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Eötvös Loránd University&nbsp

The GeTa tool has been developed at Hamburg to address the challenge of tokenization and multi-level annotation of Ethiopic texts, with the aim of further computer-assisted analysis of the morphology and lexicography of the Gǝʿǝz language. The paper illustrates the workflow of linguistic annotation with the help of the tool.

A single abstract from the DHd-2018 Book of Abstracts., Sofern eine editorische Arbeit an dieser Publikation stattgefunden hat, dann bestand diese aus der Eliminierung von Bindestrichen in Überschriften, die aufgrund fehlerhafter Silbentrennung entstanden sind, der Vereinheitlichung von Namen der Autor*innen in das Schema "Nachname, Vorname" und/oder der Trennung von Überschrift und Unterüberschrift durch die Setzung eines Punktes, sofern notwendig., {"references":["https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3684897","https://github.com/DHd-Verband/DHd-Abstracts-2018"]}

A single abstract from the DHd-2018 Book of Abstracts., Sofern eine editorische Arbeit an dieser Publikation stattgefunden hat, dann bestand diese aus der Eliminierung von Bindestrichen in Überschriften, die aufgrund fehlerhafter Silbentrennung entstanden sind, der Vereinheitlichung von Namen der Autor*innen in das Schema "Nachname, Vorname" und/oder der Trennung von Überschrift und Unterüberschrift durch die Setzung eines Punktes, sofern notwendig., {"references":["https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3684897","https://github.com/DHd-Verband/DHd-Abstracts-2018"]}

In this article we discuss the problem of annotation of historical languages for which less, up to no resources are available, and which do not follow the standard paradigm of Indo-European languages. We show that the development of a tool adequate to the data model (and not the adaptation of data to given tools) has to be considered in particular cases.

Twentieth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies: Regional and Global Ethiopia – Interconnections and Identities, Mekelle, 1–5 October 2018: (1)Past, Present and Future of Editing Ethiopian Texts(Daria Elagina); (2)Automatic Text Processing and Digital Humanities for Ethiopian Language and Culture(Cristina Vertan)

A single abstract from the DHd-2017 Book of Abstracts., Sofern eine editorische Arbeit an dieser Publikation stattgefunden hat, dann bestand diese aus der Eliminierung von Bindestrichen in Überschriften, die aufgrund fehlerhafter Silbentrennung entstanden sind, der Vereinheitlichung von Namen der Autor*innen in das Schema "Nachname, Vorname" und/oder der Trennung von Überschrift und Unterüberschrift durch die Setzung eines Punktes, sofern notwendig., {"references":["https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3684825","https://github.com/DHd-Verband/DHd-Abstracts-2017"]}

Although classical Ethiopic plays an essential role in the research on early Christian literature, up to now no digital tools and resources (e.g. corpora, dictionaries) are available. In contrast, manuscripts in classical Greek, Hebrew and Arabic are already digitized and annotated with linguistic and philological information, thus diachrone analysis of language development, linkage of multilingual versions and cross-language comparisons are possible. The project TraCES (From Translation to Creation: Changes in Ethiopic Style and Lexicon from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages), funded through an Advanced Grant from the European Research Council, aims to fill this gap for classical Ethiopic and : on the one hand to build the necessary electronic resources for bringing Ge'ez in the digital age and on the other hand to use these new information technology tools in order to get new insights in Ge'ez literature and language. The complexity of the language and the number of linguistic features to be marked, together with the lack of electronic corpora, makes impossible a completely automatic annotation process. No annotation tool available for the moment could offer all functionality necessary for a deep linguistic annotation. In this contribution we will present a semi-automatic annotation tool which allows corrections of the text during the annotation process, and enables annotation at multiple levels. Automatic processes are marked so that the user can check and correct. The tool can manage different scripts and synchronizes original script and transliteration. We will show, that also an adaptation to other languages is possible.

Data in humanities, especially historical data, is characterized by a strong presence of vague information and uncertainty. The available Content Management Systems and annotation tools have often disregarded the requirements of research projects dealing with fuzzy data, languages with non-concatenative morphologies and scripts of non-Latin writing systems. Additionally, data encoding standards often overstress the importance of mere standardization at the expense of human readability and efficiency in terms of storage and parsing performance. Similarly, morphological tag sets and natural language processing frameworks primarily based on Indo-European languages are presented as universal solutions, but fail to meet some of the linguistic phenomena characteristic of other languages.

A single abstract from the DHd-2015 Book of Abstracts., Sofern eine editorische Arbeit an dieser Publikation stattgefunden hat, dann bestand diese aus der Eliminierung von Bindestrichen in Überschriften, die aufgrund fehlerhafter Silbentrennung entstanden sind, der Vereinheitlichung von Namen der Autor*innen in das Schema "Nachname, Vorname" und/oder der Trennung von Überschrift und Unterüberschrift durch die Setzung eines Punktes, sofern notwendig., {"references":["http://gams.uni-graz.at/o:dhd2015.abstracts-gesamt","https://github.com/DHd-Verband/DHd-Abstracts-2015"]}

A single abstract from the DHd-2014 Book of Abstracts., Sofern eine editorische Arbeit an dieser Publikation stattgefunden hat, dann bestand diese aus der Eliminierung von Bindestrichen in Überschriften, die aufgrund fehlerhafter Silbentrennung entstanden sind, der Vereinheitlichung von Namen der Autor*innen in das Schema "Nachname, Vorname" und/oder der Trennung von Überschrift und Unterüberschrift durch die Setzung eines Punktes, sofern notwendig., {"references":["https://github.com/DHd-Verband/DHd-Abstracts-2014"]}

This paper describes the general architecture of a digital research environment for manuscript and textual studies (particularly those pertaining to ancient Greek and Byzantine texts), and it discusses some questions of data representation and encoding in the framework of such an online research platform. The platform is being developed by the project Teuchos. Zentrum für Handschriften- und Textforschung, established in 2007 by the Institut für Griechische und Lateinische Philologie (Universität Hamburg) in cooperation with the Aristoteles-Archiv (Freie Universität Berlin). Teuchos is a long-term infrastructural project of the Universität Hamburg. It is currently in its three-year initial phase which is being co-funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) through the "Thematic Information Networks" scheme within the "Scientific Library Services and Information Systems" programme. We introduce the main object types to be handled by our system and describe the overall functionality of the online platform. The paper focuses on the representations of two main object types: manuscripts as textual witnesses and watermarks, with an emphasis on the former. Since the adequate encoding of different layers of structure of a transmitted text is particularly relevant to optimising users' choices of navigating both digital images of the containing manuscripts and trancriptions of the text contained, this topic is discussed in some detail. We introduce the formal data model and the corresponding encoding for the object types discussed. The project encodes textual data in XML, aiming for TEI conformance where possible. Since no accepted XML model exists for the encoding of metadata within a watermark collection, we briefly explain how we chose to model the objects to accomodate the collections the project is making accessible.

Communities of practice for teachers are emerging, where the issues of life long learning of in-service teacher is supported by a collective effort and by applying modern methodologies and tools. The paper describes how effective support to teachers communities is achieved by means of a Virtual Training Center, that is the virtual meeting place of the community, which was built during the I*Teach pilot project. Teachers who have similar goals, but few opportunities to physically meet each other and with other project participants, may share information and discussions about the development phases that precede and follow the actual application of the proposed methodologies and tools within their classrooms.

A version of the communicating stream X-machine model is proposed, which gives a precise representation of the operation of transferring data from one X-machine to another. For this model it is shown that systems of communicating X-machines have the same computational power as single stream X-machines. This enable existing methods for deriving test strategies for stream X-machines to be extended to communicating stream X-machines.

A large number of closely related language varieties and dialects are in daily use, not only as spoken colloquial languages but also in some written media, e.g., in SMS, chats, and social networks. Language resources for these varieties and dialects are sparse and building them could be very labor intensive. Yet, these efforts can often be reduced by making use of pre-existing resources and tools for related, resource-richer languages. Examples of closely-related language varieties include the different variants of Spanish in Latin America, the Arabic dialects in North Africa and the Middle East, German in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, French in France and in Belgium, etc. Examples of pairs of related languages include Swedish- Norwegian, Bulgarian-Macedonian, Serbian-Bosnian, Spanish- Catalan, Russian-Ukrainian, Irish-Gaelic Scottish, Malay- Indonesian, Turkish–Azerbaijani, Mandarin-Cantonese, Hindi– Urdu, etc. Recent interest in language resources and technology for closely related languages, varieties and dialects has led to previous editions of the LT4CloseLang workshop at RANLP2013 and EMNLP2014, and of the VarDial workshop at COLING2014. Both the LT4CloseLang and the VarDial workshops have attracted a lot of research interest, which indicated that there was need for further activities. Thus, this year we decided to join forces between these two workshops and to organize a joint workshop, LT4VarDial, aiming to bring together researchers interested in building language resources for language varieties or dialects and in creating language technology that makes use of language closeness and exploits existing resources in a related language or a language variant. As part of the workshop, we organized the second edition of the DSL Shared Task on Discriminating between Similar Languages. The first edition was held in conjunction with VarDial, aiming to distinguish between closely related languages and language varieties, thus filling the research gap in fine-grained language identification, which was previously perceived as a solved task. Yet, DSL remains a challenge for state-of-the-art language identification. The attention received from the research community and the feedback provided by the participants of the first edition motivated us to organize this Second DSL Shared Task, where we made two important changes compared to the first edition. First, in order to simulate a real-world language identification scenario, we included in the testing dataset some languages that were not present in the training dataset. Moreover, we included a second test set, where we substituted the named entities with placeholders to make the task more challenging and less dependent on the text topic and domain. A total of 24 teams subscribed to participate in the shared task, 10 of them submitted official runs, and 8 of the latter also wrote system description papers. These numbers represent a slight increase in participation compared to the 2014 edition, which attracted 22 teams, 8 submissions, and 5 system description papers. Overall, 12 papers are published in this volume. Nine papers were about the DSL shared task (8 system descriptions and the shared task overview), and three regular workshop papers. Given the above numbers, we consider the workshop a success, and we take the opportunity to thank the LT4VarDial program committee for their professional and thorough reviews, and the DSL Shared Task participants for the valuable feedback and discussions. We further thank our invited speakers and our panelists for sharing with us their thought-provoking opinions on topics of interest to the workshop.

Global communication between peoples has accelerated exponentially since the digital revolution of the eighties. Better and faster technological channels for communicating information across the globe, have led to a handful of languages taking centre stage, with English holding the lion’s share in the fields of international business and science communication. It is estimated that there live around 70 million deaf or seriously hearing-impaired people world wide that experience a constant state of silence and are cut off from much communication by an invisible physiological barrier: deafness. They live and work like their fellow citizens, but constantly have to adjust to sound deprivation in order to communicate beyond the self. If properly trained, they can learn to lip-read and speak the language of their country of residence or they may resort to sign language amongst themselves. But how do deaf people cope with international communication, for example the use of English as a foreign language? Deaf people can and do learn foreign spoken languages, but only a minority of them reach high levels of competence, whereas the rest, rely on written translation like hearing people. How is the barrier of spoken English dialogue crossed? How do deaf people gain access to information through English and how is LSP, so commonly encountered in international communication, transferred to deaf people? An attempt is made to address these questions by outlining research in progress on access for the Deaf to American feature films through audio visual translation via (subtitling). Research is reported on domain-specific discourse of socio-political nature and more specifically the legal, medical and institutional terminology found in a multimodal corpus comprising three well-known contemporary American feature films covering different socio-political themes from which two parallel written corpora have been compiled for comparison and analysis: the transcribed spoken-English dialogues aligned with their Italian subtitles. Analysis of the corpus has centred on the investigation of how Anglo-American cultural and identity traits are constructed and transferred through languages for special purposes and how their ‘image’ is ‘reflected’ in Italian to reach the deaf target audience. Findings are reported briefly, with examples of how international anglocentric textual models cross the international sound barrier through the Italian visual media and whether they are compatible with deaf cultural norms, or rejected, or are conversely adapted in some way through textual recasting.