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En Nicaragua severidad de patogenos que cusan enfermedades en platano (Musa paradisiaca L.) ha afectado los rendimientos e ingreso que este cultivo proporciona a los pequenos, medianos y grandes productores del pais. La seguridad alimentaria que el cultivo proporciona a los productores se ha visto amenazada por enfermedades que afectan a la planta y sus frutos. Con el objetivo de determinar la incidencia y severidad de enfermedades en platano, se realizo este estudio entre enero a septiembre del 2014 en Rivas. Se hicieron colectas de material enfermo en seis fincas plataneras de Rivas. Los patogenos fueron identificados en los laboratorios del Instituto de Proteccion y Sanidad Agropecuaria en Rivas y confirmados en laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. Las variables evaluadas en este estudio fueron, porcentaje de incidencia y severidad de dano de Sigatoka negra por planta, area bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad de Sigatoka negra, porcentaje de incidencia de dano de las enfermedades pudricion acuosa de las musaceas y de punta de cigarro. Como resultados del estudio se identificaron los siguientes patogenos en platano: Micosphaerella fijiensis, Erwinia sp y Verticillium sp., de manera general se observo que la incidencia y severidad de todos los agentes causales de enfermedades reflejaron un comportamiento similar en las seis fincas, estos agentes se presentaron en todos los meses de muestreo, sin embargo, los mayores porcentajes de severidad se manifestaron en los meses de agosto y septiembre del 2014 con porcentajes que oscilaron entre el 60 % y 67 %, la mayor area bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad se presento en la finca La Zopilota, seguido de San Alberto y La Granja, la menor area bajo la curva de progreso de la enfermedad se presento en la finca El Espiritu, El Trapiche y Valentina.

Objective: Entomopathogenic fungi like Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae have been significantly pathogenic for mosquito vectors. Although few have been used for control. Moreover, the genus Verticillium encompasses a cosmopolitan group of ascomycete fungi. It is a major plant pathogen and parasitic on other fungi and insects. Methods: The culture filtrates released from the Verticillium lecanii (MTCC 3692) were grown potato carrot broth media. These filtrates were purified with Whatman-1 filter paper and flash chromatograph respectively. Results: The results demonstrated LC 50, LC90, and LC99 values of 0.6, 4.2, and 4.86, for Culex quinquefasciatus , and 1.3, 2.32, and 3.36 (µL/cm2) for Anopheles stephensi after exposure for 10 h. LT 90 values were 6.76 for Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi 3.54 for Anopheles stephensi. Moreover, the Aedes aegypti were completely susceptible at all selected doses. Conclusions: The fungal culture filtrates of Verticillium sp. can reduce malaria, dengue, and filarial transmission on a par with chemical insecticides providing efficient delivery system can be developed.

Five new anthraquinone-xanthone heterodimers (I), (II), and (III) and a new xanthone derivative (IV) are isolated together with eight known compounds.

In the last few years more and more horseradish roots (Amoracia rusticana Gaert.) have been infected by the fungi Verticillium album-atrum or dahliae var. longisporum. Infection can be observed as a dark brown to black internal discoloration of the transport system of horseradish roots. Infected plants bring yield loss and poor quality of processed horseradish roots. Systemic fungicides are neither permitted nor successful. Physical treatments (thermal therapy) are to-date not in use. First experiments with hot water treatment (46°C, 10 min) of horseradish plantlets to reduce Verticillium disease were carried out by the authors in 2005. Hot water dipping of plantlets at 46°C for 10 min had no harmful influence on the development of horseradish plants. Temperature measurements inside the horseradish plantlets (different thickness) showed the desired internal temperature of 46°C after a treatment time of 2 min. Verticillium infected horseradish plantlets were hot water treated (46°C, 10 min) before planting in the field. After eight months of cultivation in the field horseradish roots were assessed for black discoloration caused by the fungus Verticillium sp. Three repetitions, each consisting of 30 horseradish roots of hot water treated and untreated control plantlets were cut horizontally to the roots and determined for discoloration. On average only 7.8% of horseradish roots from hot water treated plantlets showed a weak discoloration in comparison to 45.1% of control roots (no hot water treatment). Additional 6.6% of the control horseradish roots showed a strong development of cavities. These cavities could not be observed in horseradish roots of hot water treated plantlets.

A new NADH-fumarate reductase inhibitor, verticipyrone, was isolated from the cultured broth of a fungus, Verticillium sp. FKI-1083. The structure was established as (E)-2-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-6-(3-methyl-2-undecenyl)-4H-pyran-4-one. Verticipyrone exhibited an IC50 value of 0.88 nM against NADH-fumarate reductase of Ascaris suum. Verticipyrone inhibited both Ascaris and bovine heart complex I, and its synthetic analogue, 8,9-dihydro-8-hydroxyverticipyrone, showed good selectivity against Ascaris complex I.

Microbial culture broths were screened for novel β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcNAcase) inhibitors specific for the enzyme of insect origin. Four strains of actinomycetes, Streptomyces griseoloalbus JCM4480, S. clauifer JCM5059, S. anulatus NBRC13369 and S. griseus subsp. rhodochrous NBRC13849, produced unique compounds showing selective inhibition of the insect GlcNAcase. In contrast, 4 fungal strains, Paecilomyces sp. F13, F30, P. carneus F2281 and Verticillium sp. F40, were found to produce GlcNAcase inhibitors showing a broad spectrum of inhibitory activity against GlcNAcases from insects, mammals, plants and fungi. These results indicated obvious differences in GlcNAcases between insects and other organisms. This is the first report of enzyme inhibitors specific for the GlcNAcase of insect origin. © Pesticide Science Society of Japan

Verticillium sp. GF39, catalyzing the oxidation of 1-methylisoquinoline to 1-methylisoquinoline N-oxide, was found to be the highest N-oxide producer. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the whole cells of Verticillium sp. GF39 formed 5 mM 1-methylisoquinoline N-oxide from 1-methylisoquinoline with a molar conversion yield of 100% after a 10-h incubation at 20°C. The whole cells also acted on pyridine, 2-methylpyridine, quinoline and isoquinoline and formed the corresponding N-oxides.

In 1998, Verticillium sp. (CE98Vt1 and CE98Vt2) were isolated from discolored vascular structures of potato tubers sold at a market in Chiba Prefecture. These isolates were identified as Verticillium tricorpus on the basis of cultural and morphological characteristics and PCR diagnosis. This observed vascular discoloration of the potato tuber was demonstrated in three cultivars (Touya, Toyoshiro, and Waseshiro) among eight cultivars by inoculation to seedlings. External and internal symptoms of these isolates were not distinct in potato plants. The virulence of these isolates to potato was very low as compared with Verticillium dahliae. These two isolates were not pathogenic to Chinese cabbage, eggplant, green pepper, larkspur, parsley, snapdragon, soybean, tobacco, and tomato. This is the first report of V. tricorpus from potato in Japan.

Study aims (a) to determine the effectiveness of Trichoderma sp., combination PGPR and Trichoderma sp., and PGPR to the development of diseases that attack strawberry plants, (b) to study the effect of application of Trichoderma sp., combination PGPR and Trichoderma sp. and PGPR for strawberry production. The experiment was conducted in the village Rurukan (Mahawu), subdistrict Tomohon Timur. Study lasted from March to August 2013. Experiments using a randomized block design with 4 treatments, as follows: Treatment A = Trichoderma sp., Treatment B = PGPR, Treatment C = combination of Trichoderma sp. and PGPR, and Treatment D = Control. The experiment was repeated 4 times. Data were analyzed using Minitab software ver. 14. Things that observed the symptoms of disease, number of shoots, roots and heavy weight of strawberries. The results showed that strawberry plants are not attacked by various diseases. Fungus Verticillium sp. encountered attack strawberry plants with very low intensity. The average number of shoots ever encountered on the 6.25 shoots PGPR treatment and lowest in the control treatment, ie 2.20 shoots . The average weight of the heaviest roots found in the PGPR treatment and 68.75 grams of the lowest in the control treatment, which is 13.50 grams. The average weight of the fruit of the highest found in the 731.25 grams of PGPR treatment and lowest in the control treatment fruit weighing 417.50 grams. Keywords : Trichoderma sp., Verticilium sp., PGPR, Mahawu

The title compound, C30H28N6O6S4·CHCl3, is a cytotoxic and anti­bacterial compound which was isolated from ethyl acetate extracts of Amanita flavorubescens Alk. affected by Verticillium sp. The mol­ecule is a dimer with two epidithio-dioxopiperazine nuclei, the two halves being related by an approximate twofold axis. The two five-membered rings are cis-fused. The crystal structure is stablized by a hydrogen-bond network involving both OH groups and the carbonyl group.

Background: Cellulose can be converted to ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The difference between the optimal temperature of cellulase and microbial fermentation, however, has been identified as the critical problem with SSF. In this study, one fungal strain ( AnsX 1) with high cellulase activity at low temperature was isolated from Antarctic soils and identified as Verticillium sp. by morphological and molecular analyses. Results: The biochemical properties of crude AnsX 1 cellulase samples were studied by filter paper cellulase assay. The maximum cellulase activity was achieved at low temperature in an acidic environment with addition of metal ions. Furthermore, AnsX 1 cellulase demonstrated 54-63% enzymatic activity at ethanol concentrations of 5-10%. AnsX 1 cellulase production was influenced by inoculum size, carbon and nitrogen sources, and elicitors. The optimal culture conditions for AnsX 1 cellulase production were 5% inoculum, wheat bran as carbon source, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 as nitrogen source, and sorbitol added in the medium. Conclusions: Our present work has potential to enable the development of an economic and efficient cold-adapted cellulase system for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels in future.

Aim To investigate the chemical constituents of the endophytic fungus Verticillium sp. isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatography, and their structures were determined on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. Their cytotoxic and antifungal activities were evaluated. Results Ten compounds were obtained and their structures were identified as 2, 4-dihydroxy-2', 6-diacetoxy-3'-methoxy-5'-methyl-diphenyl ether ( 1 ), paecilospirone ( 2 ), α -acetylorcinol ( 3 ), 2-methoxy-1,8-dimethyl-xanthen-9-one ( 4 ), 4-hydroxy- α -lapachone ( 5 ), enalin A ( 6 ), 2,3,4-trimethyl-5,7-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran ( 7 ), 4-hydroxyethyl-phenol ( 8 ), 2,4-dihydroxy-3,5,6-trimethyl- methylbenzoate ( 9 ), and 3-isopropenyl-( Z )-monomethyl maleate ( 10 ). Conclusions Compound 1 is a new diphenyl ether, and showed cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells (IC 50 2.24 μg·mL −1 ), and antifungal activities against Candida albicans (MIC 8 μg·mL −1 ) and Aspergillus fumigatu s (MIC 16 μg·mL −1 ).

A new testosterone 5α-reductase inhibitor, 8'9'-dehydroascochlorin, was isolated from the cultured mycelium of Verticillium sp. FO-2787. This compound (M.W. : 402, C23H27ClO4) consists of 5-chloroorcylic aldehyde and 2, 3, 4-trimethylcyclohexenone moieties, which are connected via a chain of (2E, 4E)-3-methyl-2, 4-pentadiene. The IC50 value of the new microbial metabolite for testosterone 5α-reductase activity prepared from rat prostate was 4×10-4M.

A new ryanodine-binding inhibitor, verticilide, was isolated from the cultured broth of a fungus, Verticillium sp. FKI-1033. It is a 24-membered ring cyclic depsipeptide, its structure being elucidated as cyclo[(2R)-2-hydroxyheptanoyl-N-methyl- L-alanyl](4). Verticilide inhibited ryanodine binding to ryanodine receptors in the cockroach at an IC(50) value of 4.2 microM, whereas inhibition against mouse ryanodine receptors was weak (IC(50)=53.9 microM).

Coletores solares planos constituídos de caixas de madeira com canaletas de chapa de alumínio, onde se coloca o substrato e se cobre com plástico transparente, foram testados quanto ao controle de Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium sp., Meloidogyne arenaria e Cyperus rotundus (tiririca). Dependendo da intensidade de radiação solar, é necessário um dia para desinfestação do substrato com S. rolfsii e dois dias para R. solani, Verticillium sp. e M. arenaria.Flat solar collectors were tested for the control of Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, VerticiUium sp., Meloidogyne arenaria and Cyperus rotundus (nut sedge). The equipment developed comprises, basically, gutters of aluminum with termic liner of glass wool and transparent plastic cover. The results showed that, depending upon the solar radiation, one day is required for the disinfestations of substrate infested with S. rolfsii and nut sedge, and two days for R. solani, Verticillium sp. and M. arenaria.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:24:36Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:30:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-77958484628.pdf: 368560 bytes, checksum: bbb2ddf75ffe1675851d461eae625ac9 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:24:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-01 The use of fungicides for treating seeds has become an essential measure in the control of pathogens. However, the effectiveness of many products is not well-known to some crops. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different doses of carbendazin and carboxin + thiram fungicides for controlling pathogens and their interference on the physiologic quality of castor bean seeds. The test consisted of the following treatments (g i.a./100 kg of seeds): carbendazin (15, 30, and 60), carboxin + thiram (25 + 25, 50 + 50, and 100 + 100), formol 0.15% (v/v), and control (distilled water). The physiologic quality of the seeds was determined by germination, first counting, field emergence, speed emergence index, length, fresh and dry weight of the aerial part, and electrical conductivity. There were no statistical differences for germination and fresh and dry matter index. The treatment with formol provided lower values for first counting and field emergence. Seeds treated with fungicides presented higher values for electrical conductivity, but did not differ, statistically, among themselves. The fungi Cladosporium spp.; Bipolaris spp.; Curvularia spp.; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus niger; Rhizopus sp.; Penicillium sp.; Rhizoctonia sp.; Verticillium sp.; Fusarium sp.;Arthrobotrys sp.; and Epicocum sp. were identified. All tested products, independently of the dose, provided efficient control for pathogens. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agronómicas Departamento de Agricultura, Botucatu, SP Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Departamento de Fitotecnia, Tecnologia de Alimentos e Socioeconomia, Ilha Solteira, SP Instituto Agronómico de Campinas (IAC) Programa de Pós-Graduação do IAC, Campinas, SP Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) Centro de Ensino Superior do Rio Grande do sul Departamento de Agronomia, Frederico Westphalen, RS Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Curitiba, PR Universidade Estadual do Mato Grosso do sul (UEMS) Unidade Universitária de Cassilândia Departamento de Agronomia, Cassilândia, MS Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agronómicas Departamento de Agricultura, Botucatu, SP Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira Departamento de Fitotecnia, Tecnologia de Alimentos e Socioeconomia, Ilha Solteira, SP

To reduce the number of pinewood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) carried by the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus), we attempted to change the mycoflora and also to prevent blue-stain fungi, the main food-source fungi of the nematodes, from spreading throughout pine wilt-killed Pinus densiflora wood by inoculating other fungi into the dead logs. Trichoderma sp. 3 and Verticillium sp. inoculation treatments tended to decrease the number of the nematodes carried by the beetles.

Verticilide (1) is a 24-membered cyclic depsipeptide isolated from the culture broth of Verticillium sp. FKI-1033. It inhibits ryanodine binding to ryanodine receptor (RyR) and has insecticidal activity. The stereochemistry of 2-hydroxyheptanoic acid in verticilide was elucidated by chiral HPLC analysis of the degradation product 6 and synthetic (+) and (-)-6. We also describe the practical total synthesis of verticilide. [reaction: see text].

Coletores solares planos constituídos de caixas de madeira com canaletas de chapa de alumínio, onde se coloca o substrato e se cobre com plástico transparente, foram testados quanto ao controle de Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Verticillium sp., Meloidogyne arenaria e Cyperus rotundus (tiririca). Dependendo da intensidade de radiação solar, é necessário um dia para desinfestação do substrato com S. rolfsii e dois dias para R. solani, Verticillium sp. e M. arenaria. Flat solar collectors were tested for the control of Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, VerticiUium sp., Meloidogyne arenaria and Cyperus rotundus (nut sedge). The equipment developed comprises, basically, gutters of aluminum with termic liner of glass wool and transparent plastic cover. The results showed that, depending upon the solar radiation, one day is required for the disinfestations of substrate infested with S. rolfsii and nut sedge, and two days for R. solani, Verticillium sp. and M. arenaria.

As temperaturas letais para Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii e Verticillium sp. foram determinadas através da imersão de tubos das culturas em banho térmico. O isolado de Verticillium sp. foi transferido para tubos de ensaio contendo solo esterilizado e incubado por 15 dias; P. aphanidermatum e R. solani, em substrato de areia e quirela de milho, por 7 e 14 dias, respectivamente; escleródios de S. rolfsii foram transferidos para tubos contendo solo peneirado. O tratamento térmico foi realizado a 45 C., 47 C. e 50 C., por diversos períodos. A avaliação foi realizada através da viabilidade dos patógenos após transferência para meio de cultura BDA. Todos os patógenos permaneceram viáveis, apos o tratamento a 45 C., pelos períodos testados. Houve perda da viabilidade do isolado P. aphanidermatum a 47 C. por 30 min.; para S. rolfsii a 50 C. por 20 min.; e para Verticillium sp. a 48 C. por 5 min. Estes resultados estão sendo utilizados para determinação dos períodos de tratamento de substratos em um equipamento desenvolvido para desinfestação através de energia solar. Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T19:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1990AP004GhiniDeterminacao1408.pdf: 49292 bytes, checksum: b54043878b17315f8d3e7f478a58bf66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993-08-04

Verticillium dahliae Klebahn was isolated from various crops in Hokkaido. Most of the Verticillium isolates that had previously been identified as V. albo-atrum Reinke and Berth. or Verticillium sp. by other workers were also reidentified as V. dahliae Klebahn due to presence of microsclerotia, wide host range, possibility of growth at 30 C, and hyaline basal cells of conidiophore.

A search was made forRhizoctonia solani-suppressive soils by establishing many small experimental plots, half of which were planted withRhizoctonia-infected seed potatoes and the other half with disinfected seed stock. The sclerotium index of the harvested tubers was compared witht that of the seed potatoes. In suppressive soils, the sclerotium index of the harvest is much lower than that of the seed potatoes.

This paper describes the biological activity of ethanolic extracts from some commonly abundant seaweeds from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The pour-plate method was used to determine the effects of selected seaweed extracts on the growth of two phytopathogens; Verticillium sp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Extracts from Caulerpa filiformis and Ulva rigida (Chlorophyta); Zonaria tournefortii (Phaeophyta); and Hypnea spicifera, Gelidium abottiorum and Osmundaria serrata (Rhodophyta) inhibited fungal growth by more than 50%. The extracts from the rhodophytes, Spyridia cupressina and Beckerella pinnatifida showed the weakest antifungal activity of the seaweeds tested. The pour plate method demonstrated both fungal growth promotion and inhibition, due to the seaweed extracts. At low concentrations (1:16 and 1:32 dilutions) the H spicifera extract promoted the growth of R. solani.

As part of a project to evaluate health hazards for workers in swine confinement buildings, the air in 21 different buildings was sampled with 37 mm cassette filters with and without cyclone preselectors and with cascade impactors. Filter results yielded a mean total aerosol of 6.3 mg/m3, a mean respirable aerosol of 0.5 mg/m3; the geometric mean diameter was 2.9 microns. Cascade impactor measurements revealed a mean total aerosol of 7.6 mg/m3, a respirable aerosol of 2.5 mg/m3 and a mass median diameter of 9.6 microns. The two major constituents in these aerosols were grain particles and dried fecal matter. The grain particles were larger than fecal particles and proportionately more abundant in finishing buildings where 50 kg X 100 kg animals are housed. Therefore the respirable fraction was less in finishing buildings than in farrowing and nursery buildings. Culturing of settled dusts yielded six different mold species, with the highest counts for Verticillium sp. (5 X 10(2) cfu/mg dry dust) grown at 37 degrees C. Thermophilic Actinomycetes and both gram negative and gram positive bacteria were isolated. Azocasein proteinase activity was found in most dust samples analyzed. This dust had a protein content of about 23% and a mean adsorbed ammonia content of 0.4%.

Three new antibiotics, verticillins A (Ia), B (XVIII), and C have been isolated from Verticillium sp. Stereo-structures of verticillins A and B, which are derivatives of bi-(3,11 a-epidithio-1.4-dioxopyrazino[1′,2′ : 1,5]pyrrolo-[2,3-b]indol-10b-yl), have been elucidated by chemical and physicochemical methods. Verticillin C is thought to be an epitrithio-analogue of verticillin B.

Two yeasts: Cryptococcus uchicensis TMY9 and Pichia uchicensis TMY10 and one fungus Verticillium tingalensis TMFMB are described for the first time as lipase producer microorganisms. The strains have been isolated after an ecological screening in a palm oil industry. The yeasts- C. uchicensis and Pichia uchicensis - mainly produce extracellular lipases as active as those produced by traditional lipase producing microorganisms. The extracellular lipases are active in the hydrolysis of crude palm oil and its industrial derivatives. Contrarily in the isolated fungus, the lipase mainly remains bonded to biomass. In all cases, greater hydrolytic activities are observed in the hydrolysis of palm olein and super-olein than with saturated substrates as stearine. P. uchicensis lipase shows moderated selectivity versus saturated acid triglycerides compared to substrates with high proportion of oleic acid (olein or superolein). The opposite behavior is observed with C. uchicensis and fungal lipases. P. uchicensis produces a more active crude lipase than C. uchicensis with lower biomass production. The kinetic runs performed with crude yeast lipases suggest a three steps mechanism where the high penetration of lipase in the fat gouts favors the hydrolysis.

The stereostructure of a new antibiotic, verticillin A has been elucidated by chemical and physicochemical methods.