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Mestni in primestni gozdovi sestavljajo pomembne habitate za ohranjanje biotske pestrosti v mestih. V tem članku predstavljamo metodo za uporabo muh trepetavk kot kazalnikov biotske pestrosti v urbanih gozdnih habitatih. To metodo smo uporabili za oceno gozdnih habitatov v treh primestnih in mestnih gozdovih ter jih primerjali s podeželskimi gozdovi v Sloveniji. Kot mestni gozd je bil izbran Rožnik (Ljubljana), kot primestni gozd sta bila izbrana Mestni log (Ljubljana) in Brdo (Kranj), kot podeželske gozdove v različnih ekoloških regijah v Sloveniji pa smo izbrali osem gozdnih območij. V teh gozdovih smo primerjali bogatost gozdnih vrst muh trepetavk in njihovo vrstno sestavo glede na biološke lastnosti v izbranih mestnih, primestnih in podeželskih gozdovih. Poleg tega smo spremljali tudi odziv vrstne pestrost muh trepetavk glede na različne vremenske razmere med posameznimi leti. Število vrst z raziskanimi biološkimi lastnostmi v mestnih in primestnih gozdovih je bilo v podobnem razponu kot v podeželskih gozdovih. Število saproksilnih vrst je bilo večje v mestnih in manjše v primestnih gozdovih kot v podeželskih gozdovih. Deleži vrst z različnimi načini prehranjevanja in različnim trajanjem razvoja so bili podobni med mestnimi, primestnimi in podeželskimi gozdovi. Deleži vrst, katerih razvoj traja manj kot dva meseca ali več kot eno leto, ter deleži plenilskih vrst so bili podobni v mestnih in primestnih gozdovih, ne pa tudi v podeželskih gozdovih. Vrstna sestava drugih bioloških lastnosti se je med primestnimi in mestnimi ter podeželskimi gozdovi razlikovala. Bogatost vrst in njihova številčnost sta pokazali velike razlike v fenološkem razvoju muh trepetavk v letih 2012 in 2013. Te razlike so povezane z razlikami v minimalni temperaturi zraka v teh letih. Rezultati so obravnavani v povezavi z gospodarjenjem z mestnimi gozdovi, primernostjo muh trepetavk kot kazalnika biotske pestrosti in možnostjo za razširitev predlagane metodologije na druge skupine vrst. Urban and peri-urban forests are important habitats for maintaining biodiversity in cities. In this paper, we report a method for using hoverflies as biodiversity indicators in urban forest habitats. As a case study, forest habitats in three peri-urban and urban forests were assessed and compared to rural forests in Slovenia. Rožnik (Ljubljana) was chosen as the urban forest site, Mestni log (Ljubljana) and Brdo (Kranj) were chosen as the peri-urban sites, and eight sites were chosen in rural forests in different ecoregions in Slovenia. Forest hoverfly species richness and the species composition of different biological traits were compared between the peri-urban forests, urban forest and rural forest sites. In addition, species richness was assessed for changes in response to weather conditions between years. The number of species with the investigated traits in the urban and peri-urban forests was within the range of the number of species observed in the rural forests. The number of saproxylic species was higher in the urban forest but lower in the peri-urban forests compared to the rural forests. The proportions of species with different feeding modes and different development times were similar between the peri-urban, urban and rural forests. The proportions of species with development times of less than 2 months or more than 1 year and of predatory species were similar in the urban and peri-urban forests but higher in the rural forests. The species composition of the other biological traits differed between the peri-urban, urban and rural forests. Species richness and abundance displayed large differences in phenological patterns between 2012 and 2013; these differences are related to differences in the minimum temperature for these years. The results are discussed in relation to forest management in urban forests, the usefulness of hoverflies as a biodiversity indicator and possible extrapolation to other species groups. Bibliografija: str. 38-39. Izvleček ; Abstract.

Prepoznavanje invazivnih tujerodnih vrst (ITV) na terenu in hiter odziv na nove najdbe ITV v gozdovih sta med ključnimi izzivi gozdarske stroke. Z namenom krepitve zmogljivosti za zgodnje zaznavanje tujerodnih vrst v gozdovih je bilo v okviru projekta Osveščanje, usposabljanje in ukrepanje za invazivne tujerodne vrste v gozdu (LIFE ARTEMIS), ki je potekal v letih 2016-2020, 33 izobraževanj po Sloveniji in eno v tujini. Skupno se je izobraževanj udeležilo 1.059 udeležencev. Izobraževanja so bila izvedena za izvajalce usposabljanj, strokovnjake, lastnike gozdov, prostovoljce in zaposlene v podjetjih, povezanih z gozdom. Izobraževalni cilji usposabljanj so bili doseženi. Analiza samoocenjevalnih vprašalnikov udeležencev izobraževanj je pokazala, da so bili pred usposabljanjem malo do srednje usposobljeni, po usposabljanju pa srednje do dobro. Pred usposabljanjem je manj kot polovica anketirancev vedela, kako se odzvati, ko opazijo ITV v gozdu. Po usposabljanju pa je to vedelo več kot 90 % anketiranih. Po usposabljanju za prenos sistema za zgodnje obveščanje in hitro odzivanje (ZOHO) v druge evropske države je več kot 80 % anketiranih odgovorilo, da so se naučili nekaj novega o ITV, 79 % anketiranih pa si želi tudi v prihodnje sodelovati v sistemu ZOHO. Udeleženci si v prihodnje želijo predvsem dodatnih znanj na področju prepoznavanja ITV ter več terenskih izobraževanj. V prispevku predstavljamo rezultate spremljanja uspešnosti usposabljanj in razpravo o morebitni potrebi po dodatnih usposabljanjih na področju obveščanja in hitrega odzivanja za tujerodne vrste v gozdnem prostoru. Identifying alien invasive species (IAS) in the field and fast response to new IAS findings in forests represent one of the key challenges of modern forestry. Aiming to intensify the capacities for early detection of non-native species in forests, 33 training courses in Slovenia and one abroad were performed in the framework of the project Awareness, Training, and Actions for Non-Native Species in Forests (LIFE ARTEMIS) project taking place in years 2016-2020. A total of 1,059 participants attended the training courses. The training courses were performed for the training performers, professionals, forest owners, volunteers, and employees in the companies, connected with the forest. The training goals of these training courses were achieved. The analysis of the self-evaluation questionnaires showed that the participants had been little to fairly trained before the training and fairly to well-trained afterwards. Before the training, less than half of the respondents had known how to respond when noticing IAS in the forest. After the training, over 90 % of the respondents knew it. After the training for transferring the early warning and rapid response (EWRR) system into other European countries, over 80 % of the respondents answered that they learned something new about IAS. 79 % of the respondents wish to take part in the EWRR system also in the future. The participants want, above all, additional knowledge in the field of IAS detection and more field training in the future. In our article, we present the results of the training success monitoring and the discussion about an eventual need for additional training in the field of informing and fast response for non-native species in the forest space.

Strategija razvoja mestnih gozdov Ljubljane opredeljuje vizijo in dolgoročne prioritete celovitega razvoja mestnih gozdov Ljubljane. Strategija je podlaga za upravljanje z mestnimi gozdovi, ki pomembno prispevajo k zagotavljanju zdravega življenjskega okolja za prebivalce in obiskovalce mesta. Strategija izraža/upošteva interes lokalne skupnosti do gozdov v mestu in njegovi neposredni okolici ter prispeva k odgovornemu načrtovanju gospodarjenja z gozdovi za potrebe skupnosti. Strategija je bila na pobudo Mestne občine Ljubljana izdelana v okviru projekta INTERREG URBforDAN za območje mestnih gozdov Ljubljane, torej vseh tistih, ki so po občinskem prostorskem načrtu opredeljeni kot gozdovi z izjemno poudarjenimi socialnimi funkcijami. Namen strategije je spodbuditi različne institucije, nevladne organizacije in posameznike k aktivnejšemu vključevanju v soodločanje o razvoju mestnih gozdov Ljubljane, krepiti zavest o pomenu teh gozdov ter izboljšati podlage za gospodarjenje z gozdovi, ki krepi socialne in ekološke funkcije. V prispevku so podane poglavitne značilnosti Strategije razvoja mestnih gozdov Ljubljane vključno s cilji in usmeritvami. Strategija nastavlja okvirje za sistem organizacijskih, finančnih in drugih ukrepov, s katerim bi lahko izboljšali usklajevanje javnih interesov v urbanem gozdnem prostoru, ki je pretežno v zasebni lasti. Izpostavlja tudi pomen sodelovanja z zasebnimi lastniki za zagotavljanje socialnih funkcij v mestnih gozdovih. The City of Ljubljana Urban Forest Development Strategy defines the vision and long-term priorities of the Ljubljana urban forests development. The strategy represents the basis for managing urban forests which significantly contribute to ensuring a healthy living environment for the citizens and visitors of the city. The strategy expresses/considers the local community%s interest in forests in the city and its direct surroundings and contributes to responsible forest management planning for the needs of the community. On the initiative of the Municipality of Ljubljana, the Strategy was prepared in the frame of URBforDAN project of the INTERREG framework for the area of the Ljubljana urban forests, that is, of all those who are defined as forests with extremely emphasized social functions according to the municipality spatial plan. The strategy intends to motivate diverse institutions, non-governmental organizations, and individuals for a more active participation in co-decision on the Ljubljana urban forests development, to build up the awareness of the significance of these forests, and to improve bases for managing the forests which boost social and ecological functions. The article presents the main characteristics of the City of Ljubljana Urban Forest Development Strategy, including goals and guidelines. The strategy sets frameworks for the system of organizational, financial, and other measures to improve the harmonization of public interests in urban forest space which is predominantly privately owned. It also highlights the importance of cooperation with private owners for ensuring social functions in urban forests.

V gozdu krajinskega parka Tivoli, Rožnik in Šišenski hrib smo analizirali dejavnike, ki vplivajo na varnost in kakovost rekreacije v urbanem gozdu. S kombinacijo podatkov daljinskega zaznavanja smo želeli dovolj natančno kartirati posamezna drevesa petih najpogostejših drevesnih vrst (smreka, rdeči bor, bukev, skupaj dob in graden, pravi kostanj) ter pridobiti zanesljive in dovolj podrobne informacije o fazah propadanja gozdnega drevja, ki bi lahko ogrožalo obiskovalce. Povprečna natančnost klasifikacije petih drevesnih vrst je bila 58-odstotna. Z metodo pa ni bila dosežena dovolj velika natančnost avtomatizirane segmentacije drevesnih krošenj, da bi omogočala identificiranje posameznih dreves ob poteh. Z inovativnim integriranim pristopom fizikalnih meritev na terenu in ankete smo ugotovili, da sprehajalci v urbanih gozdovih lahko zaznajo okoljske vplive rekreacije v gozdu in da lahko ti vplivi poslabšajo kakovost njihove doživljajske izkušnje. Več vplivov kot sprehajalci zaznajo, slabša je lahko ta izkušnja. V tej raziskavi so starost, izobrazba in poreklo udeležencev (ali izhaja jo iz urbanega ali ruralneg a okolja) vplivali predvsem na zaznavo obsega okoljskih vplivov rekreacije, ne pa tudi na doživljajsko izkušnjo udeležencev raziskave. Tako so ti na primer zaznali bistveno več smeti in blata, kot jih je bilo dejansko na poti. Z analizo vseh tipov in kate gorij poti (ceste, uradne poti, neformalne steze) smo želeli ugotoviti, ali obstoječa mreža uradnih poti zadovolji povpraševanje po ustrezni logistični infrastrukturi. Ugotovili smo, da razvejena mreža neformalnih stez na severnem in vzhodnem obmo č ju parka nakazuje na bistveno večje potrebe po poteh v primerjavi z uradno infrastrukturo, ki je na voljo obiskoval cem. Zaradi dodatnih stez in njihove rabe se potencialna površina mirnih con (kjer ni uradnih poti) zmanjša za približno 80 %, velikost povprečne cone pa za približno 90 %, kar lahko vpliva na vrstno pestrost tega gozda. In the forest within the landscape park Tivoli, Rožnik and Šišenski hrib, we analysed the factors that affect the safety and quality of recreational activities in the urban forest. Using a combination of remote sensing data we sought to map individual trees belonging to the five most common tree species (spruce, Scots pine, beech, combined data for sessile oak and pedunculate oak, sweet chestnut ) and obtain reliable and detailed data on the stages of decay of forest trees which could pose a safety threat to visitors. The average classification accuracy of the five tree species was 58 %. However, the method did not yield a sufficiently high precision of automatic segmentation of tree crowns that would a llow identification of individual trees along the forest paths. Using an innovative integrated approach of physical field measurements and a survey, we found that hikers in urban forests can perceive environmental impacts of recreational activities in the forest and that these impacts can impair the quality of their experience. The more impacts they perceive, the worse their experience can be. In this study, the age, education and origin of the participants (whether from urban or rural environments) affected mainly the scope of perception of the environmental impacts of recreational activities , but not the experience of the study participants. For example, they detected signifi cantly more litter and mud as there actually was to be found along the way. By analysing all types and categories of the paths (roads, official trails and informal trails) we sought to determine whether the existing network can meet the demand for adequate logistic infras tructure. We found that the extensive network of informal trails in the northern and eastern area of the park indicates a significantly greater need for trails compared to the official infrastructure available to visitors. Because of the use of additional trails, the potential surface area of quiet zones (i.e. areas with no formal trails) decreases by approximately 80 %, and the average zone sized ecreases by about 90 %, which may affect the species diversity of this forest.

Our study presents the condition of the recreational forest in cadastral municipality of Zgornja Šiška. We applied a GPS-supported method to track and to draw a network of pathways at least half a meter wide at the distance of the first 2 meters and were either built or trodden by frequent visitors over time. We analyzed entrances in the forest with regard to their inclination, soil type, erosion, and availability of parking. We performed a survey with 417 visitors to assess the public opinion on the current status of the recreational role of these forests. The pathway mapping indicated high intensity of visits. The density of the pathways was 330 meters per hectare. The majority of the surveyed visitors were satisfied with the current recreational infrastructure, but they were disturbed by the lack of its maintenance. Most of the visitors came for a recreational walk and 25 % of them are daily visitors of this forest. The current status and maintenance urges for the solution of the legal status of Ljubljana's urban forest. We support a special ordinance to solve these conflicts. Namen raziskave je bil prikazati stanje gozda v katastrski občini Zgornja Šiška za potrebe rekreacijske vloge. Z GPS-napravo smo posneli ceste, steze in poti, ki so bile na začetnih dveh metrih široke vsaj pol metra, ter opisali glavne in improvizirane vstope v gozd glede naklona, tipa podlage, erozije in možnosti parkiranja. Anketirali smo 417 obiskovalcev, da bi spoznali njihovo mnenje o rekreacijski vlogi tega gozda. Labirint poti, ki so bile grajene oziroma so jih ljudje sčasoma shodili sami, kaže veliko intenzivnost obiska. Skupna dolžina poti je približno 330 metrov na hektar. Večina anketiranih obiskovalcev je zadovoljna s stanjem gozda, pogrešajo pa boljše vzdrževanje rekreacijske infrastrukture. Večina jih je v gozd prišla na sprehod, četrtina pa jih gozd obišče vsak dan. Treba je urediti pravni status urbanih gozdov v Mestni občini Ljubljana, zato podpiramo razglasitev teh gozdov za gozd s posebnim namenom.