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Congenital posterior dislocation of fibula with pes valgus deformity is a rare disorder in children and has not been reported in English literature. The parents recognize it when the child starts to bears weight as the foot appears normal non-weight bearing but on standing or bearing weight it goes into valgus. As the foot is manually correctable to neutral plaster correction does not suffice and surgery becomes essential. The differential diagnosis of this condition is the well-described congenital diastasis of inferior tibiofibular joint, where the foot is with equinovarus deformity. We are reporting a child of 2 years of age who presented to us walking on the medial border of sole, a valgus deformity on walking and no other congenital anomalies. We operated upon this case of congenital posterior dislocation of fibula with pes valgus deformity and are reporting it for the abnormal patho-anatomy, surgical steps followed and treatment protocol adopted by us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smallholder irrigation is emerging as a development priority in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on a survey of 1554 smallholders from nine countries, this paper compares rainfed farming with gravity-flow, manual-lift and motor-pump irrigation. Motor-pump-irrigation farmers reported the highest net value added per acre and per family worker, with gravity-flow and manual-irrigation farmers earning marginally more than rainfed-only farmers. In addition to making affordable pumps more readily available, improving the availability of working capital, enhancing security of tenure and ensuring the availability of affordable fuel are all likely to accelerate smallholder irrigation development in Sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Virtual water trade has been promoted as a tool to address national and regional water scarcity. In the context of international (food) trade, this concept has been applied with a view to optimize the flow of commodities considering the water endowments of nations. The concept states that water rich countries should produce and export water intensive commodities (which indirectly carry embedded water needed for producing them) to water scarce countries, thereby enabling the water scarce countries to divert their precious water resources to alternative, higher value uses. While progress has been made on quantifying virtual water flows between countries, there exists little information on virtual water trade within large countries like India. This paper presents the results of two MSc theses which quantify and critically analyze inter-state virtual water flows in India in the context of a large inter-basin transfer plan of the Government of India. Our analysis shows that the existing pattern of inter-state virtual water trade is exacerbating scarcities in already water scarce states and that rather than being dictated by water endowments, virtual water flows are influenced by other factors such as “per capita gross cropped area” and “access to secure markets”. We therefore argue that in order to have a comprehensive understanding of virtual water trade, non-water factors of production need to be taken into consideration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the studies on the groundwater irrigation (GWI) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to counter famines and droughts and to improve food security. The study consists of the knowledge on the GWI in SSA, estimation of groundwater resource in several regions, and surveys on multi-country smallholders on GWI. It adds that the studies will provide relevant scientific information which addresses livelihood enhancement, agrarian poverty, and groundwater management issues in SSA.