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Aachen : Lehrstuhl für Energiesystemökonomik, Arbeitspapiere energiewirtschaftliche Analyse 2023-002, 8 Seiten (2023)., Published by Lehrstuhl für Energiesystemökonomik, Aachen

An unprecedented rate of technological advancement, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic, has expedited our transition to a fully digitalised society. Traditionally, digital inclusion focuses on an individual's ability to connect to and access information from the internet. The adoption of novel technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain is little distinguished in the literature from internet accessibility. While these digital solutions present novel opportunities, they may also perpetuate or exacerbate the existing hurdles faced by digitally excluded localities. However, these technologies could also be used to tackle the digital divide. Inspired by the design of Bitcoin, the current study offers a conceptual blockchain-based welfare model that adopts a two-pronged approach to enable the fair distribution of capital and resource allocation across the UK regions. The model offers transparency over institutional processes and improves their trustworthiness while preserving privacy. At the community level, the model assumes the application of economic incentives in order to promote digital inclusivity and stimulate cooperation and competition within local cultures. By mobilising both public institutions and communities, such a holistic model would assist the flow of information between the supply and demand side of the regional economy. This approach may not only help to dissolve the welfare losses arising from the digital divide, but also improve social well-being in all regions.

Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass unbezahlte Care-Arbeit auch heute überwiegend von Frauen geleistet wird und sich daraus vor allem für diese, aber auch für Männer bzw insbesondere Väter und zweite Elternteile, soziale und finanzielle Nachteile sowie Diskriminierungen ergeben, werden europarechtliche und österreichische Elternschutzrechte sowie deren historische Entwicklung in den Blick genommen. Konkret behandelt werden Elternzeit und Väterurlaub. Anschließend werden ausgewählte Entscheidungen des EuGH hinsichtlich der Weiterentwicklung der Rechtsprechung in Bezug auf Mutter- und Elternschutzrechte analysiert. Dies aus dem Grunde, dass der EuGH häufig maßgeblich an der Rechtsentwicklung beteiligt ist und durchaus als Motor von Veränderung angesehen werden kann. Zudem gibt die Judikatur Einblick in gesellschaftliche Wertvorstellungen sowie eben auch der Rechtsordnung zugrunde liegende Geschlechternormen und deren Wandel. Abschließend werden Ansätzen zur Steigerung der Väterbeteiligung bei Elternzeit und Frühkarenz sowie konkrete Reformvorschläge für Österreich ausgearbeitet und analysiert. Dabei gibt insbesondere ein Blick nach Island mögliche Anhaltspunkte; dies wird in Form eines Best-Practice-Beispiels eingehender beschrieben. eingereicht von Franziska Beer BA Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Diplomarbeit Universität Linz 2023

Environmental hazards affect people from different income groups and migration backgrounds on different levels. The research on environmental inequalities and environmental justice has proposed several theories to explain such inequities; still, it remains unclear which of these theories applies to the German societal context. This research investigates whether individual-level income differences between Germans and migrants account for objectively measured exposure to the environmental goods and bads of land use, specifically soil sealing and green spaces. Marginal effects and predictions based on georeferenced survey data from the German General Social Survey reveal that Germans with higher incomes live in areas with better neighbourhood quality. Germans with lower incomes are exposed to fewer disadvantages stemming from land use, and there is no marginal difference between nonurban and urban municipalities. Spatial assimilation in high-income groups occurs; however, the difference in low-income groups can be explained by place stratification and discrimination in the housing market. While this study uses more indirect and non-hazardous measures of environmental quality – in contrast to air pollution or noise – it provides evidence that such indicators also create distributional injustices in Germany.

Die Mehrheit der Deutschen hat das Gefühl, es gehe im Land nicht gerecht zu - weder bei der Verteilung von Gütern und Vermögen noch zwischen den Generationen. Das ist Anlass zur Sorge: Menschen, die mehr Ungerechtigkeit wahrnehmen, vertrauen Politik und Institutionen weniger und sind seltener zu Veränderungen bereit. Dies sind Ergebnisse der Studie "Gerechtigkeitsempfinden in Deutschland", für die die Bertelsmann Stiftung und das Münchner IFO-Institut Ende letzten Jahres 4.900 Personen ab 18 Jahre online befragt haben. Die Studie hat dabei die allgemeine Verteilungsgerechtigkeit in der Gesellschaft, das Gerechtigkeitsempfinden im Hinblick auf das eigene Einkommen und Vermögen sowie die unterschiedlichen Generationen betrachtet.

Adequate Health Care – Appropriate Care. The understanding of health is highly relevant in ethical as well as health policy terms because it is linked to entitlement to health services. In addition, conclusions can be drawn from what we consider to be appropriate health care to the current prevailing understanding of health and illness. The article describes the conceptual complexity of the normative concept of adequate health care and the opportunities and challenges of its effective operationalization.

We elicit distributional fairness ideals of impartial spectators using an incentivized experiment in a large and heterogeneous sample of the German population. We document several empirical facts: (i) egalitarianism is more popular than efficiency- and maxi-min ideals; (ii) females are more egalitarian than men; (iii) men are relatively more efficiency minded; (iv) left-leaning voters are more likely to be egalitarians, whereas right-leaning voters are more likely to be efficiency-minded; and (v) young and high-educated participants hold different fairness ideals than the rest of the population. Moreover, we show that fairness ideals predict preferences for redistribution and intervention by the government, as well as actual charitable giving, even after controlling for a range of covariates. This paper thus contributes to our understanding of the underpinnings of voting behavior and ideological preferences and to the literature that links laboratory measures and field behavior.

Previous research underlines that a political system's adherence to principles of distributive and procedural justice stimulates citizens' political trust. Yet, most of what is known about the relationship between justice and political trust is derived from macro-level indicators of distributive and procedural justice, merely presuming that citizens connect a political system's adherence to justice principles to their trust in political authorities and institutions. Accordingly, we still lack a clear understanding of whether and how individual perceptions and evaluations of distributive and procedural justice influence citizens' political trust and how their impact might be conditioned by a political system's overall adherence to principles of justice. In addition, previous research has implicitly assumed that the link between justice principles and political trust operates identically for all major political authorities and institutions, disregarding the possibility that citizens evaluate representative and regulative authorities and institutions on the basis of different justice criteria. Against this background, the aims of the present study are (1) to investigate the impact of individual evaluations of distributive and procedural justice on citizens' political trust, (2) to analyze to what extent the effects of justice evaluations on political trust depend on political systems' overall adherence to principles of distributive and procedural justice, and (3) to assess whether and in which ways the influence of justice evaluations differs for trust in representative and regulative authorities and institutions. Our empirical analysis covering more than 30,000 respondents from 27 European countries based on data from the European Social Survey (ESS) and the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project demonstrates that (1) more positive evaluations of distributive and procedural justice foster citizens' political trust, that (2) the impact of justice evaluations on political trust is amplified in political systems in which the overall adherence to justice principles is compromised, and that (3) different facets of distributive and procedural justice evaluations exert varying effects on citizens' trust in representative as compared to regulative authorities and institutions. These findings entail important implications with regard to the relation between justice and political trust and the general viability of modern democratic systems.

Wer umverteilen will, muss die richtigen Instrumente wählen. Eingriffe in der Marktphase sind teilweise wenig zielgenau und können die Funktionsfähigkeit von Märkten beeinträchtigen. Das hat der Berliner Mietendeckel gezeigt: Der Eingriff in die Preisbildung am Mietmarkt führte zu einer drastischen Verknappung des Angebots an Mietwohnungen im regulierten Segment. Wenig Konflikte mit Effizienz- und Wachstumszielen erzeugen bestimmte Maßnahmen vor der Marktphase. Ein Beispiel ist die Bildungspolitik. Sie schafft erhebliche Spielräume, mehr Inklusion und Chancengerechtigkeit sowie eine höhere Produktivität.

Die sozialen Effekte von st��dtischen Verkehrssystemen sind Thema im Forschungsfeld der Verkehrsgerechtigkeit. Erreichbarkeit, ein Ma�� f��r die Zug��nglichkeit von Orten und Aktivit��ten, wird dabei als wichtigste positive Externalit��t anerkannt. Ein geringes Erreichbarkeitsniveau wird mit schlechteren Chancen in Verbindung gebracht und kann potenziell zur Verst��rkung von Exklusionsprozessen beitragen. Verteilungsfragen im Kontext von urbaner Mobilit��t sind im Falle Wiens bislang kaum thematisiert worden. Deswegen hat es diese Arbeit zum Ziel, m��gliche Ungleichheiten in der Verteilung von Erreichbarkeitsniveaus zu identifizieren und Faktoren zu erkunden, die ma��geblich Einfluss auf lokale Erreichbarkeitsniveaus aus��ben. Darauf basierend werden Empfehlungen f��r die lokale und Stadtebene abgeleitet. Indikatoren f��r die Erreichbarkeitsqualit��t von Arbeitspl��tzen, Zentren und zentralen Gebieten wird f��r vier Fallbeispiele in Wien mit einem ortsbasierten Ansatz berechnet. Dabei werden die Ziele nach ihrer Attraktivit��t gewichtet und die Reisezeit zwischen Analysegebiet und Ziel wird als Impedanz herangezogen. Schlie��lich werden die berechneten Indikatoren f��r die Erreichbarkeitsqualit��t zwischen Gebieten und Verkehrsmodi verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen relevante Unterschiede in der Erreichbarkeitsqualit��t der analysierten Fallbeispiele auf, vor allem im ��ffentlichen Verkehr. Diese Unterschiede machen deutlich, dass Verteilungsfragen in Bezug auf positive Externalit��ten des Verkehrs auch in Wien von Bedeutung sind und dass sie deswegen aktiv adressiert werden m��ssen. Die Analyse der Fallbeispiele hat zudem gezeigt, dass konkrete Ma��nahmen an die lokalen Umst��nde angepasst werden m��ssen. Distributive Zielsetzungen sollen in der Verkehrs- und Stadtplanung aufgenommen werden und entsprechende Indikatoren, wie etwa Indikatoren f��r die Erreichbarkeitsqualit��t, sollen herangezogen werden, um die sozialen Implikationen von geplanten Ma��nahmen mess- und interpretierbar zu machen., The social implications of urban transport systems have been discussed in the context of transport justice, which thematizes the distribution of transport benefits and burdens. Accessibility, the ease of reaching destinations, is acknowledged to be the main transport benefit. A lack of accessibility is likely to reduce people���s opportunities and to enhance social exclusion. For the case of Vienna, social implications of the transport system have so far not been discussed as a matter of justice. Thus, this thesis aims at identifying possible inequalities in the distribution of accessibility levels and at exploring how differences originate, in order to derive recommendations for the local and city level. Accessibility levels for four case study areas are measured using a location-based approach, in which destinations ��� jobs, centers and central areas in this case - are ranked according to their attractivity, and travel time represents the impedance to reach the destinations. Travel time calculations rely on GIS-models. Results are compared between areas and modes. The accessibility indicators for each area and transport mode indicate important differences between the analyzed areas in Vienna, especially in public transport. These gaps reveal an unequal distribution of transport benefits, that ought to be addressed to avoid mobility-related exclusion of certain groups. Specific measures for improvement need to be tailored according to the local built and socioeconomic environment. Furthermore, distributional goals should be adopted in transport and land use planning and the according indicators are to be established as mean to make the social implications of planned measures tangible and assessable.

Objective This study examines fairness perceptions of experimentally manipulated savings arrangements in couples (i.e., distribution of control and ownership of savings) to identify distributive justice principles in marriage. Background Theoretically, competing norms about individual ownership rights and autonomy (equity principle) and marital sharing (equality principle) in interaction with gender ideology (entitlement principle) may explain how individuals perceive the fairness of different savings arrangements, but these explanations have not been tested against each other yet. Method In a nationally representative factorial survey experiment, implemented in the German GESIS Panel, 3,948 respondents evaluated the fairness of randomly presented savings arrangements (N = 19,648 evaluations). Results Respondents rated equal control as more important than equal ownership to establish fairness in marriage. The ownership of savings does not seem to be directly linked to control, providing evidence against the equity principle. Inequality in ownership is rated fairer if it is in favor of the husband, whereas inequality in control is rated fairer if it is in favor of the wife. This suggests that gender is an ascriptive characteristic according to which resources should be allocated (entitlement principle). Conclusion The results indicate that the ideal of marital sharing is widespread, but is rather accomplished by equal control than by equal ownership. Individuals' fairness perceptions of inequality in marriage are gendered, that is, depend on whom inequality favors.