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Translocation-associated renal cell carcinoma involving ALK (ALK-tRCC) is a rare subtype of adult renal cell carcinoma (RCC) reported in recent years.A new Italian case of ALK-tRCC was reported. The patient was a female 44-year-old with a metastatic and pretreated RCC. The tumor showed a rearrangement of ALK gene in tumor cells detected by targeted next-generation sequencing panel. The patient received oral alectinib therapy and achieved a partial response.ALK-tRCC is a rare subtype of adult RCC. Its diagnosis is very difficult because the genomic alteration spectrum is very wide. We suggested that metastatic RCCs should be screened for uncommon genomic alterations expecially in good performance status pretreated resistant/refractory patients.

Background: It has been suggested that the variation of biochemical and microbiological parameters in the gastric juice may play a role in the development of gastric cancer. In the present study we concurrently assessed the presence of N-Nitroso compounds (NOC) and their precursors, bacteria and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the gastric juice of normal controls, patients with gastric resection, and advanced gastric cancer. Methods: Detailed analyses of biochemical and microbiological parameters such as pH, nitrite (NO 2 ) concentration, N-nitroso compounds (NOC) concentration, carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) level, total viable counts (TVC), nitrate-reductase positive bacterial counts (NRPBC), and identification of micro-organisms were carried out. Results: Significantly higher mean pH values, NO 2 , NOC and CEA concentrations, TVC, and NRPBC were found in partial gastrectomies compared with normal controls, and all these intragastric parameters were significantly higher in patients with gastric cancer than in those with partial gastrectomies. As far as surgical methods are concerned, higher mean pH values, NO 2 and NOC concentrations, TVC, NRPBC, and anaerobic bacterial counts were observed in the juice of patients with Billroth II compared with Billroth I gastrectomies. Apart from the type of surgical reconstruction, higher mean NOC levels were recorded in patients with more severe histological changes and H. pylori infection. Conclusions: All these data suggest that the presence of high levels of NOC in the gastric juice of gastroresected patients can be considered a risk factor of gastric stump cancer.

Pulmonary function, pain and endocrine-metabolic response to surgical stress were compared in 50 patients with elective cholelithiasis who were randomly treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) (group 1 = 29 patients) and by open cholecystectomy (OC) (group 2 = 21 patients). Data were stored in Dbse III and analysed using SPSS software. We compared the two groups using the unpaired t-test and by two-tailed chi-square test. No respiratory dysfunction was present after LC whilst in the OC group, pulmonary impairment lasted 5–7 days post-operatively. Pain evaluation by visual analogue scale confirmed that LC is less invasive and less harmful than OC. During surgery, hormonal response did not significantly differ in either group. In the post-operative period, an increase in prolactin and cortisol levels resulted in the OC group, which suggested stress. The findings of this study suggest that LC has more advantages than OC in the elective treatment of gallstones.

Pancreatic diseases and pancreatic surgery usually cause a derangement of glucose metabolism ranging from a change in glucose tolerance test to insulin-dependent diabetes. The authors assess the changes in glycemia both in basal condition and after a challenge test in a group of patients who underwent Pylorus Preserving Pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) according to an original technique of reconstruction with two separate bowel loops.Ten patients who underwent PPPD either for chronic pancreatitis or ampullar carcinoma were enrolled in this study. Pre- and postoperative assessment of pancreatic endocrine function was carried out in all the patients. The evaluation included: 1) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 2) intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and 3) glucagon challenge test.Plasma glucose level in basal condition, after oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucose tolerance test and glucagone challenge test, shows that insulin secretion and/or its effectiveness is not impaired after PPPD. Two patients with preoperative insulin-dependent diabetes needed a lower dose of insulin in the postoperative period. One patient responded abnormally to OGTT both in the preoperative and postoperative periods. Seven patients maintained normal glucose homeostasis in the postoperative period.PPPD allows a normal control of glucose metabolism. Better digestive and endocrine function noted in our patients in the postoperative period is due to the integrity of the stomach and the reconstruction technique with two bowel loops used to drain biliary and pancreatic secretion separately.

Current organ shortage is estimated to keep outpacing demand for years to come. Among the advocated strategies, artificial and bioartificial devices may prove beneficial to a wide category of patients on transplant waiting lists. Bionic organ science allows to reproduce organ architecture and function through a complex interplay of cellular and mechanical elements. Some bioartificial organs may well be used to replace anatomical defects, while others allow to compensate for failing organ functions and to bridge patients to transplantation. Among these latter, bioartificial liver (BAL) systems bear the highest potential for clinical application, even if their use is raising several controversial issues. These latter regard the identification and stratification of patients fit for transplantation, timing and type of transplantation after recovery, appropriateness of double-blind, randomized clinical trials and safety of animal and/or human cell lines. Nonetheless, bionic organ science needs to be regarded as a useful adjunct in the armamentarium of organ replacement therapies for the third millennium.