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1. Ehrlichia ruminantium infects Rhipicephalus microplus in West Africa

Author

Sébastien Zoungrana, Souaïbou Farougou, Valérie Noël, Hassane Adakal, Christine Chevillon, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan Dayo, Safiou Adehan, Abel Biguezoton, Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi (EPAC), University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Evolution Théorique et Expérimentale (MIVEGEC-ETE), Perturbations, Evolution, Virulence (PEV), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la lutte intégrée (URBIO), Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Veterinary Services Department of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (PATTEC), Evolution of host-microbe communities (MIVEGEC-EVCO), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), and Centre international de recherche-développement sur l'élevage en zone sub-humide (CIRDES)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, animal structures, Transovarial transmission, 030231 tropical medicine, Short Report, Tick, Ehrlichia ruminantium, Polymerase Chain Reaction, 03 medical and health sciences, Heartwater, 0302 clinical medicine, parasitic diseases, Rhipicephalus, Animals, 2. Zero hunger, biology, fungi, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, 3. Good health, Africa, Western, Infectious Diseases, Rickettsia, Rhipicephalus microplus, Vector (epidemiology), Arachnid Vectors, Female, Parasitology, Amblyomma variegatum, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Abstract

Background The invasion of West Africa by Rhipicephalus microplus during the past decade has changed the ecological situation of the agent of heartwater Ehrlichia ruminantium in this area. Before, its local vector, Amblyomma variegatum, was the most abundant tick species found on livestock. Today, the abundance of the R. microplus is one magnitude higher than that of A. variegatum in many west-African localities. We investigated the potential of this new ecological situation to impact the circulation of E. ruminantium in West Africa. Methods Ehrlichia ruminantium infections were assessed with the specific PCR-diagnosis targeting the PCS20 region. This screening was applied on field samples of 24 R. microplus adults, on four females from a laboratory strain that had been blood-fed since larvae on one E. ruminantium-infected steer as well as on the offspring of these females at egg and larval stages. Results The PCR detected E. ruminantium in 29 % of the field-collected R. microplus, i.e. twice as much as reported for A. variegatum with the same protocol. Regarding the laboratory strain, the PCR-diagnosis performed showed that all females were infected and passed the rickettsia to their progeny. Sequencing of the PCR product confirmed that the maternally inherited rickettsia was E. ruminantium. Conclusion According to the present findings, the invasive dynamic of R. microplus in West Africa is currently impacting the local evolutionary conditions of E. ruminantium since it offers new transmission roads such as maternal transmission in R. microplus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1651-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2016
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2. Identification of a Tsal1(52-75) salivary synthetic peptide to monitor cattle exposure to tsetse flies

Author

Sylvie Cornelie, Zakaria Bengaly, Martin Bienvenu Somda, Franck Remoue, Bruno Bucheton, Antoine Sanon, Jeremy Bouyer, Anne Poinsignon, Françoise Mathieu-Daudé, Edith Demettre, Martial Séveno, Emilie Dama, Issa Sidibé, Université Polytechnique Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso (UNB), Centre international de recherche-développement sur l'élevage en zone sub-humide (CIRDES), Vector Control Group (MIVEGEC-VCG), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Transmission-Interactions-Adaptations hôtes/vecteurs/pathogènes (MIVEGEC-TRIAD), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides (UMR INTERTRYP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Projet de Création de Zones Libérées Durablement de Tsé-tsé et de Trypanosomoses (PCZLD), Veterinary Services Department of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BioCampus Montpellier (BCM), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UFR/SVT, Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK), French Ministry of Foreign Affairs (AIRES-Sud project), 'Institut de Recherche pour le Developpment' (IRD), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Foundation for Science (IFS), 'Service de Cooperation et d'Action Culturelle' from the French Embassy in Burkina Faso, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université de Ouagadougou, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BioCampus (BCM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)

Subjects
éradication, Stomoxys, Ectoparasitic Infestations, livestock raising, Epitopes, 0302 clinical medicine, Indicateur biologique, synthetic peptide, bioinformatique, indirect elisa, immunoblotting, African Animal Trypanosomosis, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Bétail, Tsetse Flies, Cattle Diseases, Glossina morsitans, tsetse flies, Microbiology, immunoblot analysis, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, Surveillance épidémiologique, Salivary Proteins and Peptides, Test biologique, Linear epitope, Anopheles gambiae, 030104 developmental biology, Parasitology, Immunology, Biomarker of Exposure, Cattle, 0301 basic medicine, Saliva, Identification, glossina, Biodiversité et Ecologie, L73 - Maladies des animaux, biodiversité, antibody, Immunologie, Tabanidae, tsetse fly, 2. Zero hunger, Salive, Amblyomma variegatum, Infectious Diseases, Test ELISA, protéine, african animal trypanosomosis, Peptide, anticorps, biomarker of exposure, Trypanosoma, 030231 tropical medicine, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Biology, betail, cattle, composition de la salive, Synthetic Peptide, Animals, technique elisa, Bovin, Research, Technique immunologique, Tsetse fly, mouche tsé tsé, biology.organism_classification, Immunoglobulin G, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, protein
Abstract

Background The saliva of tsetse flies contains a cocktail of bioactive molecules inducing specific antibody responses in hosts exposed to bites. We have previously shown that an indirect-ELISA test using whole salivary extracts from Glossina morsitans submorsitans was able to discriminate between (i) cattle from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas and (ii) animals experimentally exposed to low or high numbers of tsetse flies. In the present study, our aim was to identify specific salivary synthetic peptides that could be used to develop simple immunoassays to measure cattle exposure to tsetse flies. Methods In a first step, 2D-electrophoresis immunoblotting, using sera from animals exposed to a variety of bloodsucking arthropods, was performed to identify specific salivary proteins recognised in cattle exposed to tsetse bites. Linear epitope prediction software and Blast analysis were then used to design synthetic peptides within the identified salivary proteins. Finally, candidate peptides were tested by indirect-ELISA on serum samples from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas, and from exposure experiments. Results The combined immunoblotting and bioinformatics analyses led to the identification of five peptides carrying putative linear epitopes within two salivary proteins: the tsetse salivary gland protein 1 (Tsal1) and the Salivary Secreted Adenosine (SSA). Of these, two were synthesised and tested further based on the absence of sequence homology with other arthropods or pathogen species. IgG responses to the Tsal152–75 synthetic peptide were shown to be specific of tsetse exposure in both naturally and experimentally exposed hosts. Nevertheless, anti-Tsal152–75 IgG responses were absent in animals exposed to high tsetse biting rates. Conclusions These results suggest that Tsal152–75 specific antibodies represent a biomarker of low cattle exposure to tsetse fly. These results are discussed in the light of the other available tsetse saliva based-immunoassays and in the perspective of developing a simple serological tool for tsetse eradication campaigns to assess the tsetse free status or to detect tsetse reemergence in previously cleared areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1414-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2016
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3. The Recent Evolution of a Maternally-Inherited Endosymbiont of Ticks Led to the Emergence of the Q Fever Pathogen, Coxiella burnetii

Author

Duron, Olivier, Noël, Valérie, Mccoy, Karen D., Bonazzi, Matteo, Sidi-Boumedine, Karim, Morel, Olivier, Vavre, Fabrice, Zenner, Lionel, Jourdain, Elsa, Durand, Patrick, Arnathau, Céline, Renaud, François, Trape, Jean-François, Biguezoton, Abel S., Cremaschi, Julie, Dietrich, Muriel, Léger, Elsa, Appelgren, Anaïs, Dupraz, Marlène, Gómez-Díaz, Elena, Diatta, Georges, Dayo, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, Adakal, Hassane, Zoungrana, Sébastien, Vial, Laurence, Chevillon, Christine, Sagot, Marie-France, Evolution of host-microbe communities (MIVEGEC-EVCO), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Génétique et évolution des maladies infectieuses (GEMI), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Evolution Théorique et Expérimentale (MIVEGEC-ETE), Perturbations, Evolution, Virulence (PEV), Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Reference Laboratory on Q Fever, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Equipe de recherche européenne en algorithmique et biologie formelle et expérimentale (ERABLE), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Unité de Recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UR EpiA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Health, Emergence, Adaptation and Transmission (MIVEGEC-HEAT), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Veterinary Services Department of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (PATTEC), Centre international de recherche-développement sur l'élevage en zone sub-humide (CIRDES), Unité de Recherche sur les Bases Biologiques de la lutte intégrée (URBIO), Département des Sciences et Techniques de l’Elevage (DSTE/FASE), Université Dan Dicko Dan Koulodo, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG), INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Unité de recherche d'Épidémiologie Animale (UEA), Modélisation mathématique et numérique (M2N), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)

Subjects
Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Évolution, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Global Health, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Ticks, Pregnancy, Prevalence, Biology (General), Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Phylogeny, Symbiote, Virulence, Behavior, Animal, Coxiellaceae, Femelle, Biological Evolution, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Fièvre q, Coxiella burnetii, Female, Q Fever, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Research Article, QH301-705.5, Vertèbre, Molecular Sequence Data, Relation hôte pathogène, Cell Line, Variation génétique, Rhipicephalus, Animals, Humans, Symbiosis, Microbial Viability, Base Sequence, Héritabilité, RC581-607, bacterial infections and mycoses, bacteria, Immunologic diseases. Allergy, Genome, Bacterial
Abstract

Q fever is a highly infectious disease with a worldwide distribution. Its causative agent, the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, infects a variety of vertebrate species, including humans. Its evolutionary origin remains almost entirely unknown and uncertainty persists regarding the identity and lifestyle of its ancestors. A few tick species were recently found to harbor maternally-inherited Coxiella-like organisms engaged in symbiotic interactions, but their relationships to the Q fever pathogen remain unclear. Here, we extensively sampled ticks, identifying new and atypical Coxiella strains from 40 of 58 examined species, and used this data to infer the evolutionary processes leading to the emergence of C. burnetii. Phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus typing and whole-genome sequencing data revealed that Coxiella-like organisms represent an ancient and monophyletic group allied to ticks. Remarkably, all known C. burnetii strains originate within this group and are the descendants of a Coxiella-like progenitor hosted by ticks. Using both colony-reared and field-collected gravid females, we further establish the presence of highly efficient maternal transmission of these Coxiella-like organisms in four examined tick species, a pattern coherent with an endosymbiotic lifestyle. Our laboratory culture assays also showed that these Coxiella-like organisms were not amenable to culture in the vertebrate cell environment, suggesting different metabolic requirements compared to C. burnetii. Altogether, this corpus of data demonstrates that C. burnetii recently evolved from an inherited symbiont of ticks which succeeded in infecting vertebrate cells, likely by the acquisition of novel virulence factors., Author Summary How virulent infectious diseases emerge from non-pathogenic organisms is a challenging question. Here, we address this evolutionary issue in the case of Q fever. Its causative agent, the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is extremely infectious to humans and a variety of animals. However, uncertainty persists regarding its evolutionary origin, including the identity and lifestyle of its ancestors. In this article, we show that C. burnetii arose from a rare evolutionary transformation of a maternally-inherited endosymbiont of ticks into a specialized and virulent pathogen of vertebrates. While arthropod symbionts are typically transmitted maternally and thought not to be infectious to vertebrates, we establish here that one Coxiella symbiont has evolved the necessary adaptations to exploit the vertebrate cell, leading to the emergence of Q fever.

Published
2015
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4. CaribVET: A Model for Surveillance of Zoonotic Diseases

Author

K. Herbert-Hackshaw, V. Gongora, M. Kalloo, M. Trotman, M. Petit-Sinturel, John D. Shaw, T. Lefrancois, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Secretariat, Caribbean Community (CARICOM), United States Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Services Department of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Belize Agricultural Health Authority, and Partenaires INRAE

Subjects
Risk analysis, Microbiology (medical), zoonose, medicine.medical_specialty, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, medicine.disease_cause, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Réseau de recherche, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Epidemiology, medicine, Surveillance épidémiologique, health care economics and organizations, Disease surveillance, Emergency management, business.industry, Zoonosis, Contrôle de maladies, 0402 animal and dairy science, virus diseases, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, medicine.disease, 040201 dairy & animal science, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, C30 - Documentation et information, Veterinary public health, business, Working group
Abstract

The Caribbean region is considered to be at risk for zoonotic diseases because of widespread backyard breeding system, diverse disease surveillance systems, legal or illegal human and animal movements. Several zoonosis are reported including Influenza, West Nile, Rabies, Leptospirosis. The Caribbean animal health network (CaribVET) is a collaboration among veterinary services, laboratories, research institutes, and regional/international organizations to improve animal and veterinary public health in the Caribbean. Its specific objectives are to promote a regional approach for emergency preparedness and diseases control especially for emerging and zoonotic diseases, reinforce regional diagnostic capacities, and strengthen national epidemiological surveillance systems. Meetings, trainings, skills building and development of regional tools for information and data exchange are the main strategies used. The Steering Committee of CaribVET is responsible for the regional strategy while seven Working Groups organize the collaboration on specific diseases (Tick and Tick Borne Diseases, Avian Influenza, Classical Swine Fever, Salmonellosis, Rabies) or activities (Epidemiology, Laboratory quality assurance). The epidemiology working group has developed criteria for the definition of priority diseases, core surveillance databases, an evaluation of national surveillance systems and risk analysis of regional interest. It participates in the updating of a participatory website (www.caribvet.net), with information and data on surveillance systems, diagnostic laboratories, conferences, and major diseases of the region. The Working Group for avian influenza has developed a regional surveillance protocol, a diagnostic network, surveys of wild birds and on risk posed by fighting cocks trade. Research on West Nile first developed in Guadeloupe, identified risk factors which were used to implement risk based surveillances in the region. The interaction between surveillance and research within CaribVET facilitates the access to surveillance data and field samples for the development of research studies. Research results are used for emergence prediction, improvement of surveillance and control of diseases. (Texte integral)

Published
2010
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5. A Spatio-temporal Model of African Animal Trypanosomosis Risk.

Author

Dicko AH, Percoma L, Sow A, Adam Y, Mahama C, Sidibé I, Dayo GK, Thévenon S, Fonta W, Sanfo S, Djiteye A, Salou E, Djohan V, Cecchi G, and Bouyer J

Subjects
Africa epidemiology, Animals, Cattle, Ecosystem, Insect Vectors physiology, Models, Theoretical, Risk Factors, Seasons, Trypanosomiasis, Bovine parasitology, Trypanosomiasis, Bovine transmission, Tsetse Flies physiology, Insect Vectors parasitology, Trypanosomiasis, Bovine epidemiology, Tsetse Flies parasitology
Abstract

Background: African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a major constraint to sustainable development of cattle farming in sub-Saharan Africa. The habitat of the tsetse fly vector is increasingly fragmented owing to demographic pressure and shifts in climate, which leads to heterogeneous risk of cyclical transmission both in space and time. In Burkina Faso and Ghana, the most important vectors are riverine species, namely Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides, which are more resilient to human-induced changes than the savannah and forest species. Although many authors studied the distribution of AAT risk both in space and time, spatio-temporal models allowing predictions of it are lacking., Methodology/principal Findings: We used datasets generated by various projects, including two baseline surveys conducted in Burkina Faso and Ghana within PATTEC (Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign) national initiatives. We computed the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) or tsetse challenge using a range of environmental data. The tsetse apparent density and their infection rate were separately estimated and subsequently combined to derive the EIR using a "one layer-one model" approach. The estimated EIR was then projected into suitable habitat. This risk index was finally validated against data on bovine trypanosomosis. It allowed a good prediction of the parasitological status (r2 = 67%), showed a positive correlation but less predictive power with serological status (r2 = 22%) aggregated at the village level but was not related to the illness status (r2 = 2%)., Conclusions/significance: The presented spatio-temporal model provides a fine-scale picture of the dynamics of AAT risk in sub-humid areas of West Africa. The estimated EIR was high in the proximity of rivers during the dry season and more widespread during the rainy season. The present analysis is a first step in a broader framework for an efficient risk management of climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases.

Published
2015
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6. The sequential aerosol technique: a major component in an integrated strategy of intervention against Riverine Tsetse in Ghana.

Author

Adam Y, Cecchi G, Kgori PM, Marcotty T, Mahama CI, Abavana M, Anderson B, Paone M, Mattioli R, and Bouyer J

Subjects
Animals, Disease Eradication, Ghana, Nitriles administration & dosage, Population Density, Pyrethrins administration & dosage, Aerosols, Disease Vectors, Insect Control methods, Insecticides administration & dosage, Trypanosomiasis, African prevention & control, Tsetse Flies drug effects, Tsetse Flies growth & development
Abstract

Background: An integrated strategy of intervention against tsetse flies was implemented in the Upper West Region of Ghana (9.62°-11.00° N, 1.40°-2.76° W), covering an area of ≈18,000 km(2) within the framework of the Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign. Two species were targeted: Glossina tachinoides and Glossina palpalis gambiensis., Methodology/principal Findings: The objectives were to test the potentiality of the sequential aerosol technique (SAT) to eliminate riverine tsetse species in a challenging subsection (dense tree canopy and high tsetse densities) of the total sprayed area (6,745 km(2)) and the subsequent efficacy of an integrated strategy including ground spraying (≈100 km(2)), insecticide treated targets (20,000) and insecticide treated cattle (45,000) in sustaining the results of tsetse suppression in the whole intervention area. The aerial application of low-dosage deltamethrin aerosols (0.33-0.35 g a.i/ha) was conducted along the three main rivers using five custom designed fixed-wings Turbo thrush aircraft. The impact of SAT on tsetse densities was monitored using 30 biconical traps deployed from two weeks before until two weeks after the operations. Results of the SAT monitoring indicated an overall reduction rate of 98% (from a pre-intervention mean apparent density per trap per day (ADT) of 16.7 to 0.3 at the end of the fourth and last cycle). One year after the SAT operations, a second survey using 200 biconical traps set in 20 sites during 3 weeks was conducted throughout the intervention area to measure the impact of the integrated control strategy. Both target species were still detected, albeit at very low densities (ADT of 0.27 inside sprayed blocks and 0.10 outside sprayed blocks)., Conclusions/significance: The SAT operations failed to achieve elimination in the monitored section, but the subsequent integrated strategy maintained high levels of suppression throughout the intervention area, which will contribute to improving animal health, increasing animal production and fostering food security.

Published
2013
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