, with four replicates and two plants per plot. An increase in the ECns negatively affected the physiology, production components, and post-harvest quality of cucumber. However, the application of SA to leaves at concentrations between 1.4 and 2.0 mM reduced the deleterious effects of saline stress and promoted an increase in the production of and improvement in the post-harvest quality of cucumber fruits.

Salinity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses that limit plant growth and yield, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid in mitigating the effects of salt stress on okra cultivation in a hydroponic system. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, consisting of two experiments. A completely randomized design was adopted in a split-plot scheme, with four levels of electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution—EC (2.1; 3.6; 5.1, and 6.6 dS m−1) considered the plots and four salicylic acid concentrations—SA (0, 1.2; 2.4, and 3.6 mM), the subplots, with four replications. The second experiment differed from the first only by the increase in the EC levels (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 dS m−1). An increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution negatively affected the physiology and production components of okra. However, foliar application of salicylic acid at concentrations between 1.2 and 2.3 mM reduced the harmful effects of salt stress. The salinity threshold for hydroponic cultivation of okra was 2.54 dS m−1, with a reduction of 7.98% per unit increment in EC above this level.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of doses of nitrogen fertilizer in association with types of basal dressing fertilizers on the physiological characteristics of beet cultivar Early Wonder in a protected environment. The experiment was conducted in safe environment at the Federal University of Campina Grande, using a randomized block design with three replications and a 5x3 factorial scheme, in five doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg dm-3) applied through fertigation, and three types of basal dressing fertilizers (unfertilized soil, earthworm humus and earthworm humus + NPK). At 45 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT), it was determined the chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls, carotenoids and SPAD index. Organo-mineral fertilizer (earthworm humus + NPK) provides greater efficiency for the photosynthetic pigments when compared with organic fertilizer (earthworm humus) and without fertilization (control).The increase of nitrogen dose up to 200 mg dm-3 is the one which contributes most to the increment of chloroplastid pigments. Nutrients were absorbed by the plants and the humus and humus + NPK treatments supplied the nutritional demands during the beet cultivation cycle.

A palma tornou-se uma importante alternativa de forragem à pecuária bovina em meio às condições do semiárido, mas o ataque da cochonilha do carmim tem dificultado o cultivo da planta e a alimentação dos rebanhos. O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica e tem como objetivo sistematizar e analisar os estudos referentes à situação de vulnerabilidade devido ao ataque da cochonilha do carmim no estado da Paraíba. Segundo as referências encontradas o ataque do inseto é caracterizado por prejuízos, a principal medida de controle tem sido o plantio de variedades de palma resistentes e o impacto sobre a pecuária bovina ainda é pouco abordado, demandando atenção dada à forte relação entre a atividade e os efeitos da praga. Por parte dos órgãos competentes as ações se dão de forma isolada e pontual, são insuficientes ao problema que deve ser encarado como demanda de política pública haja vista os severos impactos que a cochonilha do carmim causa à palma forrageira que repercutem nos rebanhos e nas famílias criadoras.

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o crescimento, os pigmentos fotossintéticos, a eficiência fotoquímica do maracujazeiro-azedo cv. BRS Rubi do Cerrado irrigado com águas de distintas naturezas catiônicas. O experimento foi realizado no período de março de 2019 a janeiro de 2020 em ambiente protegido pertencente a Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Campina Grande, PB. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de oito combinações de água de irrigação de diferentes naturezas catiônicas: S1 - Testemunha; S2 - Na+; S3 - Ca2+; S4 - Mg2+; S5 - Na+ + Ca2+; S6 - Na+ + Mg2+; S7 - Ca2+ + Mg2+ e S8 - Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+. As plantas do tratamento testemunha (S1) foram irrigadas com água de condutividade elétrica (CEa) de 0,4 dS m-1, já nos demais tratamentos (S2; S3; S4; S5; S6; S7 e S8) utilizou-se CEa de 3,5 dS m-1. O crescimento do maracujazeiro-azedo foi afetado pela variação no nível da condutividade elétrica da água, independentemente da natureza catiônica da água de irrigação. O uso de água salinizada com sódio favoreceu na síntese de clorofila a, b e carotenóides das plantas de maracujazeiro-azedo, aos 180 dias após o transplantio. As distintas naturezas catiônicas da água de irrigação, não influenciaram nas variáveis de fluorescência do maracujazeiro-azedo.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção e a qualidade de frutos de melancieira ‘Sugar Baby’ sob diferentes estratégias de irrigação com águas salinas e adubação nitrogenada, em experimento conduzido em ambiente protegido em Campina Grande, Paraíba, PB. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, arranjados em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, sendo seis estratégias de irrigação com águas salinas aplicadas nos estádios fenológicos da cultura ( irrigação com água de baixa salinidade durante todo o ciclo - SE; estresse salino na fase vegetativa - VE; vegetativa e na floração - VE/FL; -floração - FL; - frutificação - FR; maturação dos frutos - MAT) e duas doses de nitrogênio (50 e 100% da recomendação, equivalente a 50 e 100 mg de N kg-1 de solo), com cinco repetições. Foram estudados dois níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação, um com baixa e outro com alto nível de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEa = 0,8 e 3,2 dS m-1). O estresse salino aplicado nas fases vegetativa e de floração reduziu o teor de ácido ascórbico e de sólidos solúveis totais nos frutos da melancieira ‘Sugar Baby’. A dose de 50% da recomendação de N proporciona maior massa fresca dos frutos da melancieira. Adubação com 100% de N proporcionou incremento no potencial hidrogeniônico dos frutos de melancieira sob estresse salino nas fases vegetativa e de floração. O teor de antocianinas dos frutos de melancieira reduziu com o estresse salino, independente da fase de desenvolvimento; contudo, com 50% da recomendação de N houve aumento nesta variável.

O biodiesel tem-se destacado como uma das opções mais viáveis para promover a gradativa redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis. Neste contexto, as microalgas surgem como matéria-prima promissora, uma vez que apresentam produtividade de lipídios superior à das oleaginosas utilizadas na produção deste biocombustível, além da capacidade de biorremediação de águas residuárias e de grande absorção de CO2. Contudo, o elevado custo dos nutrientes empregados na preparação dos meios de cultivos dificulta a implementação em escala real. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento da microalga Scenedesmus acuminatus em três meios de cultura: dois sintéticos, Bold´s Basal Medium (BBM) e Wright’s Cryptophyte (WC), e um alternativo, com efluente de tratamento anaeróbio de esgoto doméstico do reator tipo Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB), a fim de minimizar os custos e viabilizar a produção de biodiesel. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o cultivo com efluente de UASB obteve a maior densidade celular e não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação aos meios sintéticos, o que revela uma alternativa viável de cultivo. Diante disso, concluiu-se que a utilização de resíduos líquidos oriundos do tratamento anaeróbio de esgoto doméstico pode aumentar a viabilidade dos cultivos com vistas à produção de biodiesel, uma vez que permitem redução de custos ao substituir os meios sintéticos.

In the Brazilian semi-arid region, the occurrence of water with high salt concentrations is common, making it a limiting factor for the agricultural production. The water-use salinity management strategies are an alternative capable of minimizing the deleterious effects of the stress on plants. This study aimed to evaluate the gas exchanges and production of ‘Sugar Baby’ watermelon plants under strategies of irrigation with saline water and nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, arranged in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replicates, corresponding to six irrigation strategies with saline water applied at different phenological stages of the crop (control - irrigation with low-salinity water throughout the entire crop cycle, and salt stress at the vegetative stage, vegetative/flowering stage, flowering, fruiting and fruit maturation) and two nitrogen rates (50 % and 100 %, equivalent to 50 mg and 100 mg of N kg-1 of soil). Two levels of water salinity were studied: one with a low and the other with a high level of electrical conductivity (0.8 dS m-1 and 3.2 dS m-1, respectively). The salinity of 3.2 dS m-1 in the vegetative/flowering and fruit maturation phases decreases the stomatal opening, transpiration and CO2 assimilation rate. The level with 50 % of N provides a higher assimilation rate of CO2 and fresh fruit mass. The watermelon plant expresses a greater sensitivity to saline stress in the vegetative and flowering phases, a situation that results in a decreased fruit size.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate hydraulic characteristics such as manufacturing and flow variation coefficient, characteristic equation of self-compensating emitters and the variation between nominal flow and that obtained by the emitter equation using waters of different salt concentrations. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Academic Unit of the Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande-PB. Treatments consisted of five salinity levels in the irrigation water (ECwi) (0.6; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1 at 25 ° C) and four working pressures (60, 100, 140, and 160 kPa), with three replicates. The flow variations of emitters were considered small over time, being within recommendation of ± 7% of the nominal flow with “x” exponent values between 0.02 and 0.09, as recommended by the manufacturer, which was classified as self-compensating. The manufacturing and flow variation coefficients were considered excellent in all evaluations and the operating time did not influence the hydraulic performance of emitters. At pressure of 60 kPa and electric conductivity of 0.6 dS m-1, flow rates near values provided by the manufacturer and more economically viable to the farmer were obtained.

– The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different water depths and nitrogen fertilization levels applied by fertigation on the physical attributes of guava fruits cv. Paluma. The study was carried out taking into account factors water depths (1144, 1465, 1785 and 2106 mm) and nitrogen fertilization levels (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 ). The water depths 1730 and 1750 mm increased production and the average weight of guava fruit in, respectively, 25.1 and 31.6%. The applications 178 and 152 kg N ha-1 increased at 67.1% in the production of fruits and 16.3% the average fruit weight. The combined application of 150 kg N ha-1 and 1789 mm of water amounted to 63.3% of the total weight of fruit. The equatorial diameter of the fruit was influenced by individual water depths applied evidencing an increase of up to 26.8%. Already combinations 200 kg N ha-1 and 1746 mm of water increased the longitudinal diameter of the fruits by 18.77%. The application of water depth to 1144 mm, associated with 143 kg N ha-1 gave index of the most satisfactory way to guava fruit.

In the Brazilian semi-arid region, it is common to find water with high concentration of salts and with variation in its cationic nature. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the growth and production components of sunflower, cv. BRS 324, as a function of irrigation water of different salinity levels and cationic nature associated with doses of nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in pots, under open field conditions, in the municipality of Campina Grande-PB, Brazil, in a randomized block design in 5 x 5 factorial scheme, with three replicates, based on five treatments of salinity and cationic nature of the water - S (S1 - Control; S2 - NaCl; S3 - CaCl2; S4 - KCl and S5 - NaCl+CaCl2+MgCl2) combined with five N doses (50; 75; 100; 125 and 150 mg of N kg-1 of soil). Irrigation was performed using water with electrical conductivity - ECw of 0.5 dS m-1 for the control and 5.0 dS m-1 for the other treatments. The growth and production of sunflower cv. BRS 324 were reduced when the crop was irrigated with water of electrical conductivity of 5.0 dS m-1, independent of the cationic nature of water; nitrogen fertilization did not attenuate the deleterious effects of salt stress caused by irrigation waters of 5.0 dS m-1 on sunflower cv. BRS 324; The methods of comparison of means through contrasts and Tukey's test were efficient and can be used together to evaluate the growth and the production of sunflower.

Objetiva-se avaliar a influência de doses de nitrogênio disponível em composto orgânico de resíduo sólido e irrigação com água residuária doméstica tratada sobre a matéria orgânica do solo, acidez potencial, pH, macro e micronutrientes do solo cultivado com algodoeiro herbáceo. Para isto, as plantas foram cultivadas em ambiente protegido em blocos inteiramente casualizados em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com 3 repetições; sendo 6 doses de nitrogênio disponível em composto de resíduo sólido (0, 60, 100, 140, 180 e 220 kg de N ha-1) e 2 tipos de água (água de abastecimento e água residuária doméstica tratada). A adubação do solo se deu na ocasião do plantio do algodoeiro herbáceo, cultivar BRS 286, o seu ciclo foi de 140 dias. Verificou-se que aadubação com composto de resíduo sólido aliada a irrigação com água residuária doméstica tratada promoveu incrementos na matéria orgânica, pH e na H+Al. A irrigação com água residuária doméstica tratada contribuiu na elevação dos teores de macro e micronutrientes no solo ao final do ciclo do algodoeiro. Palavras-chave:doses de nitrogênio, reúso,Gossypium hirsutum L.

The reuse of waters served in industries is winning space in the current days, in face of possibility of its use in agriculture. It was aimed with this work to evaluate the effect of levels of available water in the soil and of effluents of industries of supply Campina Grande, Paraíba state, Brazil, on the chemical attributes of the soil and on the phytomass and production variables of the castor oil plant, variety BRS Nordestina. The experiment was in greenhouse in entirely randomized design in factorial scheme 5 x 3 with 3 repetitions, with 5 water types and 3 available soil water levels. The studied treatments promoted increase in all soil chemical attributes at the end of the experiment. The interaction types of water and levels of available water in the soil was significant for all phytomass and production variables, except for the length of the root. The largest value for the phytomass and production variables was obtained for the treatment with 100% of available water in the soil and wastewater of COTEMINAS. however, the number of male flowers didn't suffer significant effect of the levels of available water of the soil with the wastewater of COTEMINAS.

A atividade dos catadores de materiais recicláveis se faz constantemente susceptível à ocorrência de acidentes que podem comprometer a saúde do trabalhador e a produtividade do grupo para geração de renda. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar os possíveis riscos ocupacionais, de ordem física e química, aos quais estão submetidos os trabalhadores da Associação dos catadores de materiais recicláveis da Comunidade Nossa Senhora Aparecida (ARENSA), da cidade de Campina Grande, Paraíba. Dentre dezesseis diferentes grupos de materiais segregados e acondicionados para venda, foi possível a constatação da ocorrência de riscos físicos, para situação de agrupamento em cortante e perfurante, em nove diferentes grupos de materiais recicláveis. Riscos químicos, de vias de contaminação dérmica, ocular e olfativa, foram identificados em três diferentes grupos de produtos com fins à reciclagem. A identificação de riscos se faz instrumentos de tomada de decisões importantes mediante a melhoria das condições de trabalho e redução de acidentes.

O cultivo do tomateiro (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) ocupa o segundo lugar entre as culturas oleráceas no Brasil (IBGE, 2008, GRAVENA, 1998). Com a expansão da cultura, devido suas qualidades organolépticas, fonte natural de vitaminas, sais minerais e outros metabólitos entre eles o licopeno, os problemas fitossanitários vêm-se agravando. Assim é que, desde a semeadura até a colheita, grande número de pragas e doenças ocorre na cultura do tomateiro. Considerando-se a carência de estudos voltados para utilização de plantas com ação inseticidas e urina de vaca, esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar suas eficiências no controle de N. elegantalis e Bemisia sp na cultura do tomate. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em área experimental da Escola Agrícola “Assis Chateaubriand” e no Núcleo de Manejo de Pragas pertencentes a Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. Resultados: Constatou-se que a associação dos produtos químicos com dipel apresentou maior eficiência no controle para N. elegantalise Bemisia na fase pupal de 95 e 93%, respectivamente em relação aos demais produtos testados. Dentre os tratamentos alternativos a melhor eficiência para N. elegantalis foi obtida com extrato de faveleira (53,6%) e extrato de óleo de neem (43,9%), já para a fase pulpal da Bemisia o extrato de óleo de neem apresentou 66,3% de eficiência, em aplicações a cada 4 dias. Palavras - chave: pragas, extratos vegetais, tomateiro.

The car wash business has developed rapidly in recent years due to the increased number of cars, thus, it can cause serious environmental problems considering its potential source of pollution. The aim of this study was to characterize the wastewater from car washing companies in the city of Campina Grande, in Paraiba state, and to analyze the environmental impacts generated. A survey was conducted from November 2009 to July 2010. The first step we present a survey of car wash businesses in the city, and identified 20 licensed companies in which we evaluated the number of vehicles washed per week, the existence of a system of pre-treatment of wastewater generated and infrastructure that would allow the realization of the collection of samples of the effluent, the second step was carried out chemical and physical characterization of wastewater from five 20 companies surveyed in the previous step, and third stage were measured pollution loads of wastewater from washing of vehicles in the city, from the results obtained in previous steps. The characterization parameters were analyzed: oil and grease, COD, heavy metals, TS, TSS, turbidity, TKN, total P, pH and color. The results demonstrated that the wastewater from the car wash establishments shows high concentrations of organic matter, oils and grease, heavy metals and solids, and as such did not conform with the specific environmental legislation. Evaluation of pollutant loads demonstrated that if releases without proper treatment, it can cause serious environmental problems. It is therefore essential that these establishments are properly monitored.

This work evaluated the effect of different levels of water into the soil and types of treated wastewaters from industries of Campina Grande city, Paraíba state, on the growth of castor bean plant, variety BRS Nordestina. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse of the National Center of Research of Cotton. The experimental design was in entirely randomized blocks with 15 treatments in scheme of additional factorial analysis [(4 x 3) + 3] with three replications, having the following factors: three types of treated wastewaters and water of provisioning (A1 = IPELSA - Industry of Cellulose and Paper of Paraíba S/A; A2 = COTEMINAS - Industry of improvement of cotton fiber S/A; A3 = ILCASA - Industry of dairy products of Grande S/A (LEBOM); A4 = Water of the network of public provisioning of Campina Grande city, three levels of available soil water (AW) (N1 = 100%, N2 = 80% and N3 = 70%) and three controls, one for each AW with water of provisioning and with inorganic fertilizer in the foundation (A4C). In order to evaluate the growth of the castor bean plant during a period of 135 days, biweekly measures of the plant height, diameter of the stem and total foliar area variables were accomplished. For all growth variables there were significant interactions among the studied factors, denoting the interdependence among them, what was reflected on the growth of the plants. The castor bean plant, variety BRS Nordestina, responded well to irrigation with treated wastewater, especially from COTEMINAS industry mainly when associated to the level of 100% of the available soil water.

This work evaluated the effect of different levels of water into the soil and types of treated wastewaters from industries of Campina Grande city, Paraíba state, on the growth of castor bean plant, variety BRS Nordestina. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse of the National Center of Research of Cotton. The experimental design was in entirely randomized blocks with 15 treatments in scheme of additional factorial analysis [(4 x 3) + 3] with three replications, having the following factors: three types of treated wastewaters and water of provisioning (A1 = IPELSA - Industry of Cellulose and Paper of Paraíba S/A; A2 = COTEMINAS - Industry of improvement of cotton fiber S/A; A3 = ILCASA - Industry of dairy products of Grande S/A (LEBOM); A4 = Water of the network of public provisioning of Campina Grande city, three levels of available soil water (AW) (N1 = 100%, N2 = 80% and N3 = 70%) and three controls, one for each AW with water of provisioning and with inorganic fertilizer in the foundation (A4C). In order to evaluate the growth of the castor bean plant during a period of 135 days, biweekly measures of the plant height, diameter of the stem and total foliar area variables were accomplished. For all growth variables there were significant interactions among the studied factors, denoting the interdependence among them, what was reflected on the growth of the plants. The castor bean plant, variety BRS Nordestina, responded well to irrigation with treated wastewater, especially from COTEMINAS industry mainly when associated to the level of 100% of the available soil water.

This work studied in field the spatial distribution of discharge and pressure in subunit irrigated by microsprinkler, considering used and new emitters. The data were collected in 28 emission points spaced in 10 x 18 m. The mean values were submitted to normality test and also to a geostatistical analysis; the verification of the spatial dependence and of the interpolation was accomplished by the method of krigagem and the spatial continuities were studied by means of semivariograms for the discharges and pressures of the subunit with new and used microsprinklers. It is verified that the models varied if the emitter was new or used. The mathematical model that better adjusted to the discharge of the new and used emitters was, respectively, exponential and spherical; for the pressure, the model was the inverse of the discharge, that is, spherical for new emitters and exponential for used ones. The values for the used emitters of the nugget effect (Co), landing (Co+Cl) and reach (Ao) were of l.0 L h-1, 33 L h-1 and 218 m and of 0.43, 137 kPa and 58 m, for discharge and pressure, respectively. The coefficient of irrigation uniformity, the coefficient of uniformity of the system and the water application efficiency increased, respectively, in 11.9, 10.58 and 10.75%, when the used emitters were substituted by new ones. The maximum distance (reach) where the estimated data of discharge and pressure are spatially correlated extrapolated the length of the derivation line for the discharge with new and used microsprinklers and for the pressure only with new microsprinklers. The nugget effect for the pressure in the system was smaller when it was changed the used microasprinklers by new ones, the inverse was observed for the discharge. There was an increase in pressure as well as in discharge when the used microsprinklers were changed by new ones.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as modificações químicas no ambiente edáfico e na água drenada, após aplicação de biossólido e irrigação com água residuária tratada. Depois a segunda cultura, prosseguiu-se um experimento iniciado no programa de pesquisa em saneamento básico (PROSAB) do departamento de engenharia civil da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, PB. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos e três repetições, totalizando 21 unidades experimentais. Em esquema fatorial (2 x 3) + 1, representado por dois tipos de água (abastecimento e residuária tratada), usadas no experimento I com a cultura da mamona, (sendo que no experimento II com a cultura do milho utilizou-se apenas água de abastecimento) e três doses de biossólido: 0, 75, e 150 kg ha-1 e uma testemunha na qual se usou fertilizante químico na fórmula NPK. Para acompanhar o impacto dos insumos no solo, foram analisadas as características de micronutrientes, no final do experimento com a cultura do milho. Foram avaliadas nas águas utilizadas as concentrações de: matéria orgânica, (DQO) e nutrientes (nitrogênio amoniacal, fósforo total e ortofosfato solúvel). O solo que foi irrigado com água residuária no experimento anterior apresentou incremento de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio e fósforo.

Este trabalho objetiva comparar o uso do efluente tratado do esgotamento sanitário doméstico de Campina Grande-PB com o uso de água do abastecimento, na produção de mudas de ipê roxo e jucá, espécies florestais do bioma Caatinga. As variáveis avaliadas quinzenalmente foram diâmetro do colo e altura da muda durante 105 dias. Observou-se que tanto as mudas de ipê roxo quanto as de jucá, irrigadas com a água residuária tiveram desenvolvimento superior ao tratamento com água do abastecimento. Os resultados mostraram que a água residuária de origem de esgotamento sanitário doméstico pode ser utilizada em viveiros de produção de mudas florestais dessas essências florestais, pois todas as plantas se mostraram vigorosas e com bom desenvolvimento vegetativo.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo fazer um levantamento das principais fontes de poluição pontuais e difusas dos recursos hídricos na bacia hidrográfica de um rio que contribuem para degradação na área. A metodologia utilizada constou de visitas de campo e registros através de fotografias. No levantamento das fontes de poluição na bacia hidrográfica do Rio do Cabelo foram observadas contribuições poluentes significativas de: esgotos domésticos e industriais, resíduos sólidos, exploração da mineração pela retirada de areia, exploração agropecuária, desmatamento, aterramento do mangue, ocupação irregular da praia e urbanização caracterizada por uma ocupação em que predominam os condomínios, diversos loteamentos e residências construídas irregularmente. De um modo geral, as ações nocivas ao meio ambiente, tais como a devastação das florestas com um alto índice de substituição dos ambientes naturais; cortes e desmontes em encostas para instalação de edificações e sistema viário; mutilações nas várzeas e leito do Rio do Cabelo pela extração de areia; que comprometimento a qualidade da água do rio, trazendo risco aos ecossistemas ainda presentes, mesmo em área legalmente protegida pelo Plano Diretor da cidade de João Pessoa.

Este trabalho foi conduzido no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo, no município de Sousa, PB, com o objetivo de verificar a dependência espacial da qualidade da água subterrânea (água de poços amazonas), utilizando-se ferramentas da geoestatística. Foram analisados, no Laboratório de Irrigação e Salinidade da UFCG, a condutividade elétrica (CE), o pH e a razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) de amostras de água de poços amazonas. Com relação ao aspecto dependência espacial, o modelo esférico foi o que melhor se ajustou aos semivariogramas para as variáveis em estudo, apresentando um efeito pepita de 0,0291, 100 mmhos cm-1 a 25 ºC e 0,100 para o pH, CE e RAS, respectivamente. A relação percentual entre o efeito pepita (Co) e o patamar (Co + C) foi de 9,598, 0,235 e 1,28%, para pH, CE e RAS, respectivamente, caracterizando, assim, uma forte dependência espacial na área amostrada para esses parâmetros. Observou-se que os parâmetros estudados apresentaram desuniformidade ao longo da área, com um pico de 6 para RAS no final da área, valores mais baixos próximo ao leito do rio e mais elevados no restante da área, com tendência de uniformidade.

Esta investigación fue desarrollada en el campo, en el tratamiento de aguas servidas por la Empresa de Agua y Alcantarillado de Paraíba, en la ciudad de Campina Grande, PB, con el objetivo de verificar el efecto de las capas de aguas residuales (367, 505, 643 y 781 mm) en ausencia y presencia de nitrógeno y fósforo, en dosis de 90 y 60 kg ha-1 de N y P, respectivamente, en el área foliar de la planta de fibra de algodón marrón, BRS 200 (Gossypium hirsutum L .). Se utiliza para el diseño en bloques al azar en combinación factorial (2 x 2 x 4) + 2, además de otros dos tratamientos de riego con 643 mm de abastecimiento de agua que reciben 90 y 180 kg ha-1 de nitrógeno, con tres repeticiones. Área foliar de las plantas regadas con aguas residuales fue mayor con el suministro de agua de regadío. No hubo diferencias en área foliar entre los tratamientos fertilizados con nitrógeno y fósforo en comparación con aquellos que no recibieron fertilizante.

Com este trabalho, objetivou-se verificar os efeitos da irrigação com água residuária urbana tratada, água de abastecimento e de doses de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 e 300 kg ha-1), sobre a área foliar, produção de biomassa, algodão em caroço e ETc da planta do algodão colorido, cultivar BRS 200 (Gossypium hirsutum L.). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola do CTRN da UFCG. Usou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 6, com três repetições. A unidade experimental foi representada por um vaso plástico com 9 kg de solo. Notou-se efeito significativo para os tratamentos de nitrogênio no solo, afetando os resultados da evapotranspiração e do rendimento de algodão em caroço. Para os tratamentos de tipos de água, o efeito foi significativo apenas para o rendimento do algodão em caroço, ocorrendo efeito significativo da interação entre o nitrogênio versus tipos de água.

ABSTRACT The use of wastewater in agriculture is an alternative to control surface water pollution, and helps to promote the rational use of water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the obstruction and uniformity of application of treated wastewater in drip irrigation systems. The study was conducted in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. The treatments were composed by the factorial combination of two factors: three types of water (supply water-ABAST, effluent of a constructed wetland system -WETLAND and upflow of anaerobic reactor effluent followed by constructed wetland system -UASB + WETLAND), and two drip irrigation systems (surface and subsurface), set in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The results indicated that the pH, suspended solids, total iron and coliforms of the WETLAND and UASB + WETLAND treatments represented a severe risk of clogging of drippers; the flow of the emitters increased as the service pressure was increased; values of CUC and CUD in surface and subsurface drip were classified as excellent in ABAST and WETLAND treatments. The degree of clogging reduced as pressure under surface and subsurface drip was increased.

ABSTRACT: High growth rate is one of the criteria used for the selection of species to be used in metal phytoextraction programs. This study was carried out to characterize the growth characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), corn (Zea mays L), and vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash] grown on a soil contaminated with lead (Pb), with and without pH correction, to improve agronomic practices regarding phytoremediation programs. The experiment was designed as a randomized block with four replications; treatments were arranged in a split-plot arrangement, with the main plot representing the species (sunflower, castor bean, corn, and vetiver), with or without pH correction and soil fertilization, and the split-plot representing harvest periods (60, 90, and 120 days after planting). After variance analysis and mean comparison analysis of the data by the Tukey test (p≤0.05), a significant effect was observed from soil pH correction for vetiver in all of the growth variables evaluated, except for the leaf area index at 120 days after planting (DAP). Castor bean and sunflower plants in soil with high acidity conditions, without pH correction (pH˂4.0), were affected by soil Pb levels. Corn plants benefited from soil pH correction and had improved results for the plant height, diameter, and leaf area variables at 60 and 90 DAP, as well as leaf area index at 60 DAP. There was no increase in these variables between the harvest periods evaluated. Regarding phytoextraction potential, corn and vetiver had the highest Pb translocation to the plant shoots at 90 DAP and were therefore considered the most suitable species for phytoremediation of the area under study. Overall, liming was essential for improving species biomass production for all the species studied in soils with high Pb availability in solution.