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The concept of hybrid process of photo-Fenton and photocatalysis, particularly in the fixed mode, has been presented in this study for the degradation of the pesticide isoproturon with reduction at the time of treatment. For fixed-bed studies, spherical beads were prepared by combining definite proportions of clay, foundry sand, and fly ash, which were utilized as iron sources for titanium dioxide (TiO2) immobilization. The optimization of various parameters was performed by utilizing the Box–Behnken design model under response surface methodology. The process of degradation followed first-order kinetics under an optimized condition for the integrated degradation of isoproturon with a 700 mg${\cdot }$L-1 dose of H2O2, 42 spherical beads, and 190 mL of solution for a duration of 176 min at pH 3.7. Approximately 80.96% degradation of isoproturon was observed after inducing the optimized conditions. The integrated treatment was also carried out in a solar batch reactor under optimized conditions to expand its application to industries for treating bio-recalcitrant compounds. The mineralization of isoproturon was confirmed through the generation of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonical nitrogen with a definite chemical oxygen demand reduction. The recyclability of the catalyst was confirmed by recycling the spherical beads characterized by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-Ray analysis. For confirming the dual effect, that is, the presence of TiO2 along with Fe on the bead’s surface, various analyses including UV–diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were carried out. A tentative pathway for isoproturon removal was also predicted based on intermediate analysis through gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy.

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Laryngeal fracture is rare but fatal traumatic injury which is mainly caused by severe blunt trauma from interpersonal violence, motor vehicle accident or sports injuries. Laryngeal fracture can lead to severe airway collapse and death. Mortality decreases to less than 5% once the airways made patent and laryngeal injuries are corrected. People must take motorcycle riding safety course to learn how to ride safely. Always follow traffic rules. The motor vehicle accident can be prevented largely through public awareness and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Uttar Pradesh, India, there are many fatal head injuries as a result of road traffic accidents (RTAs). Studying the pattern and distribution of intracranial hemorrhages, a frequent complication of severe head trauma might provide vital information on the efficacy of traffic safety regulations. To improve road safety tactics and lower fatal head injuries in Uttar Pradesh, this study intends to assess the effect of road safety measures on the frequency and distribution of intracranial hemorrhages in fatal head injury patients. Aim: This study's objective is to assess the influence of current road safety initiatives on intracranial bleeding distribution and patterns in fatal head injury cases in Uttar Pradesh. Methodology: The 604 RTA cases with head injuries that were brought to the mortuary of the S.R.N. Hospital in Prayagraj for a medical-legal postmortem assessment over the course of a year, from April 2021 to March 2022, make up the entirety of this prospective study. Following receiving institutional ethical approval and informed consent, structured interviews with attendees utilizing a questionnaire were done to gather the data. Result: The results show that certain traffic safety measures have reduced the frequency of fatal head injuries in RTAs. A decreased incidence of intracranial hemorrhages was linked to improved traffic infrastructure, including well-planned junctions, pedestrian crossings, and distinct bicycle lanes. Similar results were shown in serious head injuries when traffic restrictions including speed limits, seat belt use, and helmet legislation were strictly enforced. Conclusion: There are still issues with fatal brain injuries from car accidents, despite some encouraging results. Safety legislation violations, a lack of public knowledge, and inadequate enforcement all contribute to the issue. Disadvantaged groups like walkers and users on two-wheelers continue to be especially susceptible. The results of this investigation offer important new understandings of the efficiency of traffic safety measures and their influence on the distribution and pattern of cerebral hemorrhages in Uttar Pradesh, India. The results point to the necessity of improved public education efforts and traffic safety laws. More research and focused interventions are required to address specific risk factors among various road user groups. This will result in a safer driving environment and a decline in catastrophic brain injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Estimation of sex from skeletal remains is an important initial medicolegal aspect of forensic and anthropological examination. Among various methods of sex estimation only DNA analysis gives absolute proof of sex estimation, but such methods are meticulous, immoderate and relatively prolonged and involves difficult DNA extraction technique. Teeth are strongest and toughest structure in the human body which are resistance to fire, decomposition and many other changes and teeth development completed before bone maturation making teeth relevant sex indicator hence teeth can be used for sex estimation. The 1st molar tooth is suitable tooth since it erupts early and very little chance of impaction than other teeth. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the sex estimation by mesiodistal width of mandibular and maxillary 1st molar teeth in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised of dental impression from 106 individuals (53 males and 53 females), all young adults between 20 and 35 years of age. Impressions of the teeth were made using irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) material and casts poured in dental stone. Mesiodistal (MD) dimensions of mandibular and maxillary 1st molar of both right and left side were measured by digital caliper. Results: Data were summarized as Mean and SD. Groups (in Gender Male vs female) were compared by unpaired or independent Student's t test. Mean maxillary width of 1st molar of both right and left side were higher in male than female but were statistically not significant whereas mean of maxillary 1st molar width of right side though slightly higher in male than female but was statistically not significant whereas of left side mean was lower in male than female and statistically not significant in young north Indian population. Very little sexual dimorphism shown by maxillary and mandibular 1st molar. Conclusion: The study confirmed that maxillary and mandibular 1st molar did not establish a tool for sex estimation in north Indian populations since there was no statistically significant difference in mesiodistal width of mandibular and maxillary 1st molar among males and females on both the right and the left sides jaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is one of the major global health issues specially in countries having low to medium socioeconomic condition. Hanging is method of choice for adults to commit suicide. Near hanging defined as person who survive a hanging injury for enough time to reach hospital. Tentative cut or self-inflicted injury is an intentional and direct injury to own's body part. It is also known as self-harm, self-wounding, moderate self-mutilation and parasuicide. Various factors responsible for high mortality in near hanging are low systolic blood pressure (<90), injury severity score (ISS) >15, Glassgow coma scale (GCS) <8, hypoxic brain injury on CT scan. Immediate arrival to hospital and aggressive management of near hanging and its complication can improve the final outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Various methods of identification such as anthropometry, stature estimation, dactylography, sex estimation, age estimation, DNA analysis, differentiation by blood groups and odontology are used in forensic medicine to create biological profile of an unknown individual. Estimation of sex is the first step towards identification of person. Determination of sex from skeletal remains is an essential task in medicolegal examination. Teeth are highly indestructible and reveal minimal turnover of natural substance hence teeth can be used for sex estimation.Mesiodistal parameter of mandibular and maxillary canine gave evidence of sex estimation due to sexual dimorphism. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the sex estimation by mesiodistal width of mandibular canine and mesiodistal width of maxillary canine in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised of dental impression from 120 individuals (60 males and 60 females), all young adults between 20 and 35 years of age. Impressions of the teeth were made using irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) material and casts poured in dental stone. Mesiodistal (MD) dimensions of mandibular and maxillary canine of both right and left side is measure by caliper. Results: Mean mandibular canine width of both right and left sidewere higher in male than female and were statistically significant whereas, mean maxillary canine width of both right and left side were slightly higher in male than female but were not statistically significant in young north Indian population. Left mandibular canine width (6%) was more sexually dimorphic than right mandibular canine width (5.1%). Whereas negligible sexual dimorphism shown by maxillary canine. Conclusion: The study confirmed that among maxillary and mandibular canine, mandibular canine can be used for sex estimation and shows significant sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Establishment of identity is required both in living and dead bodies and in both civil and criminal cases. Unclaimed body is defined as dead person who had no next of kin or no relative or no authorized representative willing to make final disposition of the remains. Aims and objective: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern and distribution of injuries and to find out the cause of the death in unclaimed bodies. Material and methods: In this retrospective study all the autopsies of unclaimed body from September 2018 to August 2022 were included. Results: A total 75 unclaimed body were brought to mortuary for autopsy. Out of 75 cases, 65 (87%) were male and 10 (13 %) were female. Majority of unclaimed bodies in this study belonged to age group 40-50. Contusion on the body was most common type of external injury. Lower limb was most common body part for external injuries. Skull was most common site for fracture. Temporal and temporoparietal were most common cranial bone fractured. Mandible was most common facial bone fractured. Liver laceration was most common internal organ injured in unclaimed bodies. Subarachnoid haemorrhage was most common intracranial haemorrhage. Most common cause of death in the present study was haemorrhage and shock due to antemortem injury. Conclusions: Identification of unclaimed dead body need to be increased by police workforce. Bodies which are unclaimed should be brought to mortuary just after prompt investigation so that autopsy should be started before decomposition which may interfere with autopsy finding and even in identification of the unclaimed body. Colour photography, DNA sampling, finger printing and maintaining dental records should be done for every unclaimed body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deceased, a 55-year-old male, arrived at our mortuary after succumbing to multiple honeybee stings. Initial examination disclosed pronounced facial swelling and urticarial eruptions. The deceased, who was engaged in gardening, experienced a rapid onset of symptoms following numerous bee stings. Surprisingly, his medical history showed no prior severe allergic reactions to bee stings. This suggested an acute anaphylactic response, highlighting the unpredictability of such reactions. The absence of previous hypersensitivity underscores the sudden and fatal nature of the incident, emphasizing the need for prompt medical intervention in cases of unexpected severe allergic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Trauma is foremost reason behind the mortality and morbidity worldwide among all age groups. Trauma remains the vital public health issues worldwide and is independent of socioeconomic condition of a country. Incidence of trauma is still increasing with increase in incidence of violence, road traffic accident, assault and violence. Trauma will still remain if all medical and surgical diseases are overcome. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objective of our study was to evaluate the spectrum, pattern, mechanism and outcome of trauma patient presenting at tertiary care hospital. Results: Trauma patient visited to tertiary care hospital were 1926 (with 73% male and 27% female). Most common age group was 21-30 years. Most common mechanism of trauma was RTA which include 60% patient followed by fall. Most common site of injury was extremities followed by head and neck injuries. 28% of trauma patient were hospitalized. 66% of hospitalized patients were managed conservatively while 34% of the were managed surgically. 92% of the trauma patients were survived while mortality was only 8%. Conclusions: RTA is most common form of trauma affecting most commonly young male in their third decade of life. Health education and behaviour change among the youngster about trauma may reduce the trauma injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since teeth are easily approachable and each having different morphology, they form an excellent medicolegal and anthropological tool for sex estimation. Sexual dimorphism is difference in size and appearance among male and female teeth that can be applied for determination of sex. The basis of estimation of sex is comparing tooth parameters in male and female individual. Canine teeth shows highest sexual dimorphism among all teeth. Mesiodistal width of maxillary and mandibular canine can be used for sex determination based on sexual dimorphism. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the comparative sex estimation by mandibular canine index and maxillary canine index in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised of dental impression from 120 individuals (60 males and 60 females), all young adults between 20 and 35 years of age. Impressions of the teeth were made using irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) material and casts poured in dental stone. Mesiodistal dimensions and intercanine distance of mandibular and maxillary canine of both right and left side was measured by caliper. Mandibular and maxillary canine index was calculated by formula given by Nageshwar Rao et al. Results: Data were summarized as Mean and SD. Groups (in Gender Male vs female) were compared by unpaired or independent Student's t test. When the level of accuracy for sex determination was measured using canine index it was found that 65% males and 65.83% females were predicted correctly. When maxillary canine index was used the sex was correctly predicted in it was found that 40.83% females and 32.50% males were predicted correctly. Conclusion: Mandibular and maxillary canine index can be used for sex estimation in North Indian population but accuracy of mandibular canine index is better than maxillary canine index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from a dysregulated host response to infection, consistent with the Sepsis-5 consensus definition. Septic shock should be defined as a subtype of sepsis in which particularly severe circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a higher mortality risk than sepsis alone. Infection-induced release of bacterial toxins, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and vasoactive substances increases capillary permeability and leads to extensive plasma leakage, resulting in insufficient effective circulating blood volume and microcirculatory dysfunction., can cause electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, and other changes in the internal environment. Septic shock is associated with alterations in peripheral blood flow, and core-to-skin temperature gradients depend on cutaneous blood flow and microcirculatory function. Infrared thermography is a non-invasive technique that uses an infrared camera to record the infrared radiation emitted by the body, from which temperature is derived. We, therefore, hypothesized that high core-to-skin temperature gradients correlate with septic shock and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GuiIlain-Barre syndrome is an idiopathic acute or subacute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with ascending and often bilaterally symmetrical paralysis. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical presentation which is mostly acute flaccid paralysis, and electrochemical analysis. We present a case of electrical burn injury followed by GB Syndrome like features. Patient received the standard treatment of GB Syndrome that is I/V immunoglobulins and physiotherapy besides ventilatory support and supportive treatment of electrolyte and fluid management. He was discharged satisfactorily after two months of management in the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article critically examines the multifaceted landscape of facial injuries resulting from road traffic accidents (RTAs). We systematically analyze the epidemiological aspects, investigating the prevalence, distribution, and demographic variations of facial injuries observed in RTA victims. Additionally, we explore the diverse mechanisms underlying these injuries, ranging from impact forces to vehicular collision dynamics. The comprehensive synthesis of available literature sheds light on the specific patterns of facial trauma arising from different types of accidents, such as collisions, pedestrians struck by vehicles, and motorcycle accidents. By elucidating the unique injury profiles associated with these scenarios, we aim to provide a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in facial injury causation during RTAs. In addressing the broader implications for injury prevention, we discuss current interventions and their effectiveness in mitigating facial injuries. This involves an examination of protective measures, such as helmets, airbags, and advancements in vehicle safety technology, along with an assessment of their impact on reducing the severity and frequency of facial trauma. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration between medical professionals, traffic safety experts, and policymakers. Through a collective effort, we can enhance preventive strategies, improve emergency response protocols, and enact policy measures aimed at reducing the burden of facial injuries resulting from RTAs. In summary, this abstract provides a glimpse into the intricate exploration of facial injuries in the context of road traffic accidents. By amalgamating epidemiological insights, mechanistic understanding, and discussions on injury prevention, this review contributes to a holistic comprehension of the challenges and opportunities in addressing facial trauma arising from RTAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fatal burns and related injuries are major cause of death and disability. There are certain pathological changes such as lungs shows necrotizing pneumonia, congestion of alveolar walls, capillary proliferation, intra alveolar oedema, giant epithelial cells Objective: To study on the cause of death due to burn cases and histopathological changes in north Indian setting. Method: This was a cross-sectional study. All autopsies with history of burn injury were studied to find out the significant histopathological change in lung. Cases was thoroughly studied using specially designed proforma that included demographic profile of deceased, history from relatives, police & hospital records, autopsy findings. Results: The most common cause of death due to burn injury was found to be Sepsis (48.2%) and neurogenic shock (29.5%). On histopathological examination, Congestion in trachea was present in majority 434 (78.9%) cases while Tracheal soot particles were present in only 40 (7.3%) cases. Specimens of 375 cases were available for histopathology out of which 52 (13.9%) specimens were autolyzed. Changes suggestive of Pneumonia (50.1%), Congestion (83.7%), alveolar and interstitial haemorrhage (63.2%) were present in majority of the cases while changes suggestive of alveolar interstitial edema (64.3%), alveolar wall disruption (66.1%), inflammatory cells (55.5%), hyaline membrane (79.7%) and Fibrin strands (79.7) were absent in majority of cases. Capillary dilatation was present in 39.2%. Conclusion: In the present study, an important observation in burn deaths is the Sepsis and Neurogenic shock. Congestion in trachea was most common on histopathological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have shown many risk factors associated with disease onset, but the sialic acid association with oxidative stress biomarkers may a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aim to find out the most specific biomarker from the peripheral blood samples in moderate to severe Alzheimer's patients. This study examined the level of sialic acid associated with oxidative stress biomarkers and total antioxidant capacity level (TAC) in the plasma samples. Different parameters of Oxidative stress and Total antioxidant capacity by the immunoassay method have been examined in AD patients as compared to controls. The Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Lipid peroxidation (LPO), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Total Glutathione (GSH), and Protein carbonyl group levels were estimated in this study. Increased level of sialic acid is found associated with a higher level of reactive oxygen species parameters in the patients. The antioxidant parameter levels have been found significantly lower in AD, while Protein carbonyl group and lipid peroxidation were increased in cases as compared to controls with the area under the curve (AUC) 0.816, p < 0.0001 and 0.754, p < 0.0001. The Protein carbonyl group, Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and Sigma-Aldrich TAC levels were higher in females as compared to males in AD patients. During AD pathology, sialic acid, protein carbonyl, and lipid peroxidation were found as the more sensitive marker that may be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. • Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease with multiple risk factors. • We aim to find out the most specific biomarker from the peripheral blood samples of Alzheimer's patients. • Protein carbonyl group and lipid peroxidation were increased in cases as compared to controls. • Sialic acid was increased significantly parallel to the oxidative stress parameters with decreased level of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]