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1. How prices and income influence global patterns in saturated fat intake by age, sex and world region: a cross-sectional analysis of 160 countries

Author: Albertino Damasceno, Cristina Palacios, Anoop Misra, Parvin Mirmiran, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Simon Anderson, Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir, Yanping Li, Anand Krishnan, Yu Chen, Alireza Esteghamati, Farshad Farzadfar, Giuseppe Grosso, Reza Malekzadeh, Sumathi Swaminathan, Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo, Noushin Mohammadifard, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Pedro Marques-Vidal, Idris Guessous, Tal Shimony, Lital Keinan-Boker, Carukshi Arambepola, Antonia Trichopoulou, Marialaura Bonaccio, Simona Costanzo, Licia Iacoviello, Andrew Muhammad, Wen-Harn Pan, Manami Inoue, Peter Vollenweider, Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero, Carl Lachat, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, Sangita Sharma, Eva Roos, Milton Severo, Safiah Yusof, Nuno Lunet, Roya Kelishadi, Anuradha Khadilkar, Cho-il Kim, Veena Ekbote, Masoud Mirzaei, Inge Huybrechts, Lluis Serra-Majem, Anjum Memon, Aminul Haque, Katia Castetbon, Saeed Dastgiri, Julia Reedy, Abla M. Sibai, Xia Cao, Pascal Bovet, Pamela Abbott, Karen Charlton, Hsing-Yi Chang, Yasuhiro Matsumura, Yoonsu Cho, Puneet Misra, Morteza Abdollahi, Suad Al-Hooti, Anahita Houshiar-rad, Eda Koksal, Abdulrahman Musaiger, Gulden Pekcan, Sahar Zaghloul, Yves Martin-Prevel, Kyungwon Oh, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Sirje Vaask, Shu Wen Ng, Simon Forsyth, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Erkki Vartiainen, Christian Haerpfer, Carla Lopes, Foong Ming Moy, Tor Strand, Mohammadreza Pakseresht, Yi Ma, Androniki Naska, Dorothy Gauci, Ibrahim Elmadfa, Wilbur Hadden, Hajah Masni Ibrahim, Lars Johansson, Hae-Jeung Lee, Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto, Balakrishna Nagalla, Stefka Petrova, Noppawan Piaseu, Laufey Steingrimsdottir, Lucjan Szponar, Holmfridur Thorgeirsdóttir, Inga Thorsdottir, Aida Turrini, Anna Waskiewicz, Gábor Zajkás, Harikumar Rachakulla, Heléne Enghardt Barbieri, Nattinee Jitnarin, Le Tran Ngoan, Jaana Lindström, Kalyana Sundram, Ranil Jayawardena, Irina Kovalskys, Noël Barengo, Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy, Maryam Hashemian, Duarte Torres, Angélica Ochoa, Pulani Lanerolle, Chandrashekar Janakiram, Fatemeh Vida Zohoori, Parvin Abedi, Suvi Virtanen, Amelia Ahles, Jacqueline N Yenerall, Mustafa Arici, Amy Luke, Suhad Abumweis, Mohannad Al Nsour, Iftikhar Alam, Nasser Al-Daghri, Shaun Sabico, alHamad Nawal Ai, Eman Alissa, Sameer Al-Zenki, Karim Anzid, Joanne Arsenault Hacettepe, Renzo Asciak, Lajos Biró, Juan Rivera Dommarco, Daniel Illescas-Zarate, Sonia Rodriguez Ramirez, Ivonne Ramirez Silva, Per Bergman, Anna Karin Lindroos, Jessica Petrelius Sipinen, Sesikeran Boindala, Mauricio T. Caballero, FNeville Calleja, Mario Capanzana, Jan Carmikle, Michelle Castro, Corazon Cerdena, Shashi Chiplonkar, Khun-Aik Chuah, IRCCS INM Neuromed, Stefaan De Henauw, Karin DeRidder, Eric Ding, Rokiah Don, Charmaine Duante, Vesselka Duleva, Samuel Duran Aguero, Jalila El Ati, Alison Eldridge, Tatyana El-kour, Laetitia Nikiema, Zohreh Etemad, Fariza Fadzil, Mei Fen Chan, Anne Fernandez, Dulitha Fernando, Regina Fisberg, Edna Gamboa Delgado, J Brahmam Ginnela, Aida Hadziomeragic, Jemal Haidar Ali, Rubina Hakeem, Rajkumar Hemalatha, Avula Laxmaiah, Indrapal Meshram, Nimmathota Arlappa, Sigrun Henjum, Hristo Hinkov, Zaiton Hjdaud, Daniel Hoffman, Beth Hopping, Shu-Yi Hung Yao-Te Hsieh, Nahla Chawkat Hwalla, Nayu Ikeda, Olof Jonsdottir, Rajesh Jeewon, Ola Kally, Mirnalini Kandiah, Tilakavati Karupaiah, Rebecca Goldsmith, Jurgen Konig, Liisa Korkalo, Riitta Freese, Jeremy Koster, Herculina Kruger, Rebecca Kuriyan-Raj, Sanghui Kweon, Sihyun Park, Yuen Lai, Indu Waidyatilaka, Catherine Leclercq, J Lennert Veerman, Lydia Lera Marques, Annie Ling, Widjaja Lukito, Elisabette Lupotto, Stefania Sette, Raffaela Piccinelli, Wan Manan, Dirce Marchioni, Angie Mathee, Paramita Mazumdar, Gert Mensink, Alexa Meyer, Claudette Mitchell, David Balfour, Moses Mwangi, Maryam Maghroun, Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi, Zalilah Mohd Shariff, Elizabeth Mwaniki, Jannicke Myhre, Augustin Nawidimbasba Zeba, Sina Noshad, Marga Ocke, Jillian Odenkirk, Mariana Oleas, Sonia Olivares, Johana Ortiz-Ulloa, Johanna Otero, Rajendra Parajuli, Luz Posada, Farhad Pourfarzi, Alan Martin Preston, Ingrid Rached, Ali Reza Rahbar, Colin Rehm, Makiko Sekiyama, Rusidah Selamat, Khadijah Shamsuddin, Harri Sinkko, Milton Fabian Suarez-Ortegon, Elzbieta Sygnowska, Maria Szabo, Ilse Khouw, Swee Ai Ng, Heli Tapanainen FrieslandCampina, Reema Tayyem, Bemnet Tedla, Coline van Oosterhout, Marieke Vossenaar, Eva Warensjo Lemming, Lothar Wieler, Mabel Yap, Maria Elisa Zapata, Khairul Zarina, Zipporah Bukania, Yeri Kombe, Julie Long, K. Michael Hambidge, Tshilenge S. Diba, Umber S. Khan, Gabriela Tejeda, Cornelia Tudorie, Anca Nicolau, Amanda de Moura Souza, Alan de Brauw, Mourad Moursi, Alicia Rovirosa, Carol Henry, Getahun Ersino, Gordon Zello, Chanthaly Luangphaxay, Daovieng Douangvichit, Latsamy Siengsounthone, Christine Hotz, Constance Rybak, Corina Aurelia Zugravu, Donka Baykova, Elizabeth Yakes-Jimenez, Gudrun B. Keding, Lydiah M. Waswa, Irmgard Jordan, J.V. Meenakshi, Laila Eleraky, Wolfgang Stuetz, Lalka Rangelova, Lilian Aluso, Julia Boedecker, Francis Oduor, Tamene Taye Asayehu, Veronika Janská, Ward Siamusantu, and Ken Brown
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Objective When considering proposals to improve diets, it is important to understand how factors like price and income can affect saturated fat (SF) intake and demand. In this study, we examine and estimate the influence of price and income on intake across 160 countries, by age and sex, and derive sensitivity measures (price elasticities) that vary by age, sex and world region.Design We econometrically estimate intake responsiveness to income and prices across countries, accounting for differences by world region, age and sex. Intake data by age, sex and country were obtained from the 2018 Global Dietary Database. These data were then linked to global price data for select food groups from the World Bank International Comparison Programme and income data from the World Development Indicators Databank (World Bank).Results Intake differences due to price were highly significant, with a 1% increase in price associated with a lower SF intake (% energy/d) of about 4.3 percentage points. We also find significant differences across regions. In high-income countries, median (age 40) intake reductions were 1.4, 0.8 and 0.2 percentage points, given a 1% increase in the price of meat, dairy, and oils and fats, respectively. Price elasticities varied with age but not sex. Intake differences due to income were insignificant when regional binary variables were included in the analysis.Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among prices and intake within and across countries. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneous effects as they address global nutrition and health challenges.
Published: 2024
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2. Parental Perceptions of Children’s Weight Status in 22 Countries: The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: COSI 2015/2017

Author: Ximena Ramos Salas, Marta Buoncristiano, Julianne Williams, Maryam Kebbe, Angela Spinelli, Paola Nardone, Ana Rito, Vesselka Duleva, Sanja Musić Milanović, Marie Kunesova, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Tatjana Hejgaard, Mette Rasmussen, Lela Shengelia, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Akbota Abildina, Zhamyila Usuopva, Jolanda Hyska, Genc Burazeri, Aušra Petrauskiene, Iveta Pudule, Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Enisa Kujundzic, Anna Fijałkowska, Alexandra Cucu, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Valentina Peterkova, Elena Bogova, Andrea Gualtieri, Marta García Solano, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Sanavbar Rakhmatullaeva, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Nazan Yardim, Daniel Weghuber, Päivi Mäki, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Gregor Starc, Petur Benedikt Juliusson, Mirjam M. Heinen, Cecily Kelleher, Sergej Ostojic, Stevo Popovic, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Dilorom Akhmedova, Nathalie J. Farpour-Lambert, Harry Rutter, Bai Li, Khadichamo Boymatova, Ivo Rakovac, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, and Joao Breda
Subjects: childhood obesity, parental perceptions, weight, world health organization/europe, childhood obesity surveillance initiative, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract: Introduction: Parents can act as important agents of change and support for healthy childhood growth and development. Studies have found that parents may not be able to accurately perceive their child’s weight status. The purpose of this study was to measure parental perceptions of their child’s weight status and to identify predictors of potential parental misperceptions. Methods: We used data from the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative and 22 countries. Parents were asked to identify their perceptions of their children’s weight status as “underweight,” “normal weight,” “a little overweight,” or “extremely overweight.” We categorized children’s (6–9 years; n = 124,296) body mass index (BMI) as BMI-for-age Z-scores based on the 2007 WHO-recommended growth references. For each country included in the analysis and pooled estimates (country level), we calculated the distribution of children according to the WHO weight status classification, distribution by parental perception of child’s weight status, percentages of accurate, overestimating, or underestimating perceptions, misclassification levels, and predictors of parental misperceptions using a multilevel logistic regression analysis that included only children with overweight (including obesity). Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 15 1. Results: Overall, 64.1% of parents categorized their child’s weight status accurately relative to the WHO growth charts. However, parents were more likely to underestimate their child’s weight if the child had overweight (82.3%) or obesity (93.8%). Parents were more likely to underestimate their child’s weight if the child was male (adjusted OR [adjOR]: 1.41; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.28–1.55); the parent had a lower educational level (adjOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.26–1.57); the father was asked rather than the mother (adjOR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.98–1.33); and the family lived in a rural area (adjOR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99–1.24). Overall, parents’ BMI was not strongly associated with the underestimation of children’s weight status, but there was a stronger association in some countries. Discussion/Conclusion: Our study supplements the current literature on factors that influence parental perceptions of their child’s weight status. Public health interventions aimed at promoting healthy childhood growth and development should consider parents’ knowledge and perceptions, as well as the sociocultural contexts in which children and families live.
Published: 2021
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3. Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Duration of Children Aged 6–9 Years in 25 Countries: An Analysis within the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) 2015–2017

Author: Stephen Whiting, Marta Buoncristiano, Peter Gelius, Karim Abu-Omar, Mary Pattison, Jolanda Hyska, Vesselka Duleva, Sanja Musić Milanović, Hana Zamrazilová, Tatjana Hejgaard, Mette Rasmussen, Eha Nurk, Lela Shengelia, Cecily C. Kelleher, Mirjam M. Heinen, Angela Spinelli, Paola Nardone, Akbota Abildina, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Zhamyila Usuopva, Iveta Pudule, Aušra Petrauskiene, Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Enisa Kujundzic, Stevo Popovic, Anne-Siri Fismen, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Anna Fijalkowska, Ana Isabel Rito, Alexandra Cucu, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Valentina Peterkova, Andrea Gualtieri, Marta García-Solano, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Zulfinissio Abdurrahmonova, Khadichamo Boymatova, Nazan Yardim, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Daniel Weghuber, Karin Schindler, Dragana Stojisavljević, Aida Filipović Hadžiomeragić,, Eliza Markidou Ionnaidu, Wolfgang Ahrens, Maria Hassapidou, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Sergej M. Ostojic, Lubica Ticha, Gregor Starc, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Igor Spiroski, Harry Rutter, Romeu Mendes, Julianne Williams, Ivo Rakovac, and João Breda
Subjects: physical inactivity, surveillance, sedentary behaviour, active transport, active play, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract: Background: Children are becoming less physically active as opportunities for safe active play, recreational activities, and active transport decrease. At the same time, sedentary screen-based activities both during school and leisure time are increasing. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate physical activity (PA), screen time, and sleep duration of girls and boys aged 6–9 years in Europe using data from the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Method: The fourth COSI data collection round was conducted in 2015–2017, using a standardized protocol that included a family form completed by parents with specific questions about their children’s PA, screen time, and sleep duration. Results: Nationally representative data from 25 countries was included and information on the PA behaviour, screen time, and sleep duration of 150,651 children was analysed. Pooled analysis showed that: 79.4% were actively playing for >1 h each day, 53.9% were not members of a sport or dancing club, 50.0% walked or cycled to school each day, 60.2% engaged in screen time for 1 h/day, 8.2–85.6% were not members of a sport or dancing club, 17.7–94.0% walked or cycled to school each day, 32.3–80.0% engaged in screen time for
Published: 2020
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4. Prevalence of Severe Obesity among Primary School Children in 21 European Countries

Author: Angela Spinelli, Marta Buoncristiano, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Agneta Yngve, Igor Spiroski, Galina Obreja, Gregor Starc, Napoleón Pérez, Ana Isabel Rito, Marie Kunešová, Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Jørgen Meisfjord, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Cecily Kelleher, Nazan Yardim, Iveta Pudule, Ausra Petrauskiene, Vesselka Duleva, Agneta Sjöberg, Andrea Gualtieri, Maria Hassapidou, Jolanda Hyska, Genc Burazeri, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Mirjam Heinen, Hajnalka Takacs, Hana Zamrazilová, Tulay Bagci Bosi, Elena Sacchini, Ioannis Pagkalos, Alexandra Cucu, Paola Nardone, Paul Gately, Julianne Williams, and João Breda
Subjects: Obesity, BMI, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Europe, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract: Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) was established more than 10 years ago to estimate prevalence and monitor changes in overweight and obesity in children aged 6–9 years. Since then, there have been five rounds of data collection in more than 40 countries involving more than half a million children. To date, no comparative studies with data on severe childhood obesity from European countries have been published. Objectives: The aim of this work was to present the prevalence of severe obesity in school-aged children from 21 countries participating in COSI. Method: The data are from cross-sectional studies in 21 European WHO member states that took part in the first three COSI rounds of data collection (2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2012/2013). School-aged children were measured using standardized instruments and methodology. Children were classified as severely obese using the definitions provided by WHO and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Analyses overtime, by child’s age and mother’s educational level, were performed in a select group of countries. Results:A total of 636,933 children were included in the analysis (323,648 boys and 313,285 girls). The prevalence of severe obesity varied greatly among countries, with higher values in Southern Europe. According to the WHO definition, severe obesity ranged from 1.0% in Swedish and Moldovan children (95% CI 0.7–1.3 and 0.7–1.5, respectively) to 5.5% (95% CI 4.9–6.1) in Maltese children. The prevalence was generally higher among boys compared to girls. The IOTF cut-offs lead to lower estimates, but confirm the differences among countries, and were more similar for both boys and girls. In many countries 1 in 4 obese children were severely obese. Applying the estimates of prevalence based on the WHO definition to the whole population of children aged 6–9 years in each country, around 398,000 children would be expected to be severely obese in the 21 European countries. The trend between 2007 and 2013 and the analysis by child’s age did not show a clear pattern. Severe obesity was more common among children whose mother’s educational level was lower. Conclusions: Severe obesity is a serious public health issue which affects a large number of children in Europe. Because of the impact on educational, health, social care, and economic systems, obesity needs to be addressed via a range of approaches from early prevention of overweight and obesity to treatment of those who need it.
Published: 2019
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5. Association between Characteristics at Birth, Breastfeeding and Obesity in 22 Countries: The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative – COSI 2015/2017

Author: Ana Isabel Rito, Marta Buoncristiano, Angela Spinelli, Benoit Salanave, Marie Kunešová, Tatjana Hejgaard, Marta García Solano, Anna Fijałkowska, Lela Sturua, Jolanda Hyska, Cecily Kelleher, Vesselka Duleva, Sanja Musić Milanović, Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Enisa Kujundzic, Valentina Peterkova, Andrea Gualtieri, Iveta Pudule, Aušra Petrauskienė, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Rakhmatulloev Sherali, Constanta Huidumac-Petrescu, Julianne Williams, Wolfgang Ahrens, and João Breda
Subjects: Breastfeeding, Birth weight, Childhood obesity, WHO/Europe, COSI Europe, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, RC620-627
Abstract: Background: In Europe, although the prevalence of childhood obesity seems to be plateauing in some countries, progress on tackling this important public health issue remains slow and inconsistent. Breastfeeding has been described as a protective factor, and the more exclusively and the longer children are breastfed, the greater their protection from obesity. Birth weight has been shown to have a positive association with later risk for obesity. Objectives: It was the aim of this paper to investigate the association of early-life factors, namely breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and birth weight, with obesity among children. Method: Data from 22 participating countries in the WHO European COSI study (round 4: 2015/2017) were collected using cross-sectional, nationally representative samples of 6- to 9-year-olds (n = 100,583). The children’s standardized weight and height measurements followed a common WHO protocol. Information on the children’s birth weight and breastfeeding practice and duration was collected through a family record form. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis regarding breastfeeding practice (both general and exclusive) and characteristics at birth was performed. Results: The highest prevalence rates of obesity were observed in Spain (17.7%), Malta (17.2%) and Italy (16.8%). A wide between-country disparity in breastfeeding prevalence was found. Tajikistan had the highest percentage of children that were breastfed for ≥6 months (94.4%) and exclusively breastfed for ≥6 months (73.3%). In France, Ireland and Malta, only around 1 in 4 children was breastfed for ≥6 months. Italy and Malta showed the highest prevalence of obesity among children who have never been breastfed (21.2%), followed by Spain (21.0%). The pooled analysis showed that, compared to children who were breastfed for at least 6 months, the odds of being obese were higher among children never breastfed or breastfed for a shorter period, both in case of general (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR] [95% CI] 1.22 [1.16–1.28] and 1.12 [1.07–1.16], respectively) and exclusive breastfeeding (adjOR [95% CI] 1.25 [1.17–1.36] and 1.05 [0.99–1.12], respectively). Higher birth weight was associated with a higher risk of being overweight, which was reported in 11 out of the 22 countries. Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Italy, Poland and Romania showed that children who were preterm at birth had higher odds of being obese, compared to children who were full-term babies. Conclusion: The present work confirms the beneficial effect of breastfeeding against obesity, which was highly increased if children had never been breastfed or had been breastfed for a shorter period. Nevertheless, adoption of exclusive breastfeeding is below global recommendations and far from the target endorsed by the WHO Member States at the World Health Assembly Global Targets for Nutrition of increasing the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months up to at least 50% by 2025.
Published: 2019
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6. A Snapshot of European Children’s Eating Habits: Results from the Fourth Round of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)

Author: Julianne Williams, Marta Buoncristiano, Paola Nardone, Ana Isabel Rito, Angela Spinelli, Tatjana Hejgaard, Lene Kierkegaard, Eha Nurk, Marie Kunešová, Sanja Musić Milanović, Marta García-Solano, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Alexandra Cucu, Anna Fijałkowska, Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Iveta Pudule, Vesselka Duleva, Nazan Yardim, Andrea Gualtieri, Mirjam Heinen, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Zhamyla Usupova, Valentina Peterkova, Lela Shengelia, Jolanda Hyska, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Ausra Petrauskiene, Sanavbar Rakhmatullaeva, Enisa Kujundzic, Sergej M. Ostojic, Daniel Weghuber, Marina Melkumova, Igor Spiroski, Gregor Starc, Harry Rutter, Giulia Rathmes, Anne Charlotte Bunge, Ivo Rakovac, Khadichamo Boymatova, Martin Weber, and João Breda
Subjects: nutrition, child, obesity, surveillance, health, noncommunicable diseases, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: Consuming a healthy diet in childhood helps to protect against malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This cross-sectional study described the diets of 132,489 children aged six to nine years from 23 countries participating in round four (2015–2017) of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Children’s parents or caregivers were asked to complete a questionnaire that contained indicators of energy-balance-related behaviors (including diet). For each country, we calculated the percentage of children who consumed breakfast, fruit, vegetables, sweet snacks or soft drinks “every day”, “most days (four to six days per week)”, “some days (one to three days per week)”, or “never or less than once a week”. We reported these results stratified by country, sex, and region. On a daily basis, most children (78.5%) consumed breakfast, fewer than half (42.5%) consumed fruit, fewer than a quarter (22.6%) consumed fresh vegetables, and around one in ten consumed sweet snacks or soft drinks (10.3% and 9.4%, respectively); however, there were large between-country differences. This paper highlights an urgent need to create healthier food and drink environments, reinforce health systems to promote healthy diets, and continue to support child nutrition and obesity surveillance.
Published: 2020
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7. Clustering of Multiple Energy Balance-Related Behaviors in School Children and its Association with Overweight and Obesity—WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI 2015–2017)

Author: Silvia Bel-Serrat, Ana Ojeda-Rodríguez, Mirjam M. Heinen, Marta Buoncristiano, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Vesselka Duleva, Victoria Farrugia Sant’Angelo, Anna Fijałkowska, Tatjana Hejgaard, Constanta Huidumac, Jolanda Hyska, Enisa Kujundzic, Sanja Musić Milanović, Guljemal Ovezmyradova, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, Ausra Petrauskiene, Ana Isabel Rito, Lela Shengelia, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Harry Rutter, Celine M. Murrin, Cecily C. Kelleher, and João Breda
Subjects: cluster analysis, energy balance-related behaviors, physical activity, sedentary behavior, screen time, dietary intake, overweight, obesity, children, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract: It is unclear how dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviors co-occur in school-aged children. We investigated the clustering of energy balance-related behaviors and whether the identified clusters were associated with weight status. Participants were 6- to 9-year-old children (n = 63,215, 49.9% girls) from 19 countries participating in the fourth round (2015/2017) of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Energy balance-related behaviors were parentally reported. Weight and height were objectively measured. We performed cluster analysis separately per group of countries (North Europe, East Europe, South Europe/Mediterranean countries and West-Central Asia). Seven clusters were identified in each group. Healthier clusters were common across groups. The pattern of distribution of healthy and unhealthy behaviors within each cluster was group specific. Associations between the clustering of energy balance-related behaviors and weight status varied per group. In South Europe/Mediterranean countries and East Europe, all or most of the cluster solutions were associated with higher risk of overweight/obesity when compared with the cluster ‘Physically active and healthy diet’. Few or no associations were observed in North Europe and West-Central Asia, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that unfavorable weight status is associated with a particular combination of energy balance-related behavior patterns, but only in some groups of countries.
Published: 2019
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8. S02-1 Physical activity and sedentary behaviour of children aged 6-9 in Europe: an analysis within the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)

Author: Stephen Whiting, Marta Buoncristiano, Peter Gelius, Karim Abu-Omar, Mary Pattison, Jolanda Hyska, Vesselka Duleva, Sanja Musić Milanović, Hana Zamrazilová, Tatjana Hejgaard, Mette Rasmussen, Eha Nurk, Lela Shengelia, Cecily C Kelleher, Mirjam M Heinen, Angela Spinelli, Paola Nardone, Akbota Abildina, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Zhamyila Usuopva, Iveta Pudule, Aušra Petrauskiene, Victoria Farrugia Sant’ Angelo, Enisa Kujundzic, Stevo Popovic, Anne-Siri Fismen, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Anna Fijalkowska, Ana Isabel Rito, Alexandra Cucu, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Valentina Peterkova, Andrea Gualtieri, Marta García-Solano, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Zulfinissio Abdurrahmonova, Khadichamo Boymatova, Nazan Yardim, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Daniel Weghuber, Karin Schindler, Dragana Stojisavljević, Aida Filipović Hadžiomeragić, Eliza Markidou Ionnaidu, Wolfgang Ahrens, Maria Hassapidou, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Sergej M Ostojic, Lubica Ticha, Gregor Starc, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Igor Spiroski, Harry Rutter, Romeu Mendes, Julianne Williams, Ivo Rakovac, and João Breda
Subjects: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Abstract: Background Children are becoming less physically active for a variety of interrelated reasons. The availability of opportunities for safe active playgrounds, recreational activities and active transport has decreased, while time spend on sedentary screen-based activities has increased. This study aimed to evaluate physical activity (PA), sedentary and sleep behaviours of children aged 6-9 years in Europe using data from the WHO Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Methods The fourth COSI data collection round was conducted in 36 countries from 2015-2018 using a standardized protocol including a family form completed by parents with specific questions about diet and physical activity-related behaviours. Results Nationally representative data from the 24 countries, who filled in the non-mandatory family record form, were included. Information on PA, screen-time and sleep behaviours of 137,807 children were analysed. Pooled analysis showed that: one in two children walked or cycled to school every day; one in two children were members of a sport or dancing club; around 40 % of children spent at least two hours per day watching TV or using electronic devices; around four in five children were actively or vigorously playing each day; around 88 % of children slept for at least nine hours per night. Country specific analyses showed pronounced differences in prevalence estimates between countries. Conclusions While the severity of the problem varies between countries, physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours are common across the European Region. Policy makers across the Region must do more in order to increase opportunities for young people to participate in daily activities. Furthermore, they should explore solutions to reduce the amount of time spend on sedentary activities, in order to halt the rise in overweight and obesity.
Published: 2022

9. S02-2 Socioeconomic determinants of physical activity, sleep and screen time among children aged 6-9 years of age in Europe

Author: Sanja Music Milanovic, Marta Buoncristiano, Helena Križan, Giulia Rathmes, Julianne Williams, Jolanda Hyska, Vesselka Duleva, Hana Zamrazilová, Tatjana Hejgaard, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Benoît Salanave, Lela Shengelia, Cecily C Kelleher, Angela Spinelli, Paola Nardone, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Zhamilya Usupova, Iveta Pudule, Ausra Petrauskiene, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Enisa Kujundžic, Anna Fijałkowska, Ana Isabel Rito, Alexandra Cucu, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Valentina Peterkova, Andrea Gualtieri, Marta García-Solano, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Khadichamo Boymatova, Mahmut S Yardim, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Marina Melkumova, Daniel Weghuber, Eha Nurk, Päivi Mäki, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Sergej M Ostojic, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Igor Spiroski, Harry Rutter, Wolfgang Ahrens, Ivo Rakovac, Stephen Whiting, and João Breda
Subjects: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Abstract: Background Physical activity is key for preventing obesity and development of noncommunicable diseases later in life. Previous research suggests that socioeconomic factors, such as parental education or income, may influence a child’s risk of obesity. However, previous research on this has provided heterogeneity in results. Our aim was to investigate the socioeconomic disparities between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep patterns in school-aged children aged 6 to 9 years in 24 European countries, using a large nationally-representative sample of children from 24 countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Georgia, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Montenegro, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation – only Moscow, San Marino Republic, Spain, Tajikistan, Türkiye and Turkmenistan). Methods COSI collected information on physical activity patterns of children, sedentary behaviour and sleep duration through a questionnaire filled by parents. Among these, the paper focused on the following behaviours: Transportation to and from schools, Time spent on practising sports, Time spent on actively/vigorously playing, Time spent watching TV or using electronic devices and Hours of sleep per night. For the paper purpose, countries were grouped in 4 macro-regions according to United Nations “Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use”. Results Findings indicated that a high prevalence of motorized school transport among children of employed parents in Southern Europe. The highest prevalence of insufficient sports and active play was among families from West-Central Asia who meet the end of the month with troubles, the highest prevalence of excessive screen time is among families from Eastern Europe, where both parents have a low level of education and the highest prevalence of insufficient sleep is among families from West-Central Asia where both parents have a high level of education. Conclusions There are important differences in the socioeconomic determinants of PA, sleep and screen related behaviours both between countries and sub-regions across the WHO European Region. This analysis of results from the COSI survey provides important insights that can help guide policy makers to take action to address the childhood obesity epidemic.
Published: 2022

10. FADS1 genetic variant rs174547 as a molecular-genetic biomarker for CVD risk: A study from Bulgaria

Author: Elena Kuzova, Tzveta Georgieva, and Vesselka Duleva
Subjects: General Medicine, General Chemistry
Abstract: The input of molecular genetic biomarkers allows individual assessment of metabolic pathways and the behaviour of the major enzymes responsible for nutrient conversion. This in turn enriches the nutrigenetic information fund, and the panels of well-studied gene variants and their interaction with nutrients can be used to create precise personalized diets. Our objective was to determine the significance of the rs174547 genetic variant in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene in the metabolism of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids ingested with food and to identify the potential of FADS1 rs174547 as a molecular genetic marker to be included in a panel of nutrigenetic studies in order to prepare a personalized diet plan. A total of 123 volunteers (43 men and 80 women) from Bulgaria, aged 28 to 65 years, were tested for rs174547 in the FADS1 gene. A DNA sample was taken from each volunteer by a non-invasive method (buccal swabs), and the genetic variant of each individual was determined by molecular genetic approaches. Their general health was assessed by taking anthropometric and body impedance measurements data and completing a lifestyle survey. The lipid profile included testing for triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, and blood sugar. Information on the total food intake was collected through questionnaire methods. The results of the statistical tests show that there is a statistically significant difference between the two genotypes only in HDL cholesterol levels (P = 0.044, at P < 0.05) - carriers of the C/T genotype have lower mean concentration values of HDL-cholesterol (1.27 mmol/l) than for T/T variant carriers (1.48 mmol/l). Among men, there were statistically significant differences in mean levels of total cholesterol (P = 0.012) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.008) between the two genotypes. Among women, there was a statistically significant difference between the two genotypes only in terms of mean triglyceride levels (P = 0.007). The differences in the other studied indicators do not satisfy the criterion for significance (P < 0.05). The results suggest an effect of the intake of SFA (saturated fatty acids) and MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) on the relationship between rs174547 polymorphism and plasma lipids (total and LDL-cholesterol) only in men. Studies of the Bulgarian population prove extremely low intake of omega-3 fatty acids due to low consumption of fish. These findings and the lack of data for Bulgaria on genetic variants of FADS1 are a prerequisite for conducting in-depth studies of both risk groups, such as patients with cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia or nutritional deficiency of LC-PUFAs, and in healthy people.
Published: 2021

11. Thinness, overweight, and obesity in 6- to 9-year-old children from 36 countries:The World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative—COSI 2015–2017

Author: Aušra Petrauskienė, João Breda, Stevo Popovic, Sanja Musić Milanović, Elena Sacchini, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Angela Spinelli, Khadichamo Boymatova, Akbota Abildina, Andrea Gualtieri, Martin Weber, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Jolanda Hyska, Cecily Kelleher, Päivi Mäki, Dragana Stojisavljević, Igor Spiroski, Daniel Weghuber, Maria Hassapidou, Ľubica Tichá, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Marie Kunešová, Sergej M. Ostojic, Ivo Rakovac, Lütfiye Hilal Özcebe, Valentina Peterkova, Alexandra Cucu, Aida Filipović Hadžiomeragić, Marina Melkumova, Enisa Kujundžić, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Eha Nurk, Tatjana Hejgaard, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Petur Benedikt Juliusson, Paola Nardone, Vesselka Duleva, Zhamilya Usupova, Gregor Starc, Benoît Salanave, Anne-Siri Fismen, Marta García-Solano, Marta Buoncristiano, Sanavbar Rakhmatulleoeva, Julianne Williams, Karin Schindler, Ana Isabel Rito, Mirjam M. Heinen, Anna Fijałkowska, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Iveta Pudule, Harry Rutter, and Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse
Subjects: Male, Pediatric Obesity, obesity, malnutrition, prevention, thinness, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Geographic variation, Overweight, Saúde Pública, World Health Organization, World health, Childhood obesity, Body Mass Index, WHO, Thinness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Child, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, Portugal, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Obesity, Europe, Malnutrition, European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Female, Underweight, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde, Demography
Abstract: In 2015-2017, the fourth round of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) was conducted in 36 countries. National representative samples of children aged 6–9 (203,323) were measured by trained staff, with similar equipment and using a standardized protocol. This paper assesses the children's body weight status and compares the burden of childhood overweight, obesity, and thinness in Northern, Eastern, and Southern Europe and Central Asia. The results show great geographic variability in height, weight, and body mass index. On average, the children of Northern Europe were the tallest, those of Southern Europe the heaviest, and the children living in Central Asia the lightest and the shortest. Overall, 28.7% of boys and 26.5% of girls were overweight (including obesity) and 2.5% and 1.9%, respectively, were thin according to the WHO definitions. The prevalence of obesity varied from 1.8% of boys and 1.1% of girls in Tajikistan to 21.5% and 19.2%, respectively, in Cyprus, and tended to be higher for boys than for girls. Levels of thinness, stunting, and underweight were relatively low, except in Eastern Europe (for thinness) and in Central Asia. Despite the efforts to halt it, unhealthy weight status is still an important problem in the WHO European Region. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from the following: Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Austria: Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Republic of Austria; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grants AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR – RVO EÚ 00023761; Cyprus: not available; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education and Research (IUT 42-2), WHO Country Office, and National Institute for Health Development; Finland: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare; France: Santé publique France, the French Agency for Public Health; Georgia: WHO; Greece: International Hellenic University and Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity; Hungary: WHO Country Office for Hungary; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization; Latvia: Ministry of Health, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; North Macedonia: funded by the Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health in the country. WHO country office provided support for training and data management; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Russian Federation: WHO; San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry, Social Security Institute and Health Authority; Serbia: World Health Organization (Ref. File 2015-540940); Slovakia: Biennial Collaborative Agreement between WHO Regional Office for Europe and Ministry of Health SR; Slovenia: Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia within the SLOfit surveillance system; Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Sweden: Public Health Agency of Sweden; Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health; Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

12. Methodology and implementation of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)

Author: Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Alexandra Cucu, Tatjana Hejgaard, Andrea Gualtieri, Angela Spinelli, Enisa Kujundžić, Iveta Pudule, Harry Rutter, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Ľubica Tichá, Ana Isabel Rito, Marta García-Solano, Marina Melkumova, Eha Nurk, Sergej M. Ostojic, Jolanda M. A. Boer, Márta Bakacs, Dragana Stojisavljević, Maria Hassapidou, Igor Spiroski, Ronit Endevelt, Nabil Seyidov, Lela Shengelia, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Vladyslav Zbanatskyi, Hana Zamrazilová, Nazan Yardim, Aušra Petrauskienė, Zhamilya Usupova, Vesselka Duleva, Benoît Salanave, Sanja Musić Milanović, Else Karin Grøholt, Francesco Branca, Anna Fijałkowska, Khadichamo Boymatova, Julianne Williams, Isabelle Moyersoen, Martin Weber, Karen McColl, Ivo Rakovac, Aida Filipović Hadžiomeragić, Gregor Starc, Daniel Weghuber, Dilorom Akhmedova, Marta Buoncristiano, Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova, Wolfgang Ahrens, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Jolanda Hyska, Valentina Peterkova, Natalia Silitrari, João Breda, Päivi Mäki, Cecily Kelleher, and Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo
Subjects: Pediatric Obesity, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Physical activity, Overweight, World Health Organization, hildren, methodology, obesity, surveillance, Childhood obesity, Pediatric Obesity / epidemiology, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Environmental health, medicine, Prevalence, Humans, Obesity, Child, Children, Exercise, Data collection, Surveillance, Schools, Portugal, business.industry, Potential risk, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Methodology, Sedentary behavior, medicine.disease, Europe, Normal weight, European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, COSI, medicine.symptom, business, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Establishment of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI)has resulted in a surveillance system which provides regular, reliable, timely, andaccurate data on children's weight status—through standardized measurement ofbodyweight and height—in the WHO European Region. Additional data on dietaryintake, physical activity, sedentary behavior, family background, and schoolenvironments are collected in several countries. In total, 45 countries in the EuropeanRegion have participated in COSI. The first five data collection rounds, between 2007and 2021, yielded measured anthropometric data on over 1.3 million children. In COSI,data are collected according to a common protocol, using standardized instrumentsand procedures. The systematic collection and analysis of these data enables inter-country comparisons and reveals differences in the prevalence of childhood thinness,overweight, normal weight, and obesity between and within populations. Furthermore,it facilitates investigation of the relationship between overweight, obesity, and poten-tial risk or protective factors and improves the understanding of the development ofoverweight and obesity in European primary-school children in order to supportappropriate and effective policy responses. The authors gratefully acknowledge support through a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. The ministries of health of Austria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Norway, and the Russian Federation provided financial support for the meetings at which the protocol, data collection procedures, and analyses were discussed. Data collection in countries was made possible through funding from the following: Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health. Austria: Federal Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, Health and Consumer Protection of Austria. Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Bosnia and Herzegovina: WHO country office support for training and data management. Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health, and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant number 17-31670A and MZCR—RVO EU 00023761. Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health. Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education and Research (IUT 42-2), WHO Country Office, and National Institute for Health Development. Finland: Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. France: Santé publique France (the French Agency for Public Health). Georgia: WHO. Greece: International Hellenic University and Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity. Hungary: WHO Country Office for Hungary. Ireland: Health Service Executive. Italy: Ministry of Health. Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, WHO, and UNICEF. Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization. Latvia: Ministry of Health and Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO. Malta: Ministry of Health. Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro. North Macedonia: Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health; WHO country office provides support for training and data management. Norway: the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, the Norwegian Directorate of Health, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health. Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates, and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS). Romania: Ministry of Health. Russian Federation: WHO. San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry, and Social Security Institute and Health Authority. Serbia: WHO and the WHO Country Office (2015-540940 and 2018/873491-0). Slovakia: Biennial Collaborative Agreement between WHO Regional Office for Europe and Ministry of Health SR. Slovenia: Ministry of Education, Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia within the SLOfit surveillance system. Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition. Sweden: Public Health Agency of Sweden. Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health. Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

13. Urban and rural differences in frequency of fruit, vegetable, and soft drink consumption among 6–9‐year‐old children from 19 countries from the WHO European region

Author: Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Iveta Pudule, Harry Rutter, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Marta Buoncristiano, Daniel Weghuber, Ivo Rakovac, Mirjam M. Heinen, Alexandra Cucu, Julianne Williams, Anna Fijałkowska, Enrique Gutiérrrez-González, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Ana Isabel Rito, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Enisa Kujundžić, Lela Shengelia, Khadichamo Boymatova, Igor Spiroski, Ausra Petrauskiene, Zhamilya Usupova, Marie Kunešová, Angela Spinelli, Andrea Gualtieri, Eha Nurk, Vesselka Duleva, Martin Weber, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova, João Breda, Sanja Musić Milanović, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Ľubica Tichá, Sergej M. Ostojic, Paola Nardone, Tatjana Hejgaard, Jolanda Hyska, Elena Sacchini, Cecily Kelleher, A Tülay Bağci Bosi, and Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo
Subjects: Pediatric Obesity, Internationality, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Psychological intervention, Carbonated Beverages, Saúde Pública, Pediatric Obesity / epidemiology, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, soft drinks, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vegetables, Medicine, Child, Pediatric Obesity / prevention & control, education.field_of_study, Access to Healthy Foods, European region, SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities, Europe, COSI, vegetables, Population, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, Odds, children, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Urbanization, Environmental health, Humans, education, Consumption (economics), Portugal, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, fruit, Feeding Behavior, medicine.disease, Diet, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fruit, rural, Soft drink, business, urban, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: In order to address the paucity of evidence on the association between childhood eating habits and urbanization, this cross-sectional study describes urban–rural differences in frequency of fruit, vegetable, and soft drink consumption in 123,100 children aged 6–9 years from 19 countries participating in the fourth round (2015-2017) of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Children's parents/caregivers completed food-frequency questionnaires. A multivariate multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed and revealed wide variability among countries and within macroregions for all indicators. The percentage of children attending rural schools ranged from 3% in Turkey to 70% in Turkmenistan. The prevalence of less healthy eating habits was high, with between 30–80% and 30–90% children not eating fruit or vegetables daily, respectively, and up to 45% consuming soft drinks on >3 days a week. For less than one third of the countries, children attending rural schools had higher odds (OR-range: 1.1–2.1) for not eating fruit or vegetables daily or consuming soft drinks >3 days a week compared to children attending urban schools. For the remainder of the countries no significant associations were observed. Both population-based interventions and policy strategies are necessary to improve access to healthy foods and increase healthy eating behaviors among children. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Austria: Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection, Republic of Austria; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR–RVO EÚ 00023761; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; Estonia: Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Education and Research (IUT 42-2), WHO Country Office, and National Institute for Health Development; Georgia: WHO; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization; Latvia: Ministry of Health, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; North Macedonia: COSI in North Macedonia is funded by the Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health in the country. WHO country office provides support for training and data management; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Serbia: This study was supported by the World Health Organization (Ref. File 2015-540940); Slovakia: Biennial Collaborative Agreement between WHO Regional Office for Europe and Ministry of Health SR; Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health; Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

14. Socioeconomic differences in food habits among 6- to 9-year-old children from 23 countries—WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI 2015/2017)

Author: Anne‐Siri Fismen, Marta Buoncristiano, Julianne Williams, Arnfinn Helleve, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Márta Bakacs, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Khadichamo Boymatova, Vesselka Duleva, Anna Fijałkowska, Marta García‐Solano, Andrea Gualtieri, Enrique Gutiérrez‐González, Tatjana Hejgaard, Constanta Huidumac‐Petrescu, Jolanda Hyska, Cecily C. Kelleher, Lene Kierkegaard, Enisa Kujundžić, Marie Kunešová, Sanja Musić Milanović, Paola Nardone, Eha Nurk, Sergej M. Ostojic, Lütfiye Hilal Ozcebe, Valentina Peterkova, Ausra Petrauskiene, Iveta Pudule, Sanavbar Rakhmatulleoeva, Ivo Rakovac, Ana Isabel Rito, Harry Rutter, Elena Sacchini, Dragana Stojisavljević, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Lela Shengelia, Angela Spinelli, Igor Spiroski, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Zhamilya Usupova, Daniel Weghuber, and João Breda
Subjects: Parents, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatric Obesity, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Psychological intervention, Food habits, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, food habits, World Health Organization, Saúde Pública, Childhood obesity, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, children, Environmental health, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Social inequality, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Socioeconomic status, Socioeconomic differences, food haits, social inequalities, socioeconomic differences, 2. Zero hunger, Consumption (economics), Portugal, Public health, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Feeding Behavior, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Diet, Europe, Cross-Sectional Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, COSI, Psychology, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Background: Socioeconomic differences in children's food habits are a key public health concern. In order to inform policy makers, cross-country surveillance studies of dietary patterns across socioeconomic groups are required. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and children's food habits. Methods: The study was based on nationally representative data from children aged 6-9 years (n = 129,164) in 23 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. Multivariate multilevel analyses were used to explore associations between children's food habits (consumption of fruit, vegetables, and sugar-containing soft drinks) and parental education, perceived family wealth and parental employment status. Results: Overall, the present study suggests that unhealthy food habits are associated with lower SES, particularly as assessed by parental education and family perceived wealth, but not parental employment status. We found cross-national and regional variation in associations between SES and food habits and differences in the extent to which the respective indicators of SES were related to children's diet. Conclusion: Socioeconomic differences in children's food habits exist in the majority of European and Asian countries examined in this study. The results are of relevance when addressing strategies, policy actions, and interventions targeting social inequalities in children's diets. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from Albania: WHO through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČ–VO EÚ 00023761; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; Georgia: WHO; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and WHO Country Office; Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization; Latvia: Ministry of Health, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Russian Federation: WHO; San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry; Serbia: This study was supported by the World Health Organization (Ref. File 2015-540940); Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health; Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. The CO-CREATE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 774210. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

15. Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Luxia Zhang, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Kairit Mikkel, Tiina Vlasoff, Eruke E. Egbagbe, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Ilona Nenko, Magdalena Klimek, Mathilde Savy, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Luís Lopes, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Jacqueline F. Price, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Maria Lc Iurilli, Rainford J. Wilks, Bontha V. Babu, Fereidoun Azizi, Harunobu Nakamura, Marialaura Bonaccio, Angela Döring, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Clive Osmond, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Robert J. Adams, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Reina Engle-Stone, Atul Trivedi, Shoichiro Tsugane, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Bahram Mohajer, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Lital Keinan Boker, Eero Kajantie, Martin Gulliford, Maties Torrent, Sumit Bharadwaj, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Zbigniew Gaciong, Nayu Ikeda, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Marc J. Gunter, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Eman Aly, Ambady Ramachandran, Nils Lehmann, Soile E. Puhakka, Giovanni Veronesi, Hongsheng Bi, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Per Tynelius, José María Huerta, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Hanno Ulmer, Shukri F. Mohamed, Anthony Kafatos, Suyeon Park, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Bin Zhou, May Soe Aung, Lars Bo Andersen, Erfan Ghasemi, René Charles Sylva, Himanshu K. Chaturvedi, Luc Dauchet, Ahmad Ali Zainuddin, Angela Chetrit, Dan Zhu, Valérie Deschamps, Ko Ko Zaw, Peter Vollenweider, Tomas Vega, Yves Martin-Prével, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Roman Topor-Madry, Vinay Nangia, Herculina S. Kruger, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Aleksander Giwercman, Elżbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Cecilia Björkelund, Tatjana Hejgaard, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Dermot O'Reilly, Bahareh Kheiri, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susanne R. de Rooij, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Günther Fink, José R. Banegas, Michele Monroy-Valle, Drude Molbo, Mahmudur Rahman, Hynek Pikhart, Rafael N. Pichardo, Massimo Salvetti, Hui Cai, Sarah Filippi, Georg Posch, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Katsuyasu Kouda, Joana Carvalho, Gailute Bernotiene, Hannu Uusitalo, Thein Thein Htay, Felix Kaducu, Maigeng Zhou, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Michel Joffres, Sabina Zambon, Ronald D. Gregor, Vayia Rarra, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Loreto Santa Marina, Galina Obreja, Rudolf Kaaks, Aya Mostafa, Maria do Carmo Franco, Beata Gurzkowska, Chien-Jen Chen, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Xiangjun Wang, Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro, Imperia Brajkovich, Fangfang Chen, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Holly E. Syddall, Cecily Kelleher, Michael Tornaritis, Ningli Wang, Lutgarde Thijs, Marjolein Visser, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, María José Tormo, Jostein Steene-Johannessen, Norbert Amougou, Emmanuella Magriplis, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Jingli Gao, Stig E. Bojesen, Giuseppe Grosso, Seongjun Ha, Lauren Lissner, Mikhail Benet, Anastasia Markaki, Sanjay Rampal, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Annamari Lundqvist, Philippe Amouyel, Kristyna Zejglicova, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Fatima Zahra Laamiri, Carl Lachat, Kai-Uwe Saum, Vilma Irazola, Leng Huat Foo, Óscar Lopes, Dickman Gareta, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Ruzena Kubinova, Terho Lehtimäki, Mario V. Capanzana, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Shuohua Chen, Arvind Pandey, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Srinivasan Kannan, Jie Mi, Robert Beaglehole, Liliana Dacica, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Peter Ueda, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Hermann Pohlabeln, Morten Sodemann, Jytte Halkjær, Zbigniew Kułaga, Sophie Visvikis-Siest, Farshad Farzadfar, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Henry Völzke, Karolina Milkowska, Zahra Mohammadi, Belgin Ünal, Magda Gasull, George S. Stergiou, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Seppo Koskinen, James E. Bennett, Marcela González-Gross, Virginija Dulskiene, Idris Guessous, Assembekov Batyrbek, Kamarul Imran Musa, Jeannette Lee, Josep Redon, Bihungum Bista, Luisa M Macieira, Johan Sundström, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Flora A. Ukoli, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Andrea Gualtieri, Trevor S. Ferguson, Félicité Tchibindat, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tuyen D Le, Alison J. Hayes, Abdul Basit, Chandini Nekkantti, Teresa Norat, Eunice Ugel, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Aline Meirhaeghe, Kaare Christensen, Päivi Mäki, Xu Lin, Ali Esmaeili, Joanna Baran, Aneta Grajda, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Martin Bobak, Iuliia A Rusakova, Keiu Nelis, Damian K Francis, Guansheng Ma, Axel C. Carlsson, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, N Capkova, Zumin Shi, Maria Turley, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Helena I. S. 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Casajús, Guang Ning, Lutgart Braeckman, Dirk Vanderschueren, Jochanan Stessman, Ivana Radic, Yi Zeng, Hans Concin, Damaskini Valvi, Sari Hantunen, Catherine Kyobutungi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Wenhua Zhao, Sok King Ong, Anne W. Taylor, Iraj Nabipour, Justyna Godos, Cyrus Cooper, Mattias Johansson, Samuel C. Dumith, Magdalena Muc, Sabine Schipf, Idowu O Senbanjo, Jim Mann, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Yih Chung Tham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Joseph Cacciottolo, Ana Henriques, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Constance Schultsz, Santiago F. Gomez, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Pierre Traissac, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Abdullah Alkandari, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Silvana Donoso, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Dianna J. 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Ltd, Orebro University, University of London, Universitas Indonesia, Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, University of Cyprus, Niigata University, International Medical University, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Care, Peking University First Hospital, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sun Yat-sen University, West Kazakhstan Medical University, Inner Mongolia Medical University, University of Ghana, Maria Lc Iurilli , Bin Zhou , James E Bennett , Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco , Marisa K Sophiea , Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez , Honor Bixby , Bethlehem D Solomon , Cristina Taddei , Goodarz Danaei , Mariachiara Di Cesare , Gretchen A Stevens , Leanne M Riley , Stefan Savin , Melanie J Cowan , Pascal Bovet , Albertino Damasceno , Adela Chirita-Emandi , Alison J Hayes , Nayu Ikeda , Rod T Jackson , Young-Ho Khang , Avula Laxmaiah , Jing Liu , J Jaime Miranda , Olfa Saidi , Sylvain Sebert , Maroje Sorić , Gregor Starc , Edward W Gregg , Leandra Abarca-Gómez , Ziad A Abdeen , Shynar Abdrakhmanova , Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar , Hanan F Abdul Rahim , Niveen M Abu-Rmeileh , Jamila Abubakar Garba , Benjamin Acosta-Cazares , Robert J Adams , Wichai Aekplakorn , Kaosar Afsana , Shoaib Afzal , Imelda A Agdeppa , Javad Aghazadeh-Attari , Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas , Charles Agyemang , Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad , Noor Ani Ahmad , Ali Ahmadi , Naser Ahmadi , Soheir H Ahmed , Wolfgang Ahrens , Gulmira Aitmurzaeva , Kamel Ajlouni , Hazzaa M Al-Hazzaa , Badreya Al-Lahou , Rajaa Al-Raddadi , Monira Alarouj , Fadia AlBuhairan , Shahla AlDhukair , Mohamed M Ali , Abdullah Alkandari , Ala'a Alkerwi , Kristine Allin , Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol , Eman Aly , Deepak N Amarapurkar , Parisa Amiri , Norbert Amougou , Philippe Amouyel , Lars Bo Andersen , Sigmund A Anderssen , Lars Ängquist , Ranjit Mohan Anjana , Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam , Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri , Joana Araújo , Inger Ariansen , Tahir Aris , Raphael E Arku , Nimmathota Arlappa , Krishna K Aryal , Thor Aspelund , Felix K Assah , Maria Cecília F Assunção , May Soe Aung , Juha Auvinen , Mária Avdicová , Shina Avi , Ana Azevedo , Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad , Fereidoun Azizi , Mehrdad Azmin , Bontha V Babu , Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen , Azli Baharudin , Suhad Bahijri , Jennifer L Baker , Nagalla Balakrishna , Mohamed Bamoshmoosh , Maciej Banach , Piotr Bandosz , José R Banegas , Joanna Baran , Barbagallo CM, Alberto Barceló , Amina Barkat , Aluisio Jd Barros , Mauro Virgílio Gomes Barros , Abdul Basit , Joao Luiz D Bastos , Iqbal Bata , Anwar M Batieha , Rosangela L Batista , Zhamilya Battakova , Assembekov Batyrbek , Louise A Baur , Robert Beaglehole , Silvia Bel-Serrat , Antonisamy Belavendra , Habiba Ben Romdhane , Judith Benedics , Mikhail Benet , Ingunn Holden Bergh , Salim Berkinbayev , Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz , Gailute Bernotiene , Heloísa Bettiol , Jorge Bezerra , Aroor Bhagyalaxmi , Sumit Bharadwaj , Santosh K Bhargava , Zulfiqar A Bhutta , Hongsheng Bi , Yufang Bi , Daniel Bia , Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Mukharram M Bikbov , Bihungum Bista , Dusko J Bjelica , Peter Bjerregaard , Espen Bjertness , Marius B Bjertness , Cecilia Björkelund , Katia V Bloch , Anneke Blokstra , Simona Bo , Martin Bobak , Lynne M Boddy , Bernhard O Boehm , Heiner Boeing , Jose G Boggia , Elena Bogova , Carlos P Boissonnet , Stig E Bojesen , Marialaura Bonaccio , Vanina Bongard , Alice Bonilla-Vargas , Matthias Bopp , Herman Borghs , Lien Braeckevelt , Lutgart Braeckman , Marjolijn Ce Bragt , Imperia Brajkovich , Francesco Branca , Juergen Breckenkamp , João Breda , Hermann Brenner , Lizzy M Brewster , Garry R Brian , Lacramioara Brinduse , Sinead Brophy , Graziella Bruno , H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita , Anna Bugge , Marta Buoncristiano , Genc Burazeri , Con Burns , Antonio Cabrera de León , Joseph Cacciottolo , Hui Cai , Tilema Cama , Christine Cameron , José Camolas , Günay Can , Ana Paula C Cândido , Felicia Cañete , Mario V Capanzana , Nadežda Capková , Eduardo Capuano , Vincenzo Capuano , Marloes Cardol , Viviane C Cardoso , Axel C Carlsson , Esteban Carmuega , Joana Carvalho , José A Casajús , Felipe F Casanueva , Ertugrul Celikcan , Laura Censi , Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza , Juraci A Cesar , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Angelique W Chan , Queenie Chan , Himanshu K Chaturvedi , Nish Chaturvedi , Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim , Miao Li Chee , Chien-Jen Chen , Fangfang Chen , Huashuai Chen , Shuohua Chen , Zhengming Chen , Ching-Yu Cheng , Bahman Cheraghian , Angela Chetrit , Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener , Arnaud Chiolero , Shu-Ti Chiou , María-Dolores Chirlaque , Belong Cho , Kaare Christensen , Diego G Christofaro , Jerzy Chudek , Renata Cifkova , Michelle Cilia , Eliza Cinteza , Frank Claessens , Janine Clarke , Els Clays , Emmanuel Cohen , Hans Concin , Susana C Confortin , Cyrus Cooper , Tara C Coppinger , Eva Corpeleijn , Simona Costanzo , Dominique Cottel , Chris Cowell , Cora L Craig , Amelia C Crampin , Ana B Crujeiras , Semánová Csilla , Alexandra M Cucu , Liufu Cui , Felipe V Cureau , Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska , Graziella D'Arrigo , Eleonora d'Orsi , Liliana Dacica , María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra , Jean Dallongeville , Camilla T Damsgaard , Rachel Dankner , Thomas M Dantoft , Parasmani Dasgupta , Saeed Dastgiri , Luc Dauchet , Kairat Davletov , Guy De Backer , Dirk De Bacquer , Giovanni de Gaetano , Stefaan De Henauw , Paula Duarte de Oliveira , David De Ridder , Karin De Ridder , Susanne R de Rooij , Delphine De Smedt , Mohan Deepa , Alexander D Deev , Vincent Jr DeGennaro , Abbas Dehghan , Hélène Delisle , Francis Delpeuch , Stefaan Demarest , Elaine Dennison , Katarzyna Dereń , Valérie Deschamps , Meghnath Dhimal , Augusto F Di Castelnuovo , Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa , María Elena Díaz-Sánchez , Alejandro Diaz , Zivka Dika , Shirin Djalalinia , Visnja Djordjic , Ha Tp Do , Annette J Dobson , Maria Benedetta Donati , Chiara Donfrancesco , Silvana P Donoso , Angela Döring , Maria Dorobantu , Ahmad Reza Dorosty , Kouamelan Doua , Nico Dragano , Wojciech Drygas , Jia Li Duan , Charmaine A Duante , Priscilla Duboz , Rosemary B Duda , Vesselka Duleva , Virginija Dulskiene , Samuel C Dumith , Anar Dushpanova , Vilnis Dzerve , Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk , Ricky Eddie , Ebrahim Eftekhar , Eruke E Egbagbe , Robert Eggertsen , Sareh Eghtesad , Gabriele Eiben , Ulf Ekelund , Mohammad El-Khateeb , Jalila El Ati , Denise Eldemire-Shearer , Marie Eliasen , Paul Elliott , Reina Engle-Stone , Macia Enguerran , Rajiv T Erasmus , Raimund Erbel , Cihangir Erem , Louise Eriksen , Johan G Eriksson , Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña , Saeid Eslami , Ali Esmaeili , Alun Evans , David Faeh , Albina A Fakhretdinova , Caroline H Fall , Elnaz Faramarzi , Mojtaba Farjam , Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo , Farshad Farzadfar , Mohammad Reza Fattahi , Asher Fawwad , Francisco J Felix-Redondo , Trevor S Ferguson , Romulo A Fernandes , Daniel Fernández-Bergés , Daniel Ferrante , Thomas Ferrao , Marika Ferrari , Marco M Ferrario , Catterina Ferreccio , Eldridge Ferrer , Jean Ferrieres , Thamara Hubler Figueiró , Anna Fijalkowska , Günther Fink , Krista Fischer , Leng Huat Foo , Maria Forsner , Heba M Fouad , Damian K Francis , Maria do Carmo Franco , Ruth Frikke-Schmidt , Guillermo Frontera , Flavio D Fuchs , Sandra C Fuchs , Isti I Fujiati , Yuki Fujita , Matsuda Fumihiko , Takuro Furusawa , Zbigniew Gaciong , Mihai Gafencu , Andrzej Galbarczyk , Henrike Galenkamp , Daniela Galeone , Myriam Galfo , Fabio Galvano , Jingli Gao , Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera , Marta García-Solano , Dickman Gareta , Sarah P Garnett , Jean-Michel Gaspoz , Magda Gasull , Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya , Anelise Reis Gaya , Andrea Gazzinelli , Ulrike Gehring , Harald Geiger , Johanna M Geleijnse , Ali Ghanbari , Erfan Ghasemi , Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea , Simona Giampaoli , Francesco Gianfagna , Tiffany K Gill , Jonathan Giovannelli , Glen Gironella , Aleksander Giwercman , Konstantinos Gkiouras , Justyna Godos , Sibel Gogen , Marcel Goldberg , Rebecca A Goldsmith , David Goltzman , Santiago F Gómez , Aleksandra Gomula , Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro da Silva , Helen Gonçalves , David A Gonzalez-Chica , Marcela Gonzalez-Gross , Margot González-Leon , Juan P González-Rivas , Clicerio González-Villalpando , María-Elena González-Villalpando , Angel R Gonzalez , Frederic Gottrand , Antonio Pedro Graça , Sidsel Graff-Iversen , Dušan Grafnetter , Aneta Grajda , Maria G Grammatikopoulou , Ronald D Gregor , Tomasz Grodzicki , Else Karin Grøholt , Anders Grøntved , Giuseppe Grosso , Gabriella Gruden , Dongfeng Gu , Emanuela Gualdi-Russo , Pilar Guallar-Castillón , Andrea Gualtieri , Elias F Gudmundsson , Vilmundur Gudnason , Ramiro Guerrero , Idris Guessous , Andre L Guimaraes , Martin C Gulliford , Johanna Gunnlaugsdottir , Marc J Gunter , Xiu-Hua Guo , Yin Guo , Prakash C Gupta , Rajeev Gupta , Oye Gureje , Beata Gurzkowska , Enrique Gutiérrez-González , Laura Gutierrez , Felix Gutzwiller , Seongjun Ha , Farzad Hadaegh , Charalambos A Hadjigeorgiou , Rosa Haghshenas , Hamid Hakimi , Jytte Halkjær , Ian R Hambleton , Behrooz Hamzeh , Dominique Hange , Abu Am Hanif , Sari Hantunen , Jie Hao , Rachakulla Hari Kumar , Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri , Maria Hassapidou , Jun Hata , Teresa Haugsgjerd , Jiang He , Yuan He , Yuna He , Regina Heidinger-Felso , Mirjam Heinen , Tatjana Hejgaard , Marleen Elisabeth Hendriks , Rafael Dos Santos Henrique , Ana Henriques , Leticia Hernandez Cadena , Sauli Herrala , Victor M Herrera , Isabelle Herter-Aeberli , Ramin Heshmat , Allan G Hill , Sai Yin Ho , Suzanne C Ho , Michael Hobbs , Michelle Holdsworth , Reza Homayounfar , Clara Homs , Wilma M Hopman , Andrea Rvr Horimoto , Claudia M Hormiga , Bernardo L Horta , Leila Houti , Christina Howitt , Thein Thein Htay , Aung Soe Htet , Maung Maung Than Htike , Yonghua Hu , José María Huerta , Ilpo Tapani Huhtaniemi , Laetitia Huiart , Constanta Huidumac Petrescu , Martijn Huisman , Abdullatif Husseini , Chinh Nguyen Huu , Inge Huybrechts , Nahla Hwalla , Jolanda Hyska , Licia Iacoviello , Jesús M Ibarluzea , Mohsen M Ibrahim , Norazizah Ibrahim Wong , M Arfan Ikram , Violeta Iotova , Vilma E Irazola , Takafumi Ishida , Muhammad Islam , Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam , Masanori Iwasaki , Jeremy M Jacobs , Hashem Y Jaddou , Tazeen Jafar , Kenneth James , Kazi M Jamil , Konrad Jamrozik , Imre Janszky , Edward Janus , Juel Jarani , Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin , Grazyna Jasienska , Ana Jelakovic , Bojan Jelakovic , Garry Jennings , Anjani Kumar Jha , Chao Qiang Jiang , Ramon O Jimenez , Karl-Heinz Jöckel , Michel Joffres , Mattias Johansson , Jari J Jokelainen , Jost B Jonas , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Torben Jørgensen , Pradeep Joshi , Farahnaz Joukar , Dragana P Jovic , Jacek J Jóźwiak , Anne Juolevi , Gregor Jurak , Iulia Jurca Simina , Vesna Juresa , Rudolf Kaaks , Felix O Kaducu , Anthony Kafatos , Eero O Kajantie , Zhanna Kalmatayeva , Ofra Kalter-Leibovici , Yves Kameli , Freja B Kampmann , Kodanda R Kanala , Srinivasan Kannan , Efthymios Kapantais , Argyro Karakosta , Line L Kårhus , Khem B Karki , Marzieh Katibeh , Joanne Katz , Peter T Katzmarzyk , Jussi Kauhanen , Prabhdeep Kaur , Maryam Kavousi , Gyulli M Kazakbaeva , Ulrich Keil , Lital Keinan Boker , Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi , Roya Kelishadi , Cecily Kelleher , Han Cg Kemper , Andre P Kengne , Maryam Keramati , Alina Kerimkulova , Mathilde Kersting , Timothy Key , Yousef Saleh Khader , Davood Khalili , Kay-Tee Khaw , Bahareh Kheiri , Motahareh Kheradmand , Alireza Khosravi , Ilse Msl Khouw , Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer , Stefan Kiechl , Japhet Killewo , Dong Wook Kim , Hyeon Chang Kim , Jeongseon Kim , Jenny M Kindblom , Heidi Klakk , Magdalena Klimek , Jeannette Klimont , Jurate Klumbiene , Michael Knoflach , Bhawesh Koirala , Elin Kolle , Patrick Kolsteren , Jürgen König , Raija Korpelainen , Paul Korrovits , Magdalena Korzycka , Jelena Kos , Seppo Koskinen , Katsuyasu Kouda , Viktoria A Kovacs , Sudhir Kowlessur , Slawomir Koziel , Jana Kratenova , Wolfgang Kratzer , Susi Kriemler , Peter Lund Kristensen , Steinar Krokstad , Daan Kromhout , Herculina S Kruger , Ruzena Kubinova , Renata Kuciene , Urho M Kujala , Enisa Kujundzic , Zbigniew Kulaga , R Krishna Kumar , Marie Kunešová , Pawel Kurjata , Yadlapalli S Kusuma , Kari Kuulasmaa , Catherine Kyobutungi , Quang Ngoc La , Fatima Zahra Laamiri , Tiina Laatikainen , Carl Lachat , Youcef Laid , Tai Hing Lam , Christina-Paulina Lambrinou , Edwige Landais , Vera Lanska , Georg Lappas , Bagher Larijani , Tint Swe Latt , Laura Lauria , Maria Lazo-Porras , Gwenaëlle Le Coroller , Khanh Le Nguyen Bao , Agnès Le Port , Tuyen D Le , Jeannette Lee , Jeonghee Lee , Paul H Lee , Nils Lehmann , Terho Lehtimäki , Daniel Lemogoum , Naomi S Levitt , Yanping Li , Merike Liivak , Christa L Lilly , Wei-Yen Lim , M Fernanda Lima-Costa , Hsien-Ho Lin , Xu Lin , Yi-Ting Lin , Lars Lind , Allan Linneberg , Lauren Lissner , Mieczyslaw Litwin , Lijuan Liu , Wei-Cheng Lo , Helle-Mai Loit , Khuong Quynh Long , Luis Lopes , Oscar Lopes , Esther Lopez-Garcia , Tania Lopez , Paulo A Lotufo , José Eugenio Lozano , Janice L Lukrafka , Dalia Luksiene , Annamari Lundqvist , Robert Lundqvist , Nuno Lunet , Charles Lunogelo , Michala Lustigová , Edyta Łuszczki , Guansheng Ma , Jun Ma , Xu Ma , George Ll Machado-Coelho , Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues , Luisa M Macieira , Ahmed A Madar , Stefania Maggi , Dianna J Magliano , Sara Magnacca , Emmanuella Magriplis , Gowri Mahasampath , Bernard Maire , Marjeta Majer , Marcia Makdisse , Päivi Mäki , Fatemeh Malekzadeh , Reza Malekzadeh , Rahul Malhotra , Kodavanti Mallikharjuna Rao , Sofia K Malyutina , Lynell V Maniego , Yannis Manios , Jim I Mann , Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei , Enzo Manzato , Paula Margozzini , Anastasia Markaki , Oonagh Markey , Eliza Markidou Ioannidou , Pedro Marques-Vidal , Larissa Pruner Marques , Jaume Marrugat , Yves Martin-Prevel , Rosemarie Martin , Reynaldo Martorell , Eva Martos , Katharina Maruszczak , Stefano Marventano , Luis P Mascarenhas , Shariq R Masoodi , Ellisiv B Mathiesen , Prashant Mathur , Alicia Matijasevich , Tandi E Matsha , Christina Mavrogianni , Artur Mazur , Jean Claude N Mbanya , Shelly R McFarlane , Stephen T McGarvey , Martin McKee , Stela McLachlan , Rachael M McLean , Scott B McLean , Breige A McNulty , Sounnia Mediene Benchekor , Jurate Medzioniene , Parinaz Mehdipour , Kirsten Mehlig , Amir Houshang Mehrparvar , Aline Meirhaeghe , Jørgen Meisfjord , Christa Meisinger , Ana Maria B Menezes , Geetha R Menon , Gert Bm Mensink , Maria Teresa Menzano , Alibek Mereke , Indrapal I Meshram , Andres Metspalu , Haakon E Meyer , Jie Mi , Kim F Michaelsen , Nathalie Michels , Kairit Mikkel , Karolina Milkowska , Jody C Miller , Cláudia S Minderico , G K Mini , Juan Francisco Miquel , Mohammad Reza Mirjalili , Daphne Mirkopoulou , Erkin Mirrakhimov , Marjeta Mišigoj-Durakovic , Antonio Mistretta , Veronica Mocanu , Pietro A Modesti , Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam , Bahram Mohajer , Mostafa K Mohamed , Shukri F Mohamed , Kazem Mohammad , Zahra Mohammadi , Noushin Mohammadifard , Reza Mohammadpourhodki , Viswanathan Mohan , Salim Mohanna , Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff , Iraj Mohebbi , Farnam Mohebi , Marie Moitry , Drude Molbo , Line T Møllehave , Niels C Møller , Dénes Molnár , Amirabbas Momenan , Charles K Mondo , Michele Monroy-Valle , Eric Monterrubio-Flores , Kotsedi Daniel K Monyeki , Jin Soo Moon , Mahmood Moosazadeh , Leila B Moreira , Alain Morejon , Luis A Moreno , Karen Morgan , Suzanne N Morin , Erik Lykke Mortensen , George Moschonis , Malgorzata Mossakowska , Aya Mostafa , Anabela Mota-Pinto , Jorge Mota , Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh , Jorge Motta , Marcos André Moura-Dos-Santos , Malay K Mridha , Kelias P Msyamboza , Thet Thet Mu , Magdalena Muc , Boban Mugoša , Maria L Muiesan , Parvina Mukhtorova , Martina Müller-Nurasyid , Neil Murphy , Jaakko Mursu , Elaine M Murtagh , Kamarul Imran Musa , Sanja Music Milanovic , Vera Musil , Norlaila Mustafa , Iraj Nabipour , Shohreh Naderimagham , Gabriele Nagel , Balkish M Naidu , Farid Najafi , Harunobu Nakamura , Jana Námešná , Ei Ei K Nang , Vinay B Nangia , Martin Nankap , Sameer Narake , Paola Nardone , Matthias Nauck , William A Neal , Azim Nejatizadeh , Chandini Nekkantti , Keiu Nelis , Liis Nelis , Ilona Nenko , Martin Neovius , Flavio Nervi , Chung T Nguyen , Nguyen D Nguyen , Quang Ngoc Nguyen , Ramfis E Nieto-Martínez , Yury P Nikitin , Guang Ning , Toshiharu Ninomiya , Sania Nishtar , Marianna Noale , Oscar A Noboa , Helena Nogueira , Teresa Norat , Maria Nordendahl , Børge G Nordestgaard , Davide Noto , Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska , Mohannad Al Nsour , Irfan Nuhoglu , Eha Nurk , Terence W O'Neill , Dermot O'Reilly , Galina Obreja , Caleb Ochimana , Angélica M Ochoa-Avilés , Eiji Oda , Kyungwon Oh , Kumiko Ohara , Claes Ohlsson , Ryutaro Ohtsuka , Örn Olafsson , Maria Teresa A Olinto , Isabel O Oliveira , Mohd Azahadi Omar , Altan Onat , Sok King Ong , Lariane M Ono , Pedro Ordunez , Rui Ornelas , Ana P Ortiz , Pedro J Ortiz , Merete Osler , Clive Osmond , Sergej M Ostojic , Afshin Ostovar , Johanna A Otero , Kim Overvad , Ellis Owusu-Dabo , Fred Michel Paccaud , Cristina Padez , Ioannis Pagkalos , Elena Pahomova , Karina Mary de Paiva , Andrzej Pajak , Domenico Palli , Alberto Palloni , Luigi Palmieri , Wen-Harn Pan , Songhomitra Panda-Jonas , Arvind Pandey , Francesco Panza , Dimitrios Papandreou , Soon-Woo Park , Suyeon Park , Winsome R Parnell , Mahboubeh Parsaeian , Ionela M Pascanu , Patrick Pasquet , Nikhil D Patel , Ivan Pecin , Mangesh S Pednekar , Nasheeta Peer , Gao Pei , Sergio Viana Peixoto , Markku Peltonen , Alexandre C Pereira , Marco A Peres , Napoleón Pérez-Farinós , Cynthia M Pérez , Valentina Peterkova , Annette Peters , Astrid Petersmann , Janina Petkeviciene , Ausra Petrauskiene , Emanuela Pettenuzzo , Niloofar Peykari , Son Thai Pham , Rafael N Pichardo , Daniela Pierannunzio , Iris Pigeot , Hynek Pikhart , Aida Pilav , Lorenza Pilotto , Francesco Pistelli , Freda Pitakaka , Aleksandra Piwonska , Andreia N Pizarro , Pedro Plans-Rubió , Bee Koon Poh , Hermann Pohlabeln , Raluca M Pop , Stevo R Popovic , Miquel Porta , Georg Posch , Anil Poudyal , Dimitrios Poulimeneas , Hamed Pouraram , Farhad Pourfarzi , Akram Pourshams , Hossein Poustchi , Rajendra Pradeepa , Alison J Price , Jacqueline F Price , Rui Providencia , Jardena J Puder , Iveta Pudule , Soile E Puhakka , Maria Puiu , Margus Punab , Radwan F Qasrawi , Mostafa Qorbani , Tran Quoc Bao , Ivana Radic , Ricardas Radisauskas , Salar Rahimikazerooni , Mahfuzar Rahman , Mahmudur Rahman , Olli Raitakari , Manu Raj , Ellina Rakhimova , Sherali Rakhmatulloev , Ivo Rakovac , Sudha Ramachandra Rao , Ambady Ramachandran , Jacqueline Ramke , Elisabete Ramos , Rafel Ramos , Lekhraj Rampal , Sanjay Rampal , Vayia Rarra , Ramon A Rascon-Pacheco , Mette Rasmussen , Cassiano Ricardo Rech , Josep Redon , Paul Ferdinand M Reganit , Valéria Regecová , Luis Revilla , Abbas Rezaianzadeh , Lourdes Ribas-Barba , Robespierre Ribeiro , Elio Riboli , Adrian Richter , Fernando Rigo , Natascia Rinaldo , Tobias F Rinke de Wit , Ana Rito , Raphael M Ritti-Dias , Juan A Rivera , Cynthia Robitaille , Romana Roccaldo , Daniela Rodrigues , Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo , María Del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez , Laura A Rodríguez-Villamizar , Ulla Roggenbuck , Rosalba Rojas-Martinez , Nipa Rojroongwasinkul , Dora Romaguera , Elisabetta L Romeo , Rafaela V Rosario , Annika Rosengren , Ian Rouse , Joel Gr Roy , Adolfo Rubinstein , Frank J Rühli , Jean-Bernard Ruidavets , Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt , Maria Ruiz-Castell , Emma Ruiz Moreno , Iuliia A Rusakova , Kenisha Russell Jonsson , Paola Russo , Petra Rust , Marcin Rutkowski , Charumathi Sabanayagam , Elena Sacchini , Harshpal S Sachdev , Alireza Sadjadi , Ali Reza Safarpour , Saeid Safiri , Nader Saki , Benoit Salanave , Eduardo Salazar Martinez , Diego Salmerón , Veikko Salomaa , Jukka T Salonen , Massimo Salvetti , Margarita Samoutian , Jose Sánchez-Abanto , Sandjaja , Susana Sans , Loreto Santa Marina , Diana A Santos , Ina S Santos , Lèlita C Santos , Maria Paula Santos , Osvaldo Santos , Rute Santos , Sara Santos Sanz , Jouko L Saramies , Luis B Sardinha , Nizal Sarrafzadegan , Thirunavukkarasu Sathish , Kai-Uwe Saum , Savvas Savva , Mathilde Savy , Norie Sawada , Mariana Sbaraini , Marcia Scazufca , Beatriz D Schaan , Angelika Schaffrath Rosario , Herman Schargrodsky , Anja Schienkiewitz , Sabine Schipf , Carsten O Schmidt , Ida Maria Schmidt , Peter Schnohr , Ben Schöttker , Sara Schramm , Stine Schramm , Helmut Schröder , Constance Schultsz , Aletta E Schutte , Aye Aye Sein , Rusidah Selamat , Vedrana Sember , Abhijit Sen , Idowu O Senbanjo , Sadaf G Sepanlou , Victor Sequera , Luis Serra-Majem , Jennifer Servais , Ludmila Ševcíková , Svetlana A Shalnova , Teresa Shamah-Levy , Morteza Shamshirgaran , Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani , Maryam Sharafkhah , Sanjib K Sharma , Jonathan E Shaw , Amaneh Shayanrad , Ali Akbar Shayesteh , Lela Shengelia , Zumin Shi , Kenji Shibuya , Hana Shimizu-Furusawa , Dong Wook Shin , Majid Shirani , Rahman Shiri , Namuna Shrestha , Khairil Si-Ramlee , Alfonso Siani , Rosalynn Siantar , Abla M Sibai , Antonio M Silva , Diego Augusto Santos Silva , Mary Simon , Judith Simons , Leon A Simons , Agneta Sjöberg , Michael Sjöström , Gry Skodje , Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer , Przemyslaw Slusarczyk , Liam Smeeth , Hung-Kwan So , Fernanda Cunha Soares , Grzegorz Sobek , Eugène Sobngwi , Morten Sodemann , Stefan Söderberg , Moesijanti Ye Soekatri , Agustinus Soemantri , Reecha Sofat , Vincenzo Solfrizzi , Mohammad Hossein Somi , Emily Sonestedt , Yi Song , Thorkild Ia Sørensen , Elin P Sørgjerd , Charles Sossa Jérome , Victoria E Soto-Rojas , Aïcha Soumaré , Slavica Sovic , Bente Sparboe-Nilsen , Karen Sparrenberger , Angela Spinelli , Igor Spiroski , Jan A Staessen , Hanspeter Stamm , Maria G Stathopoulou , Kaspar Staub , Bill Stavreski , Jostein Steene-Johannessen , Peter Stehle , Aryeh D Stein , George S Stergiou , Jochanan Stessman , Ranko Stevanovic , Jutta Stieber , Doris Stöckl , Tanja Stocks , Jakub Stokwiszewski , Ekaterina Stoyanova , Gareth Stratton , Karien Stronks , Maria Wany Strufaldi , Lela Sturua , Ramón Suárez-Medina , Machi Suka , Chien-An Sun , Johan Sundström , Yn-Tz Sung , Jordi Sunyer , Paibul Suriyawongpaisal , Boyd A Swinburn , Rody G Sy , Holly E Syddall , René Charles Sylva , Moyses Szklo , Lucjan Szponar , E Shyong Tai , Mari-Liis Tammesoo , Abdonas Tamosiunas , Eng Joo Tan , Xun Tang , Maya Tanrygulyyeva , Frank Tanser , Yong Tao , Mohammed Rasoul Tarawneh , Jakob Tarp , Carolina B Tarqui-Mamani , Radka Taxová Braunerová , Anne Taylor , Julie Taylor , Félicité Tchibindat , William R Tebar , Grethe S Tell , Tania Tello , Yih Chung Tham , K R Thankappan , Holger Theobald , Xenophon Theodoridis , Lutgarde Thijs , Nihal Thomas , Betina H Thuesen , Lubica Tichá , Erik J Timmermans , Anne Tjonneland , Hanna K Tolonen , Janne S Tolstrup , Murat Topbas , Roman Topór-Madry , Liv Elin Torheim , María José Tormo , Michael J Tornaritis , Maties Torrent , Laura Torres-Collado , Stefania Toselli , Giota Touloumi , Pierre Traissac , Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran , Dimitrios Trichopoulos , Antonia Trichopoulou , Oanh Th Trinh , Atul Trivedi , Lechaba Tshepo , Maria Tsigga , Shoichiro Tsugane , Azaliia M Tuliakova , Marshall K Tulloch-Reid , Fikru Tullu , Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen , Jaakko Tuomilehto , Maria L Turley , Gilad Twig , Per Tynelius , Themistoklis Tzotzas , Christophe Tzourio , Peter Ueda , Eunice Ugel , Flora Am Ukoli , Hanno Ulmer , Belgin Unal , Zhamyila Usupova , Hannu Mt Uusitalo , Nalan Uysal , Justina Vaitkeviciute , Gonzalo Valdivia , Susana Vale , Damaskini Valvi , Rob M van Dam , Johan Van der Heyden , Yvonne T van der Schouw , Koen Van Herck , Hoang Van Minh , Natasja M 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Weghuber , Wenbin Wei , Aneta Weres , Bo Werner , Peter H Whincup , Kurt Widhalm , Indah S Widyahening , Andrzej Wiecek , Rainford J Wilks , Johann Willeit , Peter Willeit , Julianne Williams , Tom Wilsgaard , Bogdan Wojtyniak , Roy A Wong-McClure , Andrew Wong , Jyh Eiin Wong , Tien Yin Wong , Jean Woo , Mark Woodward , Frederick C Wu , Jianfeng Wu , Li Juan Wu , Shouling Wu , Haiquan Xu , Liang Xu , Nor Azwany Yaacob , Uruwan Yamborisut , Weili Yan , Ling Yang , Xiaoguang Yang , Yang Yang , Nazan Yardim , Mehdi Yaseri , Tabara Yasuharu , Xingwang Ye , Panayiotis K Yiallouros , Moein Yoosefi , Akihiro Yoshihara , Qi Sheng You , San-Lin You , Novie O Younger-Coleman , Safiah Md Yusof , Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff , Luciana Zaccagni , Vassilis Zafiropulos , Ahmad A Zainuddin , Seyed Rasoul Zakavi , Farhad Zamani , Sabina Zambon , Antonis Zampelas , Hana Zamrazilová , Maria Elisa Zapata , Abdul Hamid Zargar , Ko Ko Zaw , Tomasz Zdrojewski , Kristyna Zejglicova , Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic , Yi Zeng 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Lundqvist, Robert, Lunet, Nuno, Lunogelo, Charle, Lustigová, Michala, Łuszczki, Edyta, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Jun, Ma, Xu, Machado-Coelho, George LL, Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M, Macieira, Luisa M, Madar, Ahmed A, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J, Magnacca, Sara, Magriplis, Emmanuella, Mahasampath, Gowri, Maire, Bernard, Majer, Marjeta, Makdisse, Marcia, Mäki, Päivi, Malekzadeh, Fatemeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malhotra, Rahul, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Malyutina, Sofia K, Maniego, Lynell V, Manios, Yanni, Mann, Jim I, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marques, Larissa Pruner, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin-Prevel, Yve, Martin, Rosemarie, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Maruszczak, Katharina, Marventano, Stefano, Mascarenhas, Luis P, Masoodi, Shariq R, Mathiesen, Ellisiv B, Mathur, Prashant, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matsha, Tandi E, Mavrogianni, Christina, Mazur, Artur, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, McFarlane, Shelly R, McGarvey, Stephen T, McKee, Martin, McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M, McLean, Scott B, McNulty, Breige A, Benchekor, Sounnia Mediene, Medzioniene, Jurate, Mehdipour, Parinaz, Mehlig, Kirsten, Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jørgen, Meisinger, Christa, Menezes, Ana Maria B, Menon, Geetha R, Mensink, Gert BM, Menzano, Maria Teresa, Mereke, Alibek, Meshram, Indrapal I, Metspalu, Andre, Meyer, Haakon E, Mi, Jie, Michaelsen, Kim F, Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Milkowska, Karolina, Miller, Jody C, Minderico, Cláudia S, Mini, GK, Miquel, Juan Francisco, Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza, Mirkopoulou, Daphne, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mišigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta, Mistretta, Antonio, Mocanu, Veronica, Modesti, Pietro A, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Mostafa K, Mohamed, Shukri F, Mohammad, Kazem, Mohammadi, Zahra, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohanna, Salim, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Mohebbi, Iraj, Mohebi, Farnam, Moitry, Marie, Molbo, Drude, Møllehave, Line T, Møller, Niels C, Molnár, Déne, Momenan, Amirabba, Mondo, Charles K, Monroy-Valle, Michele, Monterrubio-Flores, Eric, Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K, Moon, Jin Soo, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moreira, Leila B, Morejon, Alain, Moreno, Luis A, Morgan, Karen, Morin, Suzanne N, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mostafa, Aya, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Mota, Jorge, Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel, Motta, Jorge, Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos André, Mridha, Malay K, Msyamboza, Kelias P, Mu, Thet Thet, Muc, Magdalena, Mugoša, Boban, Muiesan, Maria L, Mukhtorova, Parvina, Müller-Nurasyid, Martina, Murphy, Neil, Mursu, Jaakko, Murtagh, Elaine M, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Milanovic, Sanja Music, Musil, Vera, Mustafa, Norlaila, Nabipour, Iraj, Naderimagham, Shohreh, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidu, Balkish M, Najafi, Farid, Nakamura, Harunobu, Námešná, Jana, Ei K Nang, Ei, Nangia, Vinay B, Nankap, Martin, Narake, Sameer, Nardone, Paola, Nauck, Matthia, Neal, William A, Nejatizadeh, Azim, Nekkantti, Chandini, Nelis, Keiu, Nelis, Lii, Nenko, Ilona, Neovius, Martin, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T, Nguyen, Nguyen D, Nguyen, Quang Ngoc, Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E, Nikitin, Yury P, Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A, Nogueira, Helena, Norat, Teresa, Nordendahl, Maria, Nordestgaard, Børge G, Noto, Davide, Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Nuhoglu, Irfan, Nurk, Eha, O'Neill, Terence W, O'Reilly, Dermot, Obreja, Galina, Ochimana, Caleb, Ochoa-Avilés, Angélica M, Oda, Eiji, Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohlsson, Clae, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Örn, Olinto, Maria Teresa A, Oliveira, Isabel O, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M, Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P, Ortiz, Pedro J, Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A, Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Elli, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, Cristina, Pagkalos, Ioanni, Pahomova, Elena, de Paiva, Karina Mary, Pajak, Andrzej, Palli, Domenico, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Papandreou, Dimitrio, Park, Soon-Woo, Park, Suyeon, Parnell, Winsome R, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M, Pasquet, Patrick, Patel, Nikhil D, Pecin, Ivan, Pednekar, Mangesh S, Peer, Nasheeta, Pei, Gao, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C, Peres, Marco A, Pérez-Farinós, Napoleón, Pérez, Cynthia M, Peterkova, Valentina, Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Pettenuzzo, Emanuela, Peykari, Niloofar, Pham, Son Thai, Pichardo, Rafael N, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iri, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Pizarro, Andreia N, Plans-Rubió, Pedro, Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Pop, Raluca M, Popovic, Stevo R, Porta, Miquel, Posch, Georg, Poudyal, Anil, Poulimeneas, Dimitrio, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourfarzi, Farhad, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Alison J, Price, Jacqueline F, Providencia, Rui, Puder, Jardena J, Pudule, Iveta, Puhakka, Soile E, Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margu, Qasrawi, Radwan F, Qorbani, Mostafa, Bao, Tran Quoc, Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricarda, Rahimikazerooni, Salar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, Raitakari, Olli, Raj, Manu, Rakhimova, Ellina, Rakhmatulloev, Sherali, Rakovac, Ivo, Rao, Sudha Ramachandra, Ramachandran, Ambady, Ramke, Jacqueline, Ramos, Elisabete, Ramos, Rafel, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rampal, Sanjay, Rarra, Vayia, Rascon-Pacheco, Ramon A, Rasmussen, Mette, Rech, Cassiano Ricardo, Redon, Josep, Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M, Regecová, Valéria, Revilla, Lui, Rezaianzadeh, Abba, Ribas-Barba, Lourde, Ribeiro, Robespierre, Riboli, Elio, Richter, Adrian, Rigo, Fernando, Rinaldo, Natascia, de Wit, Tobias F Rinke, Rito, Ana, Ritti-Dias, Raphael M, Rivera, Juan A, Robitaille, Cynthia, Roccaldo, Romana, Rodrigues, Daniela, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, del Cristo Rodriguez-Perez, María, Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A, Roggenbuck, Ulla, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Rojroongwasinkul, Nipa, Romaguera, Dora, Romeo, Elisabetta L, Rosario, Rafaela V, Rosengren, Annika, Rouse, Ian, Roy, Joel GR, Rubinstein, Adolfo, Rühli, Frank J, Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard, Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra, Ruiz-Castell, Maria, Moreno, Emma Ruiz, Rusakova, Iuliia A, Jonsson, Kenisha Russell, Russo, Paola, Rust, Petra, Rutkowski, Marcin, Sabanayagam, Charumathi, Sacchini, Elena, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Sadjadi, Alireza, Safarpour, Ali Reza, Safiri, Saeid, Saki, Nader, Salanave, Benoit, Martinez, Eduardo Salazar, Salmerón, Diego, Salomaa, Veikko, Salonen, Jukka T, Salvetti, Massimo, Samoutian, Margarita, Sánchez-Abanto, Jose, Sandjaja, null, Sans, Susana, Marina, Loreto Santa, Santos, Diana A, Santos, Ina S, Santos, Lèlita C, Santos, Maria Paula, Santos, Osvaldo, Santos, Rute, Sanz, Sara Santo, Saramies, Jouko L, Sardinha, Luis B, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Saum, Kai-Uwe, Savva, Savva, Savy, Mathilde, Sawada, Norie, Sbaraini, Mariana, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Rosario, Angelika Schaffrath, Schargrodsky, Herman, Schienkiewitz, Anja, Schipf, Sabine, Schmidt, Carsten O, Schmidt, Ida Maria, Schnohr, Peter, Schöttker, Ben, Schramm, Sara, Schramm, Stine, Schröder, Helmut, Schultsz, Constance, Schutte, Aletta E, Sein, Aye Aye, Selamat, Rusidah, Sember, Vedrana, Sen, Abhijit, Senbanjo, Idowu O, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Sequera, Victor, Serra-Majem, Lui, Servais, Jennifer, Ševcíková, Ludmila, Shalnova, Svetlana A, Shamah-Levy, Teresa, Shamshirgaran, Morteza, Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam, Sharafkhah, Maryam, Sharma, Sanjib K, Shaw, Jonathan E, Shayanrad, Amaneh, Shayesteh, Ali Akbar, Shengelia, Lela, Shi, Zumin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana, Shin, Dong Wook, Shirani, Majid, Shiri, Rahman, Shrestha, Namuna, Si-Ramlee, Khairil, Siani, Alfonso, Siantar, Rosalynn, Sibai, Abla M, Silva, Antonio M, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Simon, Mary, Simons, Judith, Simons, Leon A, Sjöberg, Agneta, Sjöström, Michael, Skodje, Gry, Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta, Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw, Smeeth, Liam, So, Hung-Kwan, Soares, Fernanda Cunha, Sobek, Grzegorz, Sobngwi, Eugène, Sodemann, Morten, Söderberg, Stefan, Soekatri, Moesijanti YE, Soemantri, Agustinu, Sofat, Reecha, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Somi, Mohammad Hossein, Sonestedt, Emily, Song, Yi, Sørensen, Thorkild IA, Sørgjerd, Elin P, Jérome, Charles Sossa, Soto-Rojas, Victoria E, Soumaré, Aïcha, Sovic, Slavica, Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente, Sparrenberger, Karen, Spinelli, Angela, Spiroski, Igor, Staessen, Jan A, Stamm, Hanspeter, Stathopoulou, Maria G, Staub, Kaspar, Stavreski, Bill, Steene-Johannessen, Jostein, Stehle, Peter, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Stevanovic, Ranko, Stieber, Jutta, Stöckl, Dori, Stocks, Tanja, Stokwiszewski, Jakub, Stoyanova, Ekaterina, Stratton, Gareth, Stronks, Karien, Strufaldi, Maria Wany, Sturua, Lela, Suárez-Medina, Ramón, Suka, Machi, Sun, Chien-An, Sundström, Johan, Sung, Yn-Tz, Sunyer, Jordi, Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul, Swinburn, Boyd A, Sy, Rody G, Syddall, Holly E, Sylva, René Charle, Szklo, Moyse, Szponar, Lucjan, Tai, E Shyong, Tammesoo, Mari-Lii, Tamosiunas, Abdona, Tan, Eng Joo, Tang, Xun, Tanrygulyyeva, Maya, Tanser, Frank, Tao, Yong, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarp, Jakob, Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B, Braunerová, Radka Taxová, Taylor, Anne, Taylor, Julie, Tchibindat, Félicité, Tebar, William R, Tell, Grethe S, Tello, Tania, Tham, Yih Chung, Thankappan, KR, Theobald, Holger, Theodoridis, Xenophon, Thijs, Lutgarde, Thomas, Nihal, Thuesen, Betina H, Tichá, Lubica, Timmermans, Erik J, Tjonneland, Anne, Tolonen, Hanna K, Tolstrup, Janne S, Topbas, Murat, Topór-Madry, Roman, Torheim, Liv Elin, Tormo, María José, Tornaritis, Michael J, Torrent, Matie, Torres-Collado, Laura, Toselli, Stefania, Touloumi, Giota, Traissac, Pierre, Tran, Thi Tuyet-Hanh, Trichopoulos, Dimitrio, Trichopoulou, Antonia, Trinh, Oanh TH, Trivedi, Atul, Tshepo, Lechaba, Tsigga, Maria, Tsugane, Shoichiro, Tuliakova, Azaliia M, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K, Tullu, Fikru, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Tuomilehto, Jaakko, Turley, Maria L, Twig, Gilad, Tynelius, Per, Tzotzas, Themistokli, Tzourio, Christophe, Ueda, Peter, Ugel, Eunice, Ukoli, Flora AM, Ulmer, Hanno, Unal, Belgin, Usupova, Zhamyila, Uusitalo, Hannu MT, Uysal, Nalan, Vaitkeviciute, Justina, Valdivia, Gonzalo, Vale, Susana, Valvi, Damaskini, van Dam, Rob M, Van der Heyden, Johan, van der Schouw, Yvonne T, Van Herck, Koen, Van Minh, Hoang, Van Schoor, Natasja M, van Valkengoed, Irene GM, Vanderschueren, Dirk, Vanuzzo, Diego, Varbo, Anette, Varela-Moreiras, Gregorio, Varona-Pérez, Patricia, Vasan, Senthil K, Vega, Toma, Veidebaum, Tooma, Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo, Velika, Biruta, Veronesi, Giovanni, Verschuren, WM Monique, Victora, Cesar G, Viegi, Giovanni, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vineis, Paolo, Vioque, Jesu, Virtanen, Jyrki K, Visser, Marjolein, Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Viswanathan, Bharathi, Vladulescu, Mihaela, Vlasoff, Tiina, Vocanec, Dorja, Vollenweider, Peter, Völzke, Henry, Voutilainen, Ari, Voutilainen, Sari, Vrijheid, Martine, Vrijkotte, Tanja GM, Wade, Alisha N, Wagner, Aline, Waldhör, Thoma, Walton, Janette, Wambiya, Elvis OA, Bebakar, Wan Mohamad Wan, Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon Wan, de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Rildo, Wang, Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nichola, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niel, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Md Yusof, Safiah, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassili, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antoni, Zamrazilová, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Ko Zaw, Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Zejglicova, Kristyna, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zins, Marie, Zitt, Emanuel, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuñiga, Zuziak, Monika, Ezzati, Majid, Filippi, Sarah, Cohortes épidémiologiques en population (CONSTANCES), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris-Saclay-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: Population -- Health aspects, Leanness, Baixo peso/Underweight, none, Double burden, alipainoisuus, tulotaso, global health, systematic analysis, Sedentary behaviors, RC1200, Prospective associations, 0302 clinical medicine, underweight, nälänhätä, Biology (General), skin and connective tissue diseases, Children, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Body mass index, Human Nutrition & Health, education.field_of_study, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, ylipaino, General Medicine, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, World health, Medicine, A100 Pre-clinical Medicine, Population distribution, medicine.medical_specialty, QH301-705.5, Science, Socio-culturale, Nursing, Social sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Thinness, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, BMI, epidemiology, obesity, None, Humans, Obesidade/Obesity, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, education, VLAG, US adults, Omvårdnad, body mass index, malnutrition, obesity, underweight, nutritional and metabolic diseases, medicine.disease, terveellisyys, Obesity, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Risk Factors, General Biochemistry, WIAS, lihavuus, RA, Demography, N.A, double burden, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, alueelliset erot, Nutrition and Disease, Animal Nutrition, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Medizin, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Change distribution of body mass index, RA0421, Voeding en Ziekte, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Global health, Índice de massa corporal/Body Mass Index, 030212 general & internal medicine, Underweight, painoindeksi, 2. Zero hunger, General Neuroscience, aliravitsemus, elintarvikkeet, health, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Diervoeding, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.03 [https], Chinese adults, pooled analysis, medicine.symptom, Diet quality, B120 Physiology, Research Article, trends, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.06.03 [https], prevalence, Population, Mothers, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 3121 Internal medicine, medicine, Life Science, ddc:610, 3125 Otorhinolaryngology, ophthalmology, kehonkoostumus, Nutrition, Australian adults, General Immunology and Microbiology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.01.04 [https], Ciências sociais, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, Epidemiology and Global Health, sense organs, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions., Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, peer-reviewed
Published: 2021

16. Childhood overweight and obesity in Europe: Changes from 2007 to 2017

Author: Marta Buoncristiano, Angela Spinelli, Julianne Williams, João Breda, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, Aušra Petrauskienė, Marie Kunešová, Ana Isabel Rito, Knut-Inge Klepp, Paola Nardone, Marta García-Solano, Vesselka Duleva, Ivo Rakovac, Cecily Kelleher, Gregor Starc, Saion Chatterjee, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Iveta Pudule, Else Karin Grøholt, and Maria Hassapidou
Subjects: Male, obesity, Pediatric Obesity, temporal trend, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, prevalence, Psychological intervention, Overweight, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, World health, Body Mass Index, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, children, Environmental health, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Child, Schools, High prevalence, Portugal, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Obesity, Europe, Eastern european, Childhood Overweight, Female, COSI, medicine.symptom, business, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: The Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) routinely measures height andweight of primary school children aged 6–9 years and calculates overweight andobesity prevalence within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Regionusing a standard methodology. This study examines the trends in the prevalence ofoverweight and obesity from the first round of COSI carried out in 2007/2008 to thelatest of 2015/2017 in 11 European countries in which data were collected for atleast three rounds. In total 303,155 children were measured. In general, the preva-lence of overweight and obesity among boys and girls decreased in countries withhigh prevalence (Southern Europe) and remained stable or slightly increased in North-ern European and Eastern European countries included in the analysis. Among boys, the highest decrease in overweight (including obesity) was observed in Portugal (from40.5% in 2007/2008 to 28.4 in 2015/2017) and in Greece for obesity (from 30.5% in2009/2010 to 21.7% in 2015/2017). Lithuania recorded the strongest increase in theproportion of boys with overweight (from 24.8% to 28.5%) and obesity (from 9.4% to12.2%). The trends were similar for boys and girls in most countries. Several countriesin Europe have successfully implemented policies and interventions to counteract theincrease of overweight and obesity, but there is still much to be done. The authors gratefully acknowledge support through a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. The Ministries of health of Austria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Norway, and the Russian Federation provided financial support for the meetings at which the protocol, data collection procedures, and analyses were discussed. Data collection in the countries included in this study was made possible through funding from: Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Czechia: WHO grants AZV MZČR 17-31670 A MZČR-RVO EÚ 00023761, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, and WHO country office; Greece: International Hellenic University and Hellenic Medical Association for Obesity; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Latvia: Ministry of Health and Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuanian Science Council, and WHO; Norway: Ministry of Health and Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates, and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Slovenia: Ministry of Education and Science and Sport of the Republic of Slovenia within the SLOfit surveillance system; and Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

17. Socioeconomic disparities in physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep patterns among 6‐ to 9‐year‐old children from 24 countries in the WHO European region

Author: Giulia Rathmes, Julianne Williams, Sergej M. Ostojic, Eha Nurk, Mahmut S. Yardim, Igor Spiroski, Lela Shengelia, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, João Breda, Päivi Mäki, Vesselka Duleva, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Khadichamo Boymatova, Angela Spinelli, Tatjana Hejgaard, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Valentina Peterkova, Anna Fijałkowska, Paola Nardone, Marta Buoncristiano, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Ausra Petrauskiene, Ivo Rakovac, Jolanda Hyska, Wolfgang Ahrens, Sanja Musić Milanović, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Alexandra Cucu, Andrea Gualtieri, Enisa Kujundžić, Iveta Pudule, Harry Rutter, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Daniel Weghuber, Hana Zamrazilová, Cecily Kelleher, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Helena Križan, Stephen Whiting, Ana Isabel Rito, Benoît Salanave, Marina Melkumova, Zhamilya Usupova, and Marta García-Solano
Subjects: Pediatric Obesity, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, media_common.quotation_subject, Physical activity, physical activity, Child Behavior, Saúde Pública, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, Pediatric Obesity / epidemiology, Screen time, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, sedentary behavior, medicine, Humans, Social inequality, Child, Exercise, Socioeconomic status, media_common, sleep hygiene, Sleep hygiene, Portugal, social inequalities, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Sedentary behavior, medicine.disease, Europe, Cross-Sectional Studies, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, COSI, Sedentary Behavior, Sleep, business, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde, Demography, Diversity (politics)
Abstract: Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep are important predictors of children's health. This paper aimed to investigate socioeconomic disparities in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep across the WHO European region. This cross-sectional study used data on 124,700 children aged 6 to 9 years from 24 countries participating in the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative between 2015 and 2017. Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured through parental education, parental employment status, and family perceived wealth. Overall, results showed different patterns in socioeconomic disparities in children's movement behaviors across countries. In general, high SES children were more likely to use motorized transportation. Low SES children were less likely to participate in sports clubs and more likely to have more than 2 h/day of screen time. Children with low parental education had a 2.24 [95% CI 1.94-2.58] times higher risk of practising sports for less than 2 h/week. In the pooled analysis, SES was not significantly related to active play. The relationship between SES and sleep varied by the SES indicator used. Importantly, results showed that low SES is not always associated with a higher prevalence of "less healthy" behaviors. There is a great diversity in SES patterns across countries which supports the need for country-specific, targeted public health interventions. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from: Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Albania: World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office Albania and the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Bulgaria: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Czech Republic: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR–RVO EÚ 00023761. Denmark: The Danish Ministry of Health. France: Santé publique France, the French Agency for Public Health. Georgia: WHO. Ireland: Health Service Executive. Italy: Italian Ministry of Health; Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità). Kazakhstan: the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the scientific and technical program. Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization. Latvia: Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Latvia. Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO. Malta: Ministry of Health. Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro. Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health. Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS). Romania: Ministry of Health. Russian Federation: WHO. San Marino: Health Ministry. Spain: the Spanish Agency for Food Safety & Nutrition. Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health. Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. Austria: Federal Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, Health and Consumer Protection of Austria. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

18. Prevalence of Severe Obesity among Primary School Children in 21 European Countries

Author: João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Napoleón Pérez, Julianne Williams, Angela Spinelli, Paola Nardone, Agneta Yngve, Genc Burazeri, Andrea Gualtieri, Mirjam M. Heinen, Ana Isabel Rito, Alexandra Cucu, Jolanda Hyska, Tülay Bağcı Bosi, Gregor Starc, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Maria Hassapidou, Vesselka Duleva, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Marie Kunešová, Ioannis Pagkalos, Hajnalka Takacs, Hana Zamrazilová, Marta Buoncristiano, Ausra Petrauskiene, Paul Gately, Agneta Sjöberg, Iveta Pudule, Elena Sacchini, Igor Spiroski, Nazan Yardim, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Galina Obreja, and Cecily Kelleher
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Pediatric Obesity, Health (social science), Cross-sectional study, Epidemiology, Overweight, Pediatrics, 0302 clinical medicine, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Prevalence, Child, lcsh:RC620-627, Nutrition and Dietetics, Schools, Pediatrik, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Obesity, Morbid, Näringslära, Europe, lcsh:Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, Female, COSI, medicine.symptom, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Childhood Obesity, Adolescent, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, lcsh:TX341-641, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, World health, 03 medical and health sciences, BMI, Physiology (medical), Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Obesity, Students, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Portugal, business.industry, Severe obesity, medicine.disease, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Cross-Sectional Studies, epidemiology, Risk factors, Body mass index, sense organs, business, 616-056.52 [udc], Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) was established more than 10 years ago to estimate prevalence and monitor changes in overweight and obesity in children aged 6–9 years. Since then, there have been five rounds of data collection in more than 40 countries involving more than half a million children. To date, no comparative studies with data on severe childhood obesity from European countries have been published. Objectives: The aim of this work was to present the prevalence of severe obesity in school-aged children from 21 countries participating in COSI. Method: The data are from cross-sectional studies in 21 European WHO member states that took part in the first three COSI rounds of data collection (2007/2008, 2009/2010, 2012/2013). School-aged children were measured using standardized instruments and methodology. Children were classified as severely obese using the definitions provided by WHO and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF). Analyses overtime, by child’s age and mother’s educational level, were performed in a select group of countries. Results:A total of 636,933 children were included in the analysis (323,648 boys and 313,285 girls). The prevalence of severe obesity varied greatly among countries, with higher values in Southern Europe. According to the WHO definition, severe obesity ranged from 1.0% in Swedish and Moldovan children (95% CI 0.7–1.3 and 0.7–1.5, respectively) to 5.5% (95% CI 4.9–6.1) in Maltese children. The prevalence was generally higher among boys compared to girls. The IOTF cut-offs lead to lower estimates, but confirm the differences among countries, and were more similar for both boys and girls. In many countries 1 in 4 obese children were severely obese. Applying the estimates of prevalence based on the WHO definition to the whole population of children aged 6–9 years in each country, around 398,000 children would be expected to be severely obese in the 21 European countries. The trend between 2007 and 2013 and the analysis by child’s age did not show a clear pattern. Severe obesity was more common among children whose mother’s educational level was lower. Conclusions: Severe obesity is a serious public health issue which affects a large number of children in Europe. Because of the impact on educational, health, social care, and economic systems, obesity needs to be addressed via a range of approaches from early prevention of overweight and obesity to treatment of those who need it.
Published: 2019

19. Physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration of children aged 6-9 years in 25 countries:An analysis within the WHO european childhood obesity surveillance initiative (COSI) 2015-2017

Author: Mette Rasmussen, Tatjana Hejgaard, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Ivo Rakovac, Aida Filipović Hadžiomeragić, Sanja Musić Milanović, Stephen Whiting, Anne Siri Fismen, Zulfinissio Abdurrahmonova, Marta García-Solano, Paola Nardone, Wolfgang Ahrens, Ana Isabel Rito, Khadichamo Boymatova, Eha Nurk, Maria Hassapidou, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Gregor Starc, Peter Gelius, Lela Shengelia, Dragana Stojisavljević, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Angela Spinelli, Sergej M. Ostojic, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Nazan Yardim, Igor Spiroski, Ausra Petrauskiene, Karin Schindler, Mirjam M. Heinen, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Akbota Abildina, Andrea Gualtieri, Lubica Ticha, Vesselka Duleva, Mary Pattison, Julianne Williams, Cecily Kelleher, Alexandra Cucu, Eliza Markidou Ionnaidu, Enisa Kujundzic, Anna Fijałkowska, Karim Abu-Omar, Marta Buoncristiano, Iveta Pudule, Valentina Peterkova, Harry Rutter, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Jolanda Hyska, Zhamyila Usuopva, Hana Zamrazilová, João Breda, Stevo Popovic, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Romeu Mendes, Daniel Weghuber, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, and Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto
Subjects: Male, Parents, 0301 basic medicine, Gerontology, Pediatric Obesity, Health (social science), 0302 clinical medicine, Duration (project management), Child, Children, lcsh:RC620-627, Physical inactivity, Sedentary behaviour, Active transport, active play, Surveillance, Schools, Europe, lcsh:Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, surveillance, Female, COSI, Club, Europa, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Research Article, Sports, Sleep duration, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, lcsh:TX341-641, Motor Activity, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, Health(social science), Screen Time, 03 medical and health sciences, Screen time, Leisure Activities, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Physiology (medical), sedentary behaviour, active transport, active play, medicine, Humans, Exercise, Recreation, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Portugal, business.industry, medicine.disease, Mental health, WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, physical inactivity, Active play, Sleep, business, Active transport, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Background: Children are becoming less physically active as opportunities for safe active play, recreational activities, and active transport decrease. At the same time, sedentary screen-based activities both during school and leisure time are increasing. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate physical activity (PA), screen time, and sleep duration of girls and boys aged 6-9 years in Europe using data from the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Method: The fourth COSI data collection round was conducted in 2015-2017, using a standardized protocol that included a family form completed by parents with specific questions about their children's PA, screen time, and sleep duration. Results: Nationally representative data from 25 countries was included and information on the PA behaviour, screen time, and sleep duration of 150,651 children was analysed. Pooled analysis showed that: 79.4% were actively playing for >1 h each day, 53.9% were not members of a sport or dancing club, 50.0% walked or cycled to school each day, 60.2% engaged in screen time for 1 h/day, 8.2-85.6% were not members of a sport or dancing club, 17.7-94.0% walked or cycled to school each day, 32.3-80.0% engaged in screen time for
Published: 2021

20. Socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity among 6- to 9-year-old children in 24 countries from the World Health Organization European region

Author: Ana Isabel Rito, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Ausra Petrauskiene, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Eha Nurk, João Breda, Katharina Maruszczak, Andrea Gualtieri, Benoît Salanave, Dragana Stojisavljević, Enisa Kujundžić, Igor Spiroski, Tatjana Hejgaard, Gregor Starc, Marta García-Solano, Anna Fijałkowska, Philippa Simmonds, Stefanie Vandevijvere, Sanja Musić Milanović, Mahmut S. Yardim, Vesselka Duleva, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Sergej M. Ostojic, Zhamilya Usupova, Iveta Pudule, Angela Spinelli, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Marta Buoncristiano, Harry Rutter, Paola Nardone, Julianne Williams, Constanta Huidumac-Petrescu, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Lela Shengelia, Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova, Wolfgang Ahrens, Valentina Peterkova, Jolanda Hyska, Päivi Mäki, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Cecily Kelleher, and Elena Sacchini
Subjects: Pediatric Obesity, Inequality, children, obesity, overweight, socioeconomic status, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Psychological intervention, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Context (language use), Overweight, Saúde Pública, World Health Organization, World health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Environmental health, medicine, Prevalence, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Obesity, education, Child, Socioeconomic status, Children, media_common, education.field_of_study, Portugal, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Socioeconomic Status, Europe, Cross-Sectional Studies, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, COSI, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Childhood overweight and obesity have significant short- and long-term negative impacts on children's health and well-being. These challenges are unequally distributed according to socioeconomic status (SES); however, previous studies have often lacked standardized and objectively measured data across national contexts to assess these differences. This study provides a cross-sectional picture of the association between SES and childhood overweight and obesity, based on data from 123,487 children aged 6–9 years in 24 countries in the World Health Organization (WHO) European region. Overall, associations were found between overweight/obesity and the three SES indicators used (parental education, parental employment status, and family-perceived wealth). Our results showed an inverse relationship between the prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity and parental education in high-income countries, whereas the opposite relationship was observed in most of the middle-income countries. The same applied to family-perceived wealth, although parental employment status appeared to be less associated with overweight and obesity or not associated at all. This paper highlights the need for close attention to context when designing interventions, as the association between SES and childhood overweight and obesity varies by country economic development. Population-based interventions have an important role to play, but policies that target specific SES groups are also needed to address inequalities. The authors gratefully acknowledge support through a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. The Ministries of health of Austria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Norway, and the Russian Federation provided financial support for the meetings at which the protocol, data collection procedures, and analyses were discussed. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding from: Albania: World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office Albania and the WHO Regional Office for Europe. Bulgaria: WHO Regional Office for Europe. Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Czechia: Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic, grant nr. 17-31670A and MZCR—RVO EU 00023761. Denmark: The Danish Ministry of Health. France: Santé publique France, the French Agency for Public Health. Georgia: WHO. Ireland: Health Service Executive. Italy: Italian Ministry of Health; Italian National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità). Kazakhstan: the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan within the scientific and technical program. Kyrgyzstan: World Health Organization. Latvia: Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Latvia. Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and WHO. Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: WHO and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro. Poland, National Health Program, Ministry of Health. Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS). Romania: Ministry of Health; Russian Federation: WHO. San Marino: Health Ministry, Educational Ministry, Social Security Institute and Health Authority. Spain: the Spanish Agency for Food Safety & Nutrition. Tajikistan: WHO Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Turkmenistan: WHO Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health. Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

21. Mobilizing governments and society to combat obesity: Reflections on how data from the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative are helping to drive policy progress

Author: Julianne Williams, Maria Teresa Menzano, Lachlan Mitchell, Nazan Yardim, Igor Spiroski, Marta Buoncristiano, João Breda, Lela Shengelia, Ana Isabel Rito, Karen McColl, Vesselka Duleva, Iveta Pudule, Daniela Galeone, Angela Spinelli, Ivo Rakovac, Mirjam M. Heinen, Sanja Musić Milanović, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, and Cecily Kelleher
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Economic growth, Pediatric Obesity, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Commit, Overweight, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, children, obesity, policy, schools, Political science, medicine, Humans, Políticas de Saúde, Obesity, Child, Children, Schools, Scope (project management), Portugal, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Policy, Work (electrical), Action (philosophy), European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Government, COSI, medicine.symptom, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: To meet the need for regular and reliable data on the prevalence of overweight andobesity among children in Europe, the World Health Organization (WHO) EuropeanChildhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) was established in 2007. Theresulting robust surveillance system has improved understanding of the public healthchallenge of childhood overweight and obesity in the WHO European Region. For the past decade, data from COSI have helped to inform and drive policy action onnutrition and physical activity in the region. This paper describes illustrative examplesof how COSI data have fed into national and international policy, but the real scopeof COSI's impact is likely to be much broader. In some countries, there are signs thatpolicy responses to COSI data have helped halt the rise in childhood obesity. As thecountries of the WHO European Region commit to pursuing United Action for BetterHealth in Europe in WHO's new European Programme of Work, COSI provides anexcellent example of such united action in practice. Further collaborative action willbe key to tackling this major public health challenge which affects children through-out the region The authors gratefully acknowledge support through a grant from the Russian government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. The Ministries of Health of Austria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Norway, and the Russian Federation provided financial support for the meetings at which the protocol, data collection procedures, and analyses were discussed. Data collection in the countries featured in this paper was made possible through funding from: Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, WHO Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health, and WHO Regional Office for Europe; Georgia: WHO; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health and Italian National Institute of Health; Latvia: Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Latvia; Malta: Ministry of Health; North Macedonia: funded by the Government of North Macedonia through National Annual Program of Public Health and implemented by the Institute of Public Health and Centers of Public Health. WHO country office provides support for training and data management; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support from the Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Turkey: Turkish Ministry of Health and World Bank. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

22. Parental Perceptions of Children's Weight Status in 22 Countries: The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: COSI 2015/2017

Author: Petur Benedikt Juliusson, Mirjam M. Heinen, Ana Isabel Rito, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Vesselka Duleva, Anna Fijałkowska, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Julianne Williams, Akbota Abildina, Daniel Weghuber, João Breda, Stevo Popovic, Cecily Kelleher, Bai Li, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Sanja Musić Milanović, Lela Shengelia, Angela Spinelli, Ivo Rakovac, Genc Burazeri, Päivi Mäki, Iveta Pudule, Harry Rutter, Sergej M. Ostojic, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Marie Kunešová, Enisa Kujundzic, Alexandra Cucu, Sanavbar Rakhmatullaeva, Maryam Kebbe, Khadichamo Boymatova, Dilorom Akhmedova, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Marta Buoncristiano, Ausra Petrauskiene, Andrea Gualtieri, Nathalie Farpour-Lambert, Mette Rasmussen, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Kremlin Wickramasinghe, Nazan Yardim, Gregor Starc, Zhamyila Usuopva, Tatjana Hejgaard, Jolanda Hyska, Elena Bogova, Ximena Ramos Salas, Paola Nardone, Marta García Solano, and Valentina Peterkova
Subjects: Male, Parents, Pediatric Obesity, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Health (social science), Pediatric Obesity* / epidemiology, Overweight, Body Mass Index, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Pediatric Obesity* / diagnosis, Surveys and Questionnaires, Medicine, TX341-641, parental perceptions, Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases, Child, Pediatric Obesity/diagnosis, Europe, Parental Perceptions, COSI, medicine.symptom, Underweight, childhood obesity, Research Article, RC620-627, Childhood Obesity, World Health Organization/Europe, Overweight/epidemiology, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, childhood obesity surveillance initiative, Physiology (medical), Humans, Parental perception, world health organization/europe, Portugal, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Overweight / epidemiology, business.industry, Body Weight, weight, medicine.disease, Weight, Obesity, Confidence interval, Rural area, business, Body mass index, Demography, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Introduction: Parents can act as important agents of change and support for healthy childhood growth and development. Studies have found that parents may not be able to accurately perceive their child’s weight status. The purpose of this study was to measure parental perceptions of their child’s weight status and to identify predictors of potential parental misperceptions. Methods: We used data from the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative and 22 countries. Parents were asked to identify their perceptions of their children’s weight status as “underweight,” “normal weight,” “a little overweight,” or “extremely overweight.” We categorized children’s (6–9 years; n = 124,296) body mass index (BMI) as BMI-for-age Z-scores based on the 2007 WHO-recommended growth references. For each country included in the analysis and pooled estimates (country level), we calculated the distribution of children according to the WHO weight status classification, distribution by parental perception of child’s weight status, percentages of accurate, overestimating, or underestimating perceptions, misclassification levels, and predictors of parental misperceptions using a multilevel logistic regression analysis that included only children with overweight (including obesity). Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 15 1. Results: Overall, 64.1% of parents categorized their child’s weight status accurately relative to the WHO growth charts. However, parents were more likely to underestimate their child’s weight if the child had overweight (82.3%) or obesity (93.8%). Parents were more likely to underestimate their child’s weight if the child was male (adjusted OR [adjOR]: 1.41; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.28–1.55); the parent had a lower educational level (adjOR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.26–1.57); the father was asked rather than the mother (adjOR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.98–1.33); and the family lived in a rural area (adjOR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.99–1.24). Overall, parents’ BMI was not strongly associated with the underestimation of children’s weight status, but there was a stronger association in some countries. Discussion/Conclusion: Our study supplements the current literature on factors that influence parental perceptions of their child’s weight status. Public health interventions aimed at promoting healthy childhood growth and development should consider parents’ knowledge and perceptions, as well as the sociocultural contexts in which children and families live. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from a grant from the Russian Government in the context of the WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Data collection in the countries was made possible through funding by: Albania: World Health Organization through the Joint Programme on Children, Food Security and Nutrition “Reducing Malnutrition in Children,” funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, and the Institute of Public Health; Bulgaria: Ministry of Health, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; Croatia: Ministry of Health, Croatian Institute of Public Health and World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; Czechia: Grants AZV MZČR 17-31670 A and MZČR – RVO EÚ 00023761; Denmark: Danish Ministry of Health; France: French Public Health Agency; Georgia: World Health Organization; Ireland: Health Service Executive; Italy: Ministry of Health; Istituto Superiore di sanità (National Institute of Health); Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan and World Health Organization Country Office; Latvia: n/a; Lithuania: Science Foundation of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences and Lithuanian Science Council and World Health Organization; Malta: Ministry of Health; Montenegro: World Health Organization and Institute of Public Health of Montenegro; Poland: National Health Programme, Ministry of Health; Portugal: Ministry of Health Institutions, the National Institute of Health, Directorate General of Health, Regional Health Directorates and the kind technical support of Center for Studies and Research on Social Dynamics and Health (CEIDSS); Romania: Ministry of Health; Russia (Moscow): n/a; San Marino: Health Ministry; Educational Ministry; Social Security Institute; the Health Authority; Spain: Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN); Tajikistan: World Health Organization Country Office in Tajikistan and Ministry of Health and Social Protection; and Turkmenistan: World Health Organization Country Office in Turkmenistan and Ministry of Health. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2021

23. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in 7-year-old children-WHO Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative

Author: Cecily Kelleher, Tereza Metelcová, Julianne Williams, Lauren Lissner, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, João Breda, Mirjam M. Heinen, Ivo Rakovac, Vesselka Duleva, Iveta Pudule, Harry Rutter, Agneta Sjöberg, Marta Buoncristiano, J. Vignerova, Hana Zamrazilová, Agneta Yngve, Marie Kunešová, Maria Hassapidou, Aušra Petrauskienė, Marek Brabec, Igor Spiroski, V Hainer, and Philippa Simmonds
Subjects: Male, Percentile, Pediatric Obesity, Waist, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, Body Mass Index, medicine, Humans, Child, Abdominal obesity, Waist-to-height ratio, Waist-Height Ratio, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Circumference, Obesity, Body Height, Obesity, Abdominal, Female, medicine.symptom, Waist Circumference, business, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract: Childhood obesity is a serious global health problem. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) reflect body fat distribution in children. The objectives of this study were to assess WC and WHtR in 7-year-old children and to determine body mass index (BMI), WC, and WHtR differences in children from 10 selected countries across Europe (Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Norway, Spain, and Sweden) participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). The 50th and 90th percentile of WC (according to COSI and "Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS" (IDEFICS) cutoff values) and WHtR above 0.5 were used as measures of abdominal obesity in a unique sample of 38,975 children aged 7.00-7.99 years. Southern European countries, including Greece and Spain, showed significantly higher BMI, WC, and WHtRin both genders (p < 0.0001) than Eastern and Northern Europe. The highest values for WC were observed in Greece (60.8 ± 7.36 cm boys; 60.3 ± 7.48 cm girls), North Macedonia (60.4 ± 7.91 cm boys; 59.0 ± 8.01 cm girls), and Spain (59.7 ± 6.96 cm boys; 58.9 ± 6.77 cm girls). WC and WHtRin may add an information about the occurrence of central obesity in children.
Published: 2020

24. Author response: Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

Author: Zahra Mohammadi, Abdul Basit, Helena I. S. Nogueira, Soile E. Puhakka, Hongsheng Bi, Ari Voutilainen, Davood Khalili, Bin Zhou, Dermot O'Reilly, Natascia Rinaldo, Paulo A. Lotufo, Bahareh Kheiri, Thein Thein Htay, Simona Giampaoli, Goodarz Danaei, M. Fernanda Lima-Costa, Simona Bo, Peter Schnohr, Jerzy Chudek, Francesco Panza, Ling Yang, Katia Vergetti Bloch, Vincenzo Capuano, Holly E. Syddall, Dong Zhao, Indah Suci Widyahening, Maria Lorenza Muiesan, Leng Huat Foo, Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad, Merete Osler, Laura Torres-Collado, Manu Raj, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya, Susi Kriemler, Ali Akbar Shayesteh, Aneta Grajda, Anette Varbo, Kazem Mohammad, Leila Beltrami Moreira, Shu Ti Chiou, Iuliia A Rusakova, Jyh Eiin Wong, Torben Jørgensen, Lela Sturua, Lubica Ticha, Hamid Hakimi, Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa, Yanina Zócalo, Freda Pitakaka, Savvas C. Savva, Rajeev Gupta, Jennifer Servais, Marie Kunešová, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Elysée Claude Bika Lele, Yannis Manios, Jorge Escobedo-de la Peña, Yufang Bi, Chinh Nguyen Huu, Sibel Gogen, Viviane Cunha Cardoso, Kristine H. Allin, Ana Azevedo, Line Tang Møllehave, Vincent Jr DeGennaro, Novie O. Younger-Coleman, Gretchen A Stevens, Dickman Gareta, Holger Theobald, Anja Schienkiewitz, Bekbolat Zholdin, Janice Luisa Lukrafka, Adela Chirita-Emandi, Ulla Roggenbuck, Kenisha Russell Jonsson, Robespierre Ribeiro, Gabriele Eiben, Eero Kajantie, Sounnia Mediene Benchekor, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Mary Simon, Prakash C. Gupta, Mohammad Esmaeel Motlagh, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, María Elena Díaz-Sánchez, Pilar Guallar-Castillón, Bee Koon Poh, Cristina Padez, Azaliia M Tuliakova, Sarah P. Garnett, William R. Tebar, Yingfeng Zheng, Suhad Bahijri, Christina Mavrogianni, Mihaela Vladulescu, Jan A. Staessen, Paula Duarte de Oliveira, Rui Ornelas, Michael Sjöström, Charles Agyemang, Slawomir Koziel, Shohreh Naderimagham, Jari Jokelainen, Stephen T. McGarvey, Patrick Pasquet, Farnam Mohebi, Nader Saki, Aida Pilav, Azim Nejatizadeh, Marianna Noale, Habiba Ben Romdhane, Luís B. Sardinha, Laura Lauria, Jun Hata, Kodanda R Kanala, Gert B. M. Mensink, Nils Lehmann, Elio Riboli, Carolina Tarqui-Mamani, Rodrigo M. Carrillo-Larco, Rosangela Fernandes Lucena Batista, Victoria E Soto-Rojas, Luis Serra-Majem, Martina Müller-Nurasyid, Felipe Vogt Cureau, Lekhraj Rampal, Zhamilya Battakova, Ludmila Sevcikova, Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar, Fikru Tullu, Aung Soe Htet, Angel R. Gonzalez, Annette J. Dobson, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Hélène Delisle, Francisco J. Félix-Redondo, Ramón Suárez-Medina, Annika Rosengren, Sania Nishtar, Tanja G. M. Vrijkotte, Wolfgang Ahrens, Osvaldo Santos, Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção, Kazi M. Jamil, Stefano Marventano, Wenbin Wei, Norsyamlina Che Abdul Rahim, Shukri F. Mohamed, Bente Sparboe-Nilsen, Soon-Woo Park, Ana Isabel Rito, David Goltzman, W. M. Monique Verschuren, Catterina Ferreccio, Marta Buoncristiano, Ramón Alberto Rascón-Pacheco, Pradeep Joshi, Edward D Janus, Laetitia Huiart, Ala'a Alkerwi, Lorenza Pilotto, Mohannad Al Nsour, Daan Kromhout, Marius B. Bjertness, Oanh T. H. Trinh, Nico Dragano, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés, Ingunn Holden Bergh, Yuki Fujita, Juraci Almeida Cesar, Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri, Maria Dorobantu, Jordi Sunyer, Wolfgang Kratzer, Susanne R. de Rooij, Drude Molbo, Rebecca Goldsmith, Jean Woo, Mohammad El-khateeb, Tiffany K. Gill, Nish Chaturvedi, Benjamin Acosta-Cazares, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Nikhil D. Patel, Francesco Pistelli, Yuan He, Ivana Radic, Yi Zeng, Ilse Khouw, Reynaldo Martorell, Ching-Yu Cheng, Stine Schramm, Hana Shimizu-Furusawa, Jacek Jóźwiak, Radwan Qasrawi, Isti Ilmiati Fujiati, Charles Sossa Jérome, Ben Schöttker, Mikhail Benet, Anastasia Markaki, Christopher T. Cowell, Bharathi Viswanathan, Renata Kuciene, Jose Eugenio Lozano, Pedro J Ortiz, Delphine De Smedt, Elaine M. Murtagh, Kamel Ajlouni, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, Graziella D'Arrigo, Xiangjun Wang, Lars Lind, Macia Enguerran, Marjeta Mišigoj-Duraković, Bo Werner, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Kyungwon Oh, Seyed Rasoul Zakavi, Daniel Fernández-Bergés, Felix Kaducu, Ramon O. Jimenez, Jonathan E. Shaw, Nipa Rojroongwasinkul, Aicha Soumare, Astrid Petersmann, Tomasz Grodzicki, Parvina Mukhtorova, Eha Nurk, Bhawesh Koirala, Óscar Lopes, Ana Jelakovic, Karolina Milkowska, Magda Gasull, Regina Heidinger-Felso, Marcela González-Gross, Belong Cho, Daphne Mirkopoulou, Salvador Villalpando, Tran Quoc Bao, José Boggia, Daniela Galeone, Josep Redon, Matthias Bopp, Abbas Rezaianzadeh, Dusko Bjelica, Amir Houshang Mehrparvar, Felipe F. Casanueva, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Soheir H Ahmed, Maria Nordendahl, Luciana Zaccagni, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Rod Jackson, Jorge Motta, Keiu Nelis, Fernando Rigo, Andrzej Pajak, Christa Meisinger, Clara Homs, Namuna Shrestha, Mar Alvarez-Pedrerol, Xun Tang, Johann Willeit, Motahareh Kheradmand, Jean Dallongeville, Jean-Bernard Ruidavets, Anne Tjønneland, Diana A. Santos, Lynne M. Boddy, Jie Hao, David Alejandro González-Chica, Elin Kolle, Jingli Gao, Małgorzata Mossakowska, Isabel O. Oliveira, Giuseppe Grosso, Seongjun Ha, Olfa Saidi, Albina A Fakhretdinova, Oye Gureje, Raluca Pop, Iulia Jurca Simina, Nuno Lunet, Maria Forsner, Peter Bjerregaard, Rachael McLean, Antonio Cabrera de León, Guy De Backer, José A. Casajús, Guang Ning, Emmanuella Magriplis, Laura Censi, Graziella Bruno, Valentina Peterkova, Angelique Chan, Yvonne T. van der Schouw, Charalambos Hadjigeorgiou, Anjani Kumar Jha, Toomas Veidebaum, Thamara Hubler Figueiró, Jana Kratenova, Michelle Cilia, Ivo Rakovac, Bill Stavreski, Ya Xing Wang, Oscar Noboa, Romana Roccaldo, Sara Magnacca, Johan Sundström, Peter Stehle, Tania Lopez, Francis Delpeuch, Julianne Williams, Ellisiv B. Mathiesen, Leanne M. Riley, Claudia M. Hormiga, Joanne Katz, Ekaterina Stoyanova, Heloisa Bettiol, Gabriele Nagel, Alireza Khosravi, Lars Bo Andersen, João Breda, Jørgen Meisfjord, Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff, Marjeta Majer, Robert Beaglehole, Caleb Ochimana, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, George S. Stergiou, Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt, Leon A. Simons, Eng Joo Tan, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Gry Skodje, Maryam Keramati, Liv Elin Torheim, Seppo Koskinen, Assembekov Batyrbek, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Ming-Hui Zhao, Krista Fischer, Tobias F. Rinke de Wit, Agnès Le Port, Reza Homayounfar, James E. Bennett, Yuna He, Matsuda Fumihiko, Qi Sheng You, Angela Spinelli, Scott B. McLean, Shirin Djalalinia, Thet Thet Mu, Yves Martin-Prével, Rafael N. Pichardo, Gailute Bernotiene, Pietro Amedeo Modesti, Frederick C. W. Wu, Chandini Nekkantti, Daniela Rodrigues, Tandi E. Matsha, Mihai Gafencu, Xingwang Ye, Salar Rahimikazerooni, Trevor S. Ferguson, Christophe Tzourio, Marie Zins, Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo, Xu Ma, Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd, Lourdes Ribas-Barba, Nalan Uysal, Salim Berkinbayev, Enisa Kujundzic, Sari Voutilainen, Iraj Mohebbi, Heiner Boeing, Jorge Mota, Jana Námešná, Maria Tsigga, Zivka Dika, Gulmira Aitmurzaeva, Xu Lin, Valéria Regecová, Herman Schargrodsky, Stevo Popovic, Amelia C. Crampin, Hannu Uusitalo, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ali Esmaeili, Catherine Kyobutungi, Virginija Dulskiene, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, David De Ridder, Lizzy M. Brewster, Hashem Jaddou, Eunice Ugel, José Camolas, Azli Baharudin, Idris Guessous, Sok King Ong, Tabara Yasuharu, Ali Ghanbari, Anne W. Taylor, Iraj Nabipour, Justyna Godos, Cyrus Cooper, Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Gonzalo Valdivia, Gyulli M. Kazakbaeva, Takuro Furusawa, Pawel Kurjata, Diego Vanuzzo, Marvin Cervantes-Loaiza, Karen Morgan, Mostafa Qorbani, Rute Santos, Marika Ferrari, Diego Salmerón, Ida Maria Schmidt, Gao Pei, Abu Am Hanif, Balkish M. Naidu, Maria Wany Louzada Strufaldi, Moesijanti Soekatri, Marcia Scazufca, Katharina Maruszczak, Jacqueline Ramke, Elvis Oa Wambiya, Kairit Mikkel, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, Natalia Nowak-Szczepanska, Miao Li Chee, Jose Sanchez-Abanto, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Michel Joffres, Vayia Rarra, Ningli Wang, Charmaine A. Duante, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Manoli Garcia-de-la-Hera, Weili Yan, Dong Wook Shin, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes, Ilona Nenko, Sanjib Kumar Sharma, Alfonso Siani, Indrapal I. Meshram, Imelda A. Agdeppa, Ei Ei K. Nang, Ian Rouse, Avula Laxmaiah, Ana M. B. Menezes, Yih Chung Tham, Ebrahim Eftekhar, María José Tormo, Felicia Cañete, Marie Eliasen, Lutgart Braeckman, Dirk Vanderschueren, Genc Burazeri, Kari Kuulasmaa, Jesús Vioque, Marisa K. Sophiea, Agneta Sjöberg, Katarzyna Dereń, Albertino Damasceno, Jochanan Stessman, Stig E. Bojesen, Aline Meirhaeghe, Else Karin Grøholt, Flávio Danni Fuchs, Robert Lundqvist, Frédéric Gottrand, Jeongseon Kim, Helmut Schröder, Joanna Baran, Karina Mary de Paiva, Yousef Khader, Eric Monterrubio-Flores, Aneta Weres, Hans Concin, Damaskini Valvi, Sari Hantunen, Machi Suka, Elena Sacchini, Norbert Amougou, Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Edwige Landais, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Rosemarie Martin, Kenneth James, Amaneh Shayanrad, Grethe S. Tell, Norazizah Ibrahim Wong, Vedrana Sember, Anelise Reis Gaya, Konrad Jamrozik, Thorkild I. A. Sørensen, Martin Neovius, Urho M. Kujala, Nathalie Michels, Marcel Goldberg, Alexandra Cucu, Liliana Dacica, Adelheid Weber, Hermann Pohlabeln, Sandjaja, Jukka T. Salonen, Patricia Varona-Pérez, Tiina Laatikainen, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer, Ana Paula Carlos Cândido, Julie Taylor, Anabela Mota-Pinto, Cora L. Craig, Teresa Shamah-Levy, María Dolores Chirlaque, Mohd Azahadi Omar, Dominique Cottel, Charumathi Sabanayagam, Andrea Gazzinelli, Mieczysław Litwin, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adolfo Rubinstein, Abbas Dehghan, Rildo de Souza Wanderley Júnior, Wenhua Zhao, Aleksandra Piwońska, Yong Tao, Bontha V. Babu, Marc J. Gunter, Harunobu Nakamura, Wojciech Drygas, Eiji Oda, Jia Li Duan, Stefan Söderberg, Anthony Kafatos, Lynell V Maniego, Els Clays, Wei-Yen Lim, Marshall K. Tulloch-Reid, Mariachiara Di Cesare, Mattias Johansson, Simona Costanzo, Margot González-León, Matthias Nauck, Henry Völzke, George Luiz Lins Machado-Coelho, Annette Peters, Rajiv T Erasmus, Juan Francisco Miquel, Andrea Gualtieri, Abdul Hamid Zargar, Kaare Christensen, Peter Willeit, Tanja Stocks, Christine Cameron, Samuel C. Dumith, Janina Petkeviciene, Boyd Swinburn, Magdalena Muc, Sabine Schipf, Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic, Martin Bobak, Damian K Francis, Veronica Mocanu, Karien Stronks, Antonisamy Belavendra, Artur Mazur, Nagalla Balakrishna, Jardena J. Puder, Mehrdad Azmin, Shelly R. McFarlane, Sara Santos Sanz, Yang Yang, Anneke Blokstra, Rafel Ramos, Ertugrul Celikcan, Jody C Miller, Jesús Ibarluzea, Svetlana A. Shalnova, Maria Elisa Zapata, Guansheng Ma, Fereidoun Azizi, Beatriz D'Agord Schaan, Pedro Marques-Vidal, William A. Neal, Ana B. Crujeiras, Zhenyu Zhang, Naser Ahmadi, Abdullatif Husseini, Alun Evans, Jiang He, Edyta Łuszczki, Maria G. Stathopoulou, Alibek Mereke, Mari-Liis Tammesoo, Axel C. Carlsson, Helen Gonçalves, Idowu O Senbanjo, Jim Mann, Rajendra Pradeepa, Juel Jarani, Eva Martos, Eugene Sobngwi, Themistoklis Tzotzas, Vassilis Zafiropulos, Reina Engle-Stone, Atul Trivedi, Hui Cai, Sarah Filippi, Georg Posch, Galina Obreja, Cecily Kelleher, Sareh Eghtesad, Chung T Nguyen, Kay-Tee Khaw, Joseph Cacciottolo, Ana Henriques, Yi-Ting Lin, Anil Poudyal, Liam Smeeth, Kenji Shibuya, Emma Ruiz Moreno, Annamari Lundqvist, Thor Aspelund, Caroline H.D. Fall, Philippe Amouyel, Kristyna Zejglicova, Argyro Karakosta, Piotr Bandosz, Juvenal Soares Dias-da-Costa, Maria Lazo-Porras, Maung Maung Than Htike, Dalia Luksiene, Jutta Stieber, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Aryeh D. Stein, Lechaba Tshepo, Judith Benedics, Aletta E. Schutte, Jürgen König, Magdalena Korzycka, Grzegorz Sobek, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Tai Hing Lam, Yn-Tz Sung, Masanori Iwasaki, Elias F. Gudmundsson, Antonio Mistretta, Daniel Lemogoum, Nimmathota Arlappa, Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Khanh Le Nguyen Bao, Shoichiro Tsugane, Kaosar Afsana, Alireza Sadjadi, Myriam Galfo, Jean Claude Mbanya, Bernardo L. Horta, Marleen E. Hendriks, M. Arfan Ikram, Fadia AlBuhairan, Huashuai Chen, Marzieh Katibeh, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Larissa Pruner Marques, Louise Eriksen, Aleksandra Gomula, Ricky Eddie, Maciej Banach, Jost B. Jonas, Andrea R. V. R. Horimoto, Slavica Sović, Charles Mondo, Felix Gutzwiller, Mariana Sbaraini, Aye Aye Sein, Henrike Galenkamp, Jaume Marrugat, Nazan Yardim, Cecilia Björkelund, Luigi Palmieri, Roya Kelishadi, Jie Mi, Nahla Hwalla, Jing Liu, Davide Noto, Panayiotis K. Yiallouros, Kelias P. Msyamboza, Judith Simons, Sofia Malyutina, Michele Monroy-Valle, Andres Metspalu, Lariane M Ono, Rafaela Rosário, Flora A. Ukoli, Efthymios Kapantais, Enzo Manzato, S. Goya Wannamethee, Alison J Price, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras, Ali Reza Safarpour, Erfan Ghasemi, Janine Clarke, René Charles Sylva, Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud, Zhamyila Usupova, Chaoqiang Jiang, Julio Zuñiga Cisneros, Freja B Kampmann, Wei Cheng Lo, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Kaspar Staub, Mojtaba Farjam, Vincenzo Solfrizzi, Garry L. Jennings, Fabio Galvano, Monika Zuziak, Karin De Ridder, Lucie Viet, Anna Bugge, Mehdi Yaseri, Safiah Md Yusof, Sandra C. Fuchs, Emmanuel Cohen, Snehalatha Chamukuttan, Maria Ruiz-Castell, Karen Sparrenberger, Pedro Plans-Rubio, Wei Zheng, Eldridge Ferrer, Martijn Huisman, Maria Hassapidou, Iris Pigeot, Jakub Stokwiszewski, Domenico Palli, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Ramiro Guerrero, Farzad Hadaegh, Han Cg Kemper, Saeid Safiri, Ivan Pećin, Arnaud Chiolero, Niels Møller, Jorge Bezerra, Ulrike Gehring, Iná S. Santos, Dénes Molnár, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff, Marie Moitry, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jacqueline F. 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Sy, José María Huerta, Ko Ko Zaw, Akihiro Yoshihara, Peter Ueda, Belgin Ünal, Rachel Dankner, Andrzej Wiecek, Eman Aly, Ruzena Kubinova, Justina Vaitkeviciute, Hanna Tolonen, Priscilla Duboz, Orn Olafsson, Yin Guo, Chiara Donfrancesco, Salim Mohanna, Dusan Grafnetter, Daniel Weghuber, Ali Ahmadi, Rosemary B. Duda, E. Shyong Tai, Louise A. Baur, Nihal Thomas, Prabhdeep Kaur, Norlaila Mustafa, Shariq Rashid Masoodi, Liis Nelis, Badreya Al-Lahou, J. Jaime Miranda, Lèlita Santos, Aroor Bhagyalaxmi, Mohamed Bamoshmoosh, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Jeannette Lee, Ahmad Reza Dorosty, Alain Morejon, Ying-Wei Wang, Jakob Tarp, Rosalba Rojas-Martínez, Luxia Zhang, Bahram Mohajer, Maja Bæksgaard Jørgensen, Jurate Klumbiene, Zhengming Chen, Ambady Ramachandran, Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez, Alisha N. Wade, Suyeon Park, Janne Schurmann Tolstrup, Lucjan Szponar, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Tahir Aris, Mahfuzar Rahman, Dorja Vočanec, Juan P. 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Pizarro, Jin Soo Moon, Frank Claessens, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Frank Tanser, Nor Azwany Yaacob, Vanina Bongard, Gregor Jurak, Johan G. Eriksson, Christina-Paulina Lambrinou, Hanspeter Stamm, Kim Overvad, Yanping Li, Carsten Oliver Schmidt, Thomas Meinertz Dantoft, Wichai Aekplakorn, Anwar Batieha, Eduardo Capuano, Teresa Haugsgjerd, Jeremy M. Jacobs, Paola Russo, Nguyen D Nguyen, Luis Revilla, Hossein Poustchi, Farid Najafi, Giovanni de Gaetano, Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar, Paul Elliott, Denise Eldemire-Shearer, Angela Döring, Giovanni Viegi, Xiaoguang Yang, María-Elena González-Villalpando, Maria Puiu, Maria Benedetta Donati, Andrew Wong, Tomasz Zdrojewski, Carlos P. Boissonnet, Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad, Mahmudur Rahman, Günther Fink, Marcia Makdisse, Dragana P Jovic, Aline Wagner, Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani, Pascal Bovet, Dong Wook Kim, Tom Wilsgaard, Anders Grøntved, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Antonia Trichopoulou, Noushin Mohammadifard, Igor Spiroski, Natasja M. van Schoor, Cláudia S. Minderico, Betina H. Thuesen, Queenie Chan, Ulf Ekelund, Laura A. Rodríguez-Villamizar, Line Lund Kårhus, Cihangir Erem, Amina Barkat, Maria Paula Santos, Fernanda Cunha Soares, Constanta Huidumac Petrescu, Allan G. Hill, Honor Bixby, Benoît Salanave, Joana Carvalho, Maigeng Zhou, Ofra Kalter-Leibovici, Roy A Wong-McClure, Kim F. Michaelsen, Doris Stöckl, Rosalynn Siantar, Jouko Saramies, José R. Banegas, Quang Ngoc La, Uruwan Yamborisut, Parinaz Mehdipour, Farhad Pourfarzi, Sudha Ramachandra Rao, Katsuyasu Kouda, Chien-Jen Chen, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Martin Nankap, Allan Linneberg, Ronald D. Gregor, Rudolf Kaaks, Maria do Carmo Franco, Marta García-Solano, Beata Gurzkowska, Bahman Cheraghian, Stefaan De Henauw, Daniel Ferrante, Johanna A. 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Capanzana, Con Burns, Emanuela Pettenuzzo, Ming-Dong Wang, Jonathan Giovannelli, Stela McLachlan, Ellis Owusu-Dabo, Stefania Toselli, Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto, Senthil K Vasan, Sara Schramm, Xenophon Theodoridis, Moyses Szklo, Ramfis Nieto-Martínez, Viswanathan Mohan, Guillermo Frontera, Rahul Malhotra, Thomas Ferrao, Dongfeng Gu, Tomas Vega, Hynek Pikhart, Päivi Mäki, Heba Fouad, Vilnis Dzerve, Christina Howitt, Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri, Jenny M. Kindblom, Marjolijn C. E. Bragt, G. K. Mini, Qian Wang, Liufu Cui, Andrzej Galbarczyk, Sylvain Sebert, Vilmundur Gudnason, Loreto Santa Marina, Kairat Davletov, Afshin Ostovar, Niloofar Peykari, Nicholas J. Wareham, Wilma M. Hopman, Karl-Heinz Jöckel, Jussi Kauhanen, Breige A. McNulty, Alina Kerimkulova, Youcef Laid, Claes Ohlsson, Stefan Kiechl, Alicia Matijasevich, Boban Mugoša, Srinivasan Kannan, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Mohan Deepa, Mangesh S. Pednekar, Shahla AlDhukair, Cynthia M. Pérez, Vera Lanska, Tint Swe Latt, Dominique Hange, João Luiz Bastos, Eliza Markidou Ioannidou, Leticia Hernandez Cadena, Maya Tanrygulyyeva, Reza Malekzadeh, Dimitrios Poulimeneas, Pedro Ordunez, Thomas Waldhör, Ioannis Pagkalos, Carlo M. Barbagallo, Abla M. Sibai, Peter Vollenweider, Asher Fawwad, Emily Sonestedt, Elena Pahomova, Santosh K. Bhargava, Patrick Kolsteren, Aya Mostafa, Fangfang Chen, Flavio Nervi, Imre Janszky, Arvind Pandey, Renata Cifkova, Alexandre C. Pereira, Alejandro Diaz, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Rachakulla Hari Kumar, Jaakko Mursu, Luis A. Moreno, Glen Gironella, Jelena Kos, Tilema Cama, Haakon E. Meyer, Jun Ma, Raphael E. Arku, Ziad Abdeen, Rusidah Selamat, Dianna J. Magliano, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Konstantinos Gkiouras, Paul Korrovits, Paola Nardone, Paolo Vineis, Kotsedi D Monyeki, Khuong Quynh Long, Alberto Barceló, Camilla T. Damsgaard, Constance Schultsz, Frank J Rühli, Santiago F. Gomez, Tara Coppinger, Muhammad Islam, Pierre Traissac, Eleonora d'Orsi, Irfan Nuhoglu, Rui Providência, Bernard Maire, Leandra Abarca-Gómez, Sinead Brophy, Daniela Pierannunzio, Cristina Taddei, Wen-Harn Pan, Gregor Starc, Abdullah Alkandari, Saeed Dastgiri, Lien Braeckevelt, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Sudhir Kowlessur, Bagher Larijani, Cynthia Robitaille, Mohamed M. Ali, Steiner Krokstad, Noor Ani Ahmad, Anar Dushpanova, Agustinus Soemantri, Susana Sans, Ionela Pascanu, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Inger Ariansen, Abhijit Sen, Sergej M. Ostojic, Silvana Donoso, Felix K. Assah, Juan A Rivera, Peter H. Whincup, Oana-Florentina Gheorghe-Fronea, Hanan F. Abdul Rahim, Yadlapalli S. Kusuma, Michael Knoflach, Moein Yoosefi, Cassiano Ricardo Rech, Paul Ferdinand M. Reganit, Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen, Francesco Gianfagna, Stefania Maggi, Mohammad Hossein Somi, Behrooz Hamzeh, Bethlehem D. Solomon, Herman Borghs, Zhanna Kalmatayeva, Heidi Klakk, Akram Pourshams, Naomi S. Levitt, Miquel Porta, Vesna Jureša, Alexander D. Deev, Son Thai Pham, Paula Margozzini, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Dora Romaguera, Monira Alarouj, Winsome R. Parnell, Marloes Cardol, David Faeh, Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz, Giota Touloumi, Maryam Kavousi, Sanja Musić Milanović, Jalila El Ati, Sauli Herrala, Liang Xu, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Ian Hambleton, Stefan Savin, Andre Pascal Kengne, R. Krishna Kumar, Kurt Widhalm, Marco M Ferrario, Parisa Amiri, Yi Song, Jianfeng Wu, Jeannette Klimont, Jean Ferrières, Farhad Zamani, Shina Avi, Luis Paulo Gomes Mascarenhas, Aluísio J D Barros, Reecha Sofat, Koen Van Herck, Hoang Van Minh, Enrique Gutiérrez-González, Martine Vrijheid, Susana Cararo Confortin, Antonis Zampelas, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ausra Petrauskiene, Juha Auvinen, Maryam Sharafkhah, Emanuel Zitt, Majid Ezzati, Young-Ho Khang, Ellina Rakhimova, Magdalena Klimek, Luís Lopes, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Maria Lc Iurilli, Günay Can, Mark Woodward, Esther Lopez-Garcia, Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros, Ahmed A. Madar, Rainford J. Wilks, Shoaib Afzal, Melanie J. Cowan, Gareth Stratton, Eduardo Salazar Martinez, Sameer Narake, Norie Sawada, Li Juan Wu, Adrian Richter, Licia Iacoviello, Hanno Ulmer, Deepak Amarapurkar, Mohsen Ibrahim, Hamed Pouraram, Massimo Salvetti, Hung-Kwan So, Yonghua Hu, Lars Ängquist, Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran, Charles Lunogelo, Sabina Zambon, Angelika Schaffrath Rosario, Lauren Lissner, Kamarul Imran Musa, Deepa Weerasekera, Bihungum Bista, Takafumi Ishida, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Mirjam M. Heinen, Tazeen H. Jafar, Semánová Csilla, Raija Korpelainen, Edward W. Gregg, Laura Gutierrez, Victor M. Herrera, Aristides M. Machado-Rodrigues, Fatemeh Malekzadeh, Shouling Wu, Jennifer L. Baker, Clicerio González-Villalpando, Irene G. M. van Valkengoed, Anna Fijałkowska, Meghnath Dhimal, Murat Topbaş, George Moschonis, Robert Eggertsen, Quang Ngoc Nguyen, Janette Walton, Elnaz Faramarzi, Nasheeta Peer, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Harald Geiger, Morteza Shamshirgaran, Lela Shengelia, María Ángeles Dal Re Saavedra, Khem Bahadur Karki, Timothy J. Key, Maria G. Grammatikopoulou, Susana Vale, Bernhard O. Boehm, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Iveta Pudule, Elisabete Ramos, Lacramioara Aurelia Brinduse, Paul H. Lee, Terence W O'Neill, Javad Aghazadeh-Attari, Margus Punab, Bojan Jelaković, Eliza Cinteza, Ha Tp Do, and Alison J. Hayes
Subjects: education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Distribution (economics), medicine.disease, Obesity, Geography, medicine, Underweight, medicine.symptom, education, business, Body mass index, Demography
Published: 2020

25. Current breastfeeding practices in Bulgaria

Author: Lalka Rangelova and Vesselka Duleva
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, High prevalence, business.industry, Prevalence, Breastfeeding, Medicine (miscellaneous), Nutritional status, Micronutrient, Medical documents, Environmental health, medicine, Underweight, medicine.symptom, business, Infant feeding
Abstract: The results obtained by the national monitoring of dietary intake and nutritional status of Bulgarian infants, conducted during the last ten years, show some negative characteristics and trends associated with risk of chronic non-communicable diseases and micronutrient deficiencies later in life. The data on nutrition in infants were collected through active interviews with the mothers and information from the medical documentation of their GPs during the surveys in 2007 and 2014. Wrong practices of infant feeding and serious problems in their nutritional status, such as short duration of breastfeeding, low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, early and inadequate complementary feeding, high prevalence of stunting, underweight and anaemia among infants, especially in minorities, were identified. Results obtained during the survey in 2007 were: the rate of children breast-fed in the first days after their births were 90.7%. Only 1.8% was breast-fed during their first hour according to WHO and UNICEF recommendations; 12.5% of the infants were at exclusive breast-feeding. Data were compared with the results obtained for children at the same age from national surveys conducted in 2014, as the rate of infants who were breast-fed in the first days after their births was 86.3%; 9.9% were breast-fed during their first hour and 21.7% of the infants were at exclusive breast-feeding. The total duration of breast-feeding was short according to both surveys. The rate of breast-fed infants in the first days after birth is high in many European countries, however, the breast-feeding practices in Bulgaria do not comply with the international recommendations. The exclusive breast-feeding has a low prevalence rate. The breast-feeding period is very short. It is necessary to develop the national recommendations for healthy nutrition of infants that will concern all these problems and will aim to improve knowledge of the mothers regarding the best practices of healthy nutrition of their infants.
Published: 2020

26. Policy driven improvement of the school food environment for the Bulgarian first-graders in the period 2008–2016

Author: Vesselka Duleva, Ekaterina Chikova-Ischener, Lalka Rangelova, and Plamen Dimitrov
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, Geography, language, Medicine (miscellaneous), Bulgarian, Socioeconomics, Period (music), language.human_language, Food environment
Abstract: Introduction:The disbalanced school food environment may be a significant factor contributing to the childhood obesity epidemic observed in the last decades worldwide and in Bulgaria. Policy measures targeting to improve the food and beverage availability at the school premises, to include nutrition education in the school curriculum and to implement initiatives aiming to promote a healthy lifestyle among children and their families, all have the potential to help lowering the prevalence of childhood obesity and improve the well-being and health of the children.The aim of the present study is to assess the policy driven improvement of the school food environment for the Bulgarian first-graders within the period 2008–2016.Materials and methods:Three cross-sectional studies among 7-year-old schoolchildren in Bulgaria were carried out on nationally representative samples of about 3500 children selected from the same sample of primary schools in the years 2008, 2013 and 2016 as part of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). The present study is based on the data collected through questionnaire on the school environment characteristics.Results:Within the nationally representative sample of schools from 2008 to 2016 there is decrease in the percentage of schools with availability at their premises of salty snacks (from 73.7% to 32.3%), sweet snacks (from 76.5% to 49.7%), cold drinks with sugar (from 68.2% to 10.1%) and fruit juices with sugar (from 69.3% to 8.7%), paralleled by increase in the proportion of schools offering vegetables (from 17.9% to 59.8%) and fresh fruits (from 36.9% to 87.4%). Most of the schools have nutrition education as a separate class or included in the curriculum (92.4% of the schools in 2008 and 91.5% in 2016). There is marked increase in the proportion of schools that have initiatives to promote healthy lifestyles (from 42.4% in 2008 to 68.3% in 2016).Discussion:The legislative and policy measures initiated within the period 2008–2016 have led to significant improvement in the profile of foods and drinks available at the school premises, as well as higher involvement of the schools in initiatives promoting healthy lifestyles. These positive changes in the school food environment have probably important role for the trend for plateauing in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 7-year-old schoolchildren observed within the same study.
Published: 2020

27. Family environment risk factors for overweight in childhood

Author: Vesselka Duleva, E Chikova-Iscener, Lalka Rangelova, and Plamen Dimitrov
Subjects: business.industry, Environmental health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Medicine, Overweight, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background One of the current public health problems in Bulgaria is the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood. The family environment affects many aspects of children’s health and well-being. The unfavourable socio-economic characteristics of the family environment might be a risk for overweight and obesity in childhood. Methods A national representative survey was conducted in Bulgaria in 2016 as part of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). 3379 schoolchildren were recruited. The average age of the sample was 7.7 years, equally distributed by gender - girls 50.11% (n = 1693) and boys 49.89% (n = 1686). The data from the filled in Family form was analysed with SPSS using descriptive statistical methods. Results The study identified the following risk factors of the family environment for the development of overweight in childhood: the proportion of parents with elementary or primary education was significant - about a quarter, nearly one third of the surveyed households were experiencing financial difficulties, 14.1% of the women and 11.6% of the men were unemployed in the last 1 year. There was a high incidence of co-morbidity among family members: hypertension - 27.7%, diabetes mellitus - 14.4% and hypercholesterolemia - 13.6%. Among the surveyed parents 28.4% of the women and 68% of the men were overweight. Only 13.5% of the parents estimated the weight status of their child as overweight (with objectively measured overweight among 29.2% of the recruited children). A significant proportion of the children were not breastfed (17.3%) or the duration of exclusive breastfeeding was not optimal for 67.8% of the exclusively breastfed children. Conclusions Identifying family risk factors associated with overweight in childhood is important for the public health and provides opportunities to develop policies for improvement of the nutritional and health status of children. Key messages To tackle the childhood obesity epidemic the family risk factors should be addressed. The awareness of the children and parents should be raised through targeted information materials and campaigns.
Published: 2019

28. P3-35-02 - Policy driven improvement of the school food environment for the Bulgarian first-graders in the period 2008-2016

Author: Vesselka Duleva
Published: 2019

29. Clustering of Multiple Energy Balance-Related Behaviors in School Children and its Association with Overweight and Obesity—WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI 2015–2017)

Author: João Breda, Celine Murrin, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, Enisa Kujundzic, Ana Isabel Rito, Harry Rutter, Constanta Huidumac, Shynar Abdrakhmanova, Radka Taxová Braunerová, Lela Shengelia, Guljemal Ovezmyradova, Marta Buoncristiano, Ausra Petrauskiene, Mirjam M. Heinen, Anna Fijałkowska, Vesselka Duleva, Silvia Bel-Serrat, Sanja Musić Milanović, Tatjana Hejgaard, Ana Ojeda-Rodríguez, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Cecily Kelleher, and Jolanda Hyska
Subjects: Male, obesity, Health Behavior, Energy balance, physical activity, Overweight, 0302 clinical medicine, Energy Balance-related Behaviors, energy balance-related behaviors, sedentary behavior, Cluster Analysis, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Children, Nutrition and Dietetics, Europe, Geography, screen time, Female, COSI, medicine.symptom, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Physical activity, lcsh:TX341-641, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Ciencias de la Salud::Nutrición y dietética [Materias Investigacion], World Health Organization, Article, Childhood obesity, Screen Time, 03 medical and health sciences, Screen time, children, medicine, Humans, overweight, Obesity, Association (psychology), Cluster analysis, Exercise, Dietary Intake, Physical Activity, medicine.disease, Sedentary Behavior, Energy Metabolism, dietary intake, cluster analysis, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde, Food Science, Demography
Abstract: It is unclear how dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviors co-occur in school-aged children. We investigated the clustering of energy balance-related behaviors and whether the identified clusters were associated with weight status. Participants were 6- to 9-year-old children (n = 63,215, 49.9% girls) from 19 countries participating in the fourth round (2015/2017) of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Energy balance-related behaviors were parentally reported. Weight and height were objectively measured. We performed cluster analysis separately per group of countries (North Europe, East Europe, South Europe/Mediterranean countries and West-Central Asia). Seven clusters were identified in each group. Healthier clusters were common across groups. The pattern of distribution of healthy and unhealthy behaviors within each cluster was group specific. Associations between the clustering of energy balance-related behaviors and weight status varied per group. In South Europe/Mediterranean countries and East Europe, all or most of the cluster solutions were associated with higher risk of overweight/obesity when compared with the cluster 'Physically active and healthy diet'. Few or no associations were observed in North Europe and West-Central Asia, respectively. These findings support the hypothesis that unfavorable weight status is associated with a particular combination of energy balance-related behavior patterns, but only in some groups of countries. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2019
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30. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: Impact of Type of Clothing Worn during Anthropometric Measurements and Timing of the Survey on Weight and Body Mass Index Outcome Measures in 6–9-Year-Old Children

Author: Marie Kunešová, Iveta Pudule, Lauren Lissner, Agneta Yngve, Ana Isabel Rito, Ausra Petrauskiene, Joop M A van Raaij, Trudy M. A. Wijnhoven, Pieter van 't Veer, Ragnhild Hovengen, Eva Martos, Angela Spinelli, Vesselka Duleva, Maria Hassapidou, Gregor Starc, Lien Braeckevelt, Igor Spiroski, João Breda, Napoleón Pérez-Farinós, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, and Mirjam M. Heinen
Subjects: Gerontology, Nutrition and Disease, Article Subject, Epidemiology, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Overweight, Childhood obesity, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Voeding en Ziekte, medicine, Life Science, Obesity, 030212 general & internal medicine, VLAG, Global Nutrition, Wereldvoeding, Data collection, business.industry, Anthropometry, Clothing, medicine.disease, Childhood, Europe, COSI, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, Weight gain, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde, Demography
Abstract: Background. The World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) conducted examinations in 6–9-year-old children from 16 countries in the first two rounds of data collection. Allowing participating countries to adhere to their local legal requirements or adapt to other circumstances required developing a flexible protocol for anthropometric procedures. Objectives. (1) Review intercountry variation in types of clothing worn by children during weight and height measurements, clothes weight adjustments applied, timing of the survey, and duration of data collection; (2) assess the impact of the observed variation in these practices on the children’s weight or body mass index (BMI) outcome measures. Results. The relative difference between countries’ unadjusted and clothes-adjusted prevalence estimates for overweight was 0.3–11.5%; this figure was 1.4–33.3% for BMI-for-age Z-score values. Monthly fluctuations in mean BMI-for-age Z-score values did not show a systematic seasonal effect. The majority of the monthly BMI-for-age Z-score values did not differ statistically within a country; only 1–3 monthly values were statistically different within some countries. Conclusions. The findings of the present study suggest that the built-in flexibility in the COSI protocol concerning the data collection practices addressed in the paper can be kept and thus do not necessitate a revision of the COSI protocol.
Published: 2016

31. Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood overweight: heterogeneity across five countries in the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI–2008)

Author: Kirsten Mehlig, Ana Isabel Rito, Vesselka Duleva, Lauren Lissner, Agneta Sjöberg, Agneta Yngve, Marie Kunešová, João Breda, Ausra Petrauskiene, and Trudy M. A. Wijnhoven
Subjects: Male, Parents, Gerontology, Pediatric Obesity, medicine.medical_specialty, Inequality, Cross-sectional study, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, media_common.quotation_subject, Nutritional Status, Medicine (miscellaneous), 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Socioeconomic development, World Health Organization, White People, Childhood obesity, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative, Environmental health, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Obesity, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Policy Making, Socioeconomic status, media_common, Analysis of Variance, Nutrition and Dietetics, Equity (economics), business.industry, Public health, medicine.disease, Childhood, Europe, Cross-Sectional Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, Population Surveillance, Original Article, Female, Public Health, COSI, business, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Free PMC Article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856730/ BACKGROUND: Excess risk of childhood overweight and obesity occurring in socioeconomically disadvantaged families has been demonstrated in numerous studies from high-income regions, including Europe. It is well known that socioeconomic characteristics such as parental education, income and occupation are etiologically relevant to childhood obesity. However, in the pan-European setting, there is reason to believe that inequalities in childhood weight status may vary among countries as a function of differing degrees of socioeconomic development and equity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we have examined socioeconomic differences in childhood obesity in different parts of the European region using nationally representative data from Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Portugal and Sweden that were collected in 2008 during the first round of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. RESULTS: Heterogeneity in the association between parental socioeconomic indicators and childhood overweight or obesity was clearly observed across the five countries studied. Positive as well as negative associations were observed between parental socioeconomic indicators and childhood overweight, with statistically significant interactions between country and parental indicators. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have public health implications for the WHO European Region and underscore the necessity to continue documenting socioeconomic inequalities in obesity in all countries through international surveillance efforts in countries with diverse geographic, social and economic environments. This is a prerequisite for universal as well as targeted preventive actions. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2016

32. Development of methodology for analysis of the FADS1 genetic variants: First pilot study in Bulgaria

Author: Tzveta Georgieva, Elena Kuzova, and Vesselka Duleva
Subjects: Genetic variants, Computational biology, Biology
Published: 2016

33. Good practice criteria for childhood obesity prevention in kindergartens and schools-elaboration, content and use

Author: Maria Hassapidou, Sven Messing, Petru Sandu, Viktoria Anna Kovacs, Dilani Janssen, Elżbieta Grochowska-Niedworok, Csilla Kaposvári, Eva Martos, Vesselka Duleva, Angela Spinelli, and Eszter Sarkadi-Nagy
Subjects: Pediatric Obesity, Evidence-based practice, Delphi Technique, Delphi method, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Scientific literature, Health Promotion, Childhood obesity, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, computer.programming_language, Medical education, Schools, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Monitoring and evaluation, medicine.disease, Europe, Intervention (law), Action plan, Child, Preschool, Evidence-Based Practice, Psychology, computer, Delphi
Abstract: Background In accordance with the policy actions that address childhood overweight and obesity at European level and as a contribution to the EU Action Plan on Childhood Obesity 2014-20, a Joint Action on Nutrition and Physical Activity (JANPA) was established. As part of JANPA work package 6, an evaluation framework to identify good practices, targeting childhood obesity prevention in kindergartens and schools, was developed. This article describes the WP 6 JANPA framework of good practice criteria and its development, compares it to other frameworks and discusses its potential for future use. Methods Based on the analysis of scientific literature, a set of 47 potential good practice criteria was drafted, that was then revised and complemented through a series of online Delphi consultations. Results A final list of 48 good practice criteria (9 of which were rated as core criteria) was developed and grouped into three categories: intervention characteristics (n = 17), implementation (n = 17) and monitoring and evaluation (n = 14). Conclusion The identified JANPA framework of good practice criteria complements the existing frameworks by focussing on kindergarten- and school-based initiatives and provides guidance for evaluators, programme planners and decision makers bearing in mind that a one-size-fits-all approach is inadequate. To ensure the effectiveness of future practices, programme planners should endeavour to meet at least the nine JANPA core criteria.
Published: 2018

34. Mediation of parental educational level on fruit and vegetable intake among schoolchildren in ten European countries

Author: Cirila Hlastan Ribic, Inga Thorsdottir, Elviira Lehto, Christel Lynch, Vesselka Duleva, Irena Simcic, Maria Daniel Vaz de Almeida, Agneta Yngve, Asa Gudrun Kristjansdottir, Isabel Behrendt, Michael B. Krawinkel, Saskia J. te Velde, Bettina Ehrenblad, Angeliki Papadaki, Carola Ray, Eva Roos, Stefka Petrova, Nanna Lien, Epidemiology and Data Science, and EMGO - Lifestyle, overweight and diabetes
Subjects: Male, Parents, Medicine (miscellaneous), Diet Surveys, Food Supply, Nutrition Policy, Food Preferences, Environmental health, Vegetables, Humans, Medicine, Child, Nutrition and Dietetics, Parenting, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Research Papers, Self Efficacy, Diet, Europe, Cross-Sectional Studies, Fruit, Mediation, Educational Status, Patient Compliance, Female, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, business
Abstract: ObjectiveTo examine which factors act as mediators between parental educational level and children's fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake in ten European countries.DesignCross-sectional data were collected in ten European countries participating in the PRO GREENS project (2009). Schoolchildren completed a validated FFQ about their daily F&V intake and filled in a questionnaire about availability of F&V at home, parental facilitation of F&V intake, knowledge of recommendations about F&V intake, self-efficacy to eat F&V and liking for F&V. Parental educational level was determined from a questionnaire given to parents. The associations were examined with multilevel mediation analyses.SettingSchools in Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Greece, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden.SubjectsEleven-year-old children (n 8159, response rate 72%) and their parents.ResultsIn five of the ten countries, children with higher educated parents were more likely to report eating fruits daily. This association was mainly mediated by knowledge but self-efficacy, liking, availability and facilitation also acted as mediators in some countries. Parents’ education was positively associated with their children's daily vegetable intake in seven countries, with knowledge and availability being the strongest mediators and self-efficacy and liking acting as mediators to some degree.ConclusionsParental educational level correlated positively with children's daily F&V intake in most countries and the pattern of mediation varied among the participating countries. Future intervention studies that endeavour to decrease the educational-level differences in F&V intake should take into account country-specific features in the relevant determinants of F&V intake.
Published: 2014

35. Awareness of the university students in compliance with Bulgarian food-based dietary guidelines

Author: Vesselka Duleva, Krasimira Lisaeva, Luydmil Boyanov, and Vanya Birdanova
Subjects: Medical education, business.industry, Pedagogy, language, Medicine, Bulgarian, business, language.human_language, Compliance (psychology)
Published: 2016

36. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: health-risk behaviours on nutrition and physical activity in 6-9-year-old schoolchildren

Author: Trudy M. A. Wijnhoven, Ana Isabel Rito, João Breda, Agneta Sjöberg, Ausra Petrauskiene, Joop M A van Raaij, Vesselka Duleva, Agneta Yngve, and Marie Kunešová
Subjects: Male, Parents, Gerontology, Pediatric Obesity, Cross-sectional study, Child Behavior, Medicine (miscellaneous), Nutrição, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Child, Nutrition and Dietetics, Monitoring and Surveillance, Nutrition Surveys, Research Papers, Europe, Obesidade, Epidemiological Monitoring, Female, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Risk, Atividade Física, medicine.medical_specialty, Schoolchildren, Health Promotion, Motor Activity, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, Screen time, medicine, Humans, Food consumption, Obesity, Breakfast, Sedentary lifestyle, VLAG, Global Nutrition, Wereldvoeding, business.industry, Physical activity, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Food Consumption, Physical Activity, medicine.disease, Diet, Cross-Sectional Studies, Health promotion, Patient Compliance, Sedentary Behavior, business, Body mass index, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: ObjectiveTo assess to what extent eight behavioural health risks related to breakfast and food consumption and five behavioural health risks related to physical activity, screen time and sleep duration are present among schoolchildren, and to examine whether health-risk behaviours are associated with obesity.DesignCross-sectional design as part of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (school year 2007/2008). Children’s behavioural data were reported by their parents and children’s weight and height measured by trained fieldworkers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed.SettingPrimary schools in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Portugal and Sweden; paediatric clinics in the Czech Republic.SubjectsNationally representative samples of 6–9-year-olds (n 15 643).ResultsAll thirteen risk behaviours differed statistically significantly across countries. Highest prevalence estimates of risk behaviours were observed in Bulgaria and lowest in Sweden. Not having breakfast daily and spending screen time ≥2 h/d were clearly positively associated with obesity. The same was true for eating ‘foods like pizza, French fries, hamburgers, sausages or meat pies’ >3 d/week and playing outside ConclusionsDespite a categorization based on international health recommendations, individual associations of the thirteen health-risk behaviours with obesity were not consistent, whereas presence of multiple physical activity-related risk behaviours was clearly associated with higher odds of obesity.
Published: 2015

37. Turning dilemmas into opportunities: a UNU/SCN capacity development network in public nutrition in Central and Eastern Europe

Author: Camelia Parvan, Michal Demes, Vesselka Duleva, Zlatka Dimitrovska, Mirjana Pavlović, Aida Filipovic Hadziomeragic, Fré Pepping, Peter Szabolcs, Maria Glibetic, Lajos Biro, and Arne Oshaug
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Economic growth, AFSG Stafafdelingen (WUATV), United Nations, Higher education, Nutritional Sciences, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, International Cooperation, Nutrition Education, Central and Eastern Europe, Medicine (miscellaneous), Public policy, Public Policy, Network, 03 medical and health sciences, Professional Competence, 0302 clinical medicine, Political science, Health care, Nutrition transition, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, VLAG, Nutrition, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, business.industry, Public health, Capacity development, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, AFSG Staff Departments (WUATV), Europe, Health promotion, Work (electrical), Models, Organizational, Public Health Practice, business
Abstract: Capacity development in nutrition is a process whereby individuals, groups, institutions, organizations and societies enhance their abilities to identify and meet challenges in a sustainable manner. To address these issues, in 2001 the UN System Standing Committee on Nutrition (SCN) established a Working Group on Capacity Development under the joint coordination of the United Nations University (UNU) and the International Union of Nutritional Sciences. Several regional professional networks have developed under this working group, the latest for the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries. Ten CEE countries formed a network in 2006 and identified major nutritional challenges in the region, which included: irregular meal patterns; low consumption of fruits/vegetables, milk products and fish; low intake of some micronutrients; and high intakes of fat, sugar and salt. Public policies in nutrition were either weak or absent. Some countries had recently developed nutrition plans. Higher education in nutrition was seen as very important for public nutrition work by professionals in the region, who considered it a prerequisite for reversing the negative trend of the nutrition transition. The network will continue to work on issues that are still not covered adequately. Its activities to date and prospects for the future are assessed against ten principles for good capacity development suggested by the United Nations Development Programme.
Published: 2009

38. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: School Nutrition Environment and Body Mass Index in Primary Schools

Author: Gregor Starc, Agneta Yngve, Iveta Pudule, Ausra Petrauskiene, Trudy M. A. Wijnhoven, Vesselka Duleva, Ana Isabel Rito, Marie Kunešová, Maria Hassapidou, Agneta Sjöberg, Joop M A van Raaij, Eva Martos, Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo, Nazih Eldin, João Breda, and Ragnhild Hovengen
Subjects: Male, Gerontology, Pediatric Obesity, behaviors, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Psychological intervention, School Policy, lcsh:Medicine, physical activity, VDP::Medisinske fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Epidemiologi medisinsk og odontologisk statistikk: 803, Obesity -- Europe, Overweight, Body Mass Index, Nutrition -- Europe, Promotion (rank), prevention, healthy school environment, school policy, Child, media_common, Human Nutrition & Health, Schools, Humane Voeding & Gezondheid, Obesity in children -- Europe, Europe, nutrition, Female, Exercise -- Health aspects, VDP::Midical sciences: 700::Health sciences: 800::Epidemiology, medical and dental statistics: 803, medicine.symptom, associations, policy, medicine.medical_specialty, Monitoring, media_common.quotation_subject, education, Physical activity, Nutritional Status, World Health Organization, Article, World health, Childhood obesity, primary schools, children, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, overweight, consumption, food environment, interventions, Nutrition, VLAG, Global Nutrition, Wereldvoeding, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:R, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, secondary-schools, Physical Activity, medicine.disease, weight status, monitoring, School environment, Primary Schools, business, Body mass index, Healthy School Environment, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Background: Schools are important settings for the promotion of a healthy diet and sufficient physical activity and thus overweight prevention. Objective: To assess differences in school nutrition environment and body mass index (BMI) in primary schools between and within 12 European countries. Methods: Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) were used (1831 and 2045 schools in 2007/2008 and 2009/2010, respectively). School personnel provided information on 18 school environmental characteristics on nutrition and physical ctivity. A school nutrition environment score was calculated using five nutrition-related characteristics whereby higher scores correspond to higher support for a healthy school nutrition environment. Trained field workers measured children’s weight and height; BMI-for-age (BMI/A) Z-scores were computed using the 2007 WHO growth reference and, for each school, the mean of the children’s BMI/A Z-scores was calculated. Results: Large between-country differences were found in the availability of food items on the premises (e.g., fresh fruit could be obtained in 12%95% of schools) and school nutrition environment scores (range: 0.300.93). Low-score countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Latvia and Lithuania) graded less than three characteristics as supportive. High-score (≥0.70) countries were Ireland, Malta, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia and Sweden. The combined absence of cold drinks containing sugar, sweet snacks and salted snacks were more observed in high-score countries than in low-score countries. Largest within-country school nutrition environment scores were found in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Latvia and Lithuania. All country-level BMI/A Z-scores were positive (range: 0.201.02), indicating higher BMI values than the 2007 WHO growth reference. With the exception of Norway and Sweden, a country-specific association between the school nutrition environment score and the school BMI/A Z-score was not observed. Conclusions: Some European countries have implemented more school policies that are supportive to a healthy nutrition environment than others. However, most countries with low school nutrition environment scores also host schools with supportive school environment policies, suggesting that a uniform school policy to tackle the “unhealthy” school nutrition environment has not been implemented at the same level throughout a country and may underline the need for harmonized school policies., peer-reviewed
Published: 2014
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39. Does eating family meals and having the television on during dinner correlate with overweight? : a sub-study of the PRO GREENS project, looking at children from nine European countries

Author: Irena Simcic, Eva Roos, Christel Lynch, Bela Franchini, Isabel Behrendt, Stefka Petrova, Inga Thorsdottir, Asa Gudrun Kristiansdottir, Angeliki Papadaki, Thorhallur I. Halldorsson, Carola Ray, Joanna Moschandreas, Saskia J. te Velde, Vesselka Duleva, Tuuli Pajunen, Maria Daniel Vaz de Almeida, Cirila Hlastan Ribic, Michael B. Krawinkel, Agneta Yngve, Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Epidemiology and Data Science, and EMGO - Lifestyle, overweight and diabetes
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatric Obesity, Cross-sectional study, Medicine (miscellaneous), Overweight, Motor Activity, Body Mass Index, Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin, Negatively associated, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Child, Health Education, Life Style, Meals, Nutrition and Dietetics, Task force, Health sciences, Medical and Health sciences, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Ciências médicas e da saúde, Feeding Behavior, Occupational Health and Environmental Health, medicine.disease, Obesity, Eastern european, Europe, Näringslära, Geography, Cross-Sectional Studies, Logistic Models, Socioeconomic Factors, Medical and Health sciences, Health education, Television, Ciências da Saúde, Ciências médicas e da saúde, medicine.symptom, Body mass index, Demography, Family meals, Children
Abstract: Objective: Family meals have been negatively associated with overweight in children, while television (TV) viewing during meals has been associated with a poorer diet. The aim of the present study was to assess the association of eating family breakfast and dinner, and having a TV on during dinner, with overweight in nine European countries and whether these associations differed between Northern and Southern & Eastern Europe. Design: Cross-sectional data. Schoolchildren reported family meals and TV viewing. BMI was based on parental reports on height and weight of their children. Cut-off points for overweight by the International Obesity Task Force were used. Logistic regressions were performed adjusted by age, gender and parental education. Setting: Schools in Northern European (Sweden, the Netherlands, Iceland, Ger- many and Finland) and Southern & Eastern European (Portugal, Greece, Bulgaria and Slovenia) countries, participating in the PRO GREENS project. Subjects: Children aged 10–12 years in (n 6316). Results: In the sample, 21 % of the children were overweight, from 35 % in Greece to 10 % in the Netherlands. Only a few associations were found between family meals and TV viewing during dinner with overweight in the nine countries. Northern European children, compared with other regions, were significantly more likely to be overweight if they had fewer family breakfasts and more often viewed TV during dinner. Conclusions: The associations between family meals and TV viewing during dinner with overweight were few and showed significance only in Northern Europe. Differences in foods consumed during family meals and in health-related lifestyles between Northern and Southern & Eastern Europe may explain these discrepancies., Funding Agencies:European Commission's Programme of Community Action in the Field of Public Health 007324Research Fund of the University of IcelandAx:son Johnson Foundation in SwedenJuho Vainio Foundation in Finland
Published: 2014

40. Pilot study in the view of a Pan‐European dietary survey – adolescents, adults and elderly

Author: Enikő Dorogházi, Marja‐Leena vaskainen, Júlia Cseh, Vesselka Duleva, Androniki Naska, Árpád Ambrus, W Sekula, Carla Lopes, Gerhard Heinemeyer, Antonia Trichopoulou, Lalka Rangelova, Antje Schweter, Ekaterina Chikova‐Iscener, Plamen Dimitrov, Heikki Pakkala, Oliver Lindtner, Zsuzsanna Horváth, Sofia Guiomar, Stefka Petrova, Duarte Torres, and Zsuzsa Farkas
Subjects: Pan european, business.industry, Environmental health, Food consumption, Medicine, Dietary survey, business, Food safety, Risk assessment, Cartography
Published: 2013

41. Overweight and obesity prevalence in Bulgarian schoolchildren: A comparison between two international standards

Author: Plamen Dimitrov, Maia Konstantinova, Stefka Petrova, Lalka Rangelova, and Vesselka Duleva
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Nutritional status, Overweight, medicine.disease, Obesity, Age groups, Environmental health, Reference values, medicine, National level, medicine.symptom, business, Reference standards
Abstract: Objective: To perform a comparative analysis of the nutritional status of schoolchildren assessed by two international standards. Methods: In 2011 a cross-sectional survey on a nationally representative sample of 4360 schoolchildren aged 6 - 18 years was conducted. Height and weight were measured. Overweight and obesity of schoolchildren were assessed by BMI, using the WHO Growth Reference 2007 and the IOTF standard 2000. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the schoolchildren evaluated by each standard was compared. Results: The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in the studied children according to the WHO reference standards was 30.2% versus 25.3% established by the IOTF standard. Values for obesity were respectively 12.7% and 8.4%. The overweight prevalence in all studied age groups (6-9; 10-13; 14-18) assessed on the basis of WHO reference values was similar compared to those for pre-obesity evaluated by the IOTF standards. The obesity prevalence among children was evaluated at higher values when WHO reference values were applied as the differences in obesity prevalence were significant for boys aged 6-9 years (IOTF -11.1%, WHO 20.4%) and 10-13 years (IOTF 9.6%, WHO 17.1%) and for girls aged 10-13 years (IOTF 6.7%, WHO 10.8%). Conclusion: The differences between rates of obesity in children and adolescents assessed by the most applied standards represent challenges in the current evaluation of obesity and related health risks in this age at individual and national level.
Published: 2014

42. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: associations between sleep duration, screen time and food consumption frequencies

Author: João Breda, Ana Isabel Rito, Vesselka Duleva, Agneta Yngve, Claudia Börnhorst, Marie Kunešová, Lauren Lissner, Ausra Petrauskiene, and Trudy M. A. Wijnhoven
Subjects: Male, Parents, Pediatric Obesity, Time Factors, Cross-sectional study, Overweight, Childhood overweight, Vegetables, Food choice, Odds Ratio, Medicine, Child, Food frequency, ScreenTime, Europe, Population Surveillance, Computer use, Female, Television, COSI, medicine.symptom, Research Article, TV viewing, World Health Organization, Childhood obesity, Food Preferences, Screen time, Environmental health, Computer Use, Humans, Childhood Overweight, food frequency, snacks, sleep, cross-sectional study, computer use, screen time, childhood overweight, Computers, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Feeding Behavior, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Diet, Cross-Sectional Studies, Food Frequency, Fruit, Cross-sectional Study, Snacks, Determinantes da Saúde e da Doença, business, Sleep, Body mass index, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: Background Both sleep duration and screen time have been suggested to affect children’s diet, although in different directions and presumably through different pathways. The present cross-sectional study aimed to simultaneously investigate the associations between sleep duration, screen time and food consumption frequencies in children. Methods The analysis was based on 10 453 children aged 6–9 years from five European countries that participated in the World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Logistic multilevel models were used to assess associations of parent-reported screen time as well as sleep duration (exposure variables) with consumption frequencies of 16 food items (outcome variables). All models were adjusted for age, sex, outdoor play time, maximum educational level of parents and sleep duration or screen time, depending on the exposure under investigation. Results One additional hour of screen time was associated with increased consumption frequencies of ‘soft drinks containing sugar’ (1.28 [1.19;1.39]; odds ratio and 99% confidence interval), ‘diet/light soft drinks’ (1.21 [1.14;1.29]), ‘flavoured milk’ (1.18 [1.08;1.28]), ‘candy bars or chocolate’ (1.31 [1.22;1.40]), ‘biscuits, cakes, doughnuts or pies’ (1.22 [1.14;1.30]), ‘potato chips (crisps), corn chips, popcorn or peanuts’ (1.32 [1.20;1.45]), ‘pizza, French fries (chips), hamburgers’(1.30 [1.18;1.43]) and with a reduced consumption frequency of ‘vegetables (excluding potatoes)’ (0.89 [0.83;0.95]) and ‘fresh fruits’ (0.91 [0.86;0.97]). Conversely, one additional hour of sleep duration was found to be associated with increased consumption frequencies of ‘fresh fruits’ (1.11 [1.04;1.18]) and ‘vegetables (excluding potatoes)’ (1.14 [1.07;1.23]). Conclusion The results suggest a potential relation between high screen time exposure and increased consumption frequencies of foods high in fat, free sugar or salt whereas long sleep duration may favourably be related to children’s food choices. Both screen time and sleep duration are modifiable behaviours that may be tackled in childhood obesity prevention efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1793-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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