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1. Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees

Author

Jack D. Lester, Linda Vigilant, Paolo Gratton, Maureen S. McCarthy, Christopher D. Barratt, Paula Dieguez, Anthony Agbor, Paula Álvarez-Varona, Samuel Angedakin, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Emma Bailey, Mattia Bessone, Gregory Brazzola, Rebecca Chancellor, Heather Cohen, Emmanuel Danquah, Tobias Deschner, Villard Ebot Egbe, Manasseh Eno-Nku, Annemarie Goedmakers, Anne-Céline Granjon, Josephine Head, Daniela Hedwig, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Parag Kadam, Michael Kaiser, Ammie K. Kalan, Laura Kehoe, Ivonne Kienast, Kevin E. Langergraber, Juan Lapuente, Anne Laudisoit, Kevin Lee, Sergio Marrocoli, Vianet Mihindou, David Morgan, Geoffrey Muhanguzi, Emily Neil, Sonia Nicholl, Christopher Orbell, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Liliana Pacheco, Alex Piel, Martha M. Robbins, Aaron Rundus, Crickette Sanz, Lilah Sciaky, Alhaji M. Siaka, Veronika Städele, Fiona Stewart, Nikki Tagg, Els Ton, Joost van Schijndel, Magloire Kambale Vyalengerera, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, Roman M. Wittig, Yisa Ginath Yuh, Kyle Yurkiw, Klaus Zuberbuehler, Christophe Boesch, Hjalmar S. Kühl, and Mimi Arandjelovic

Subjects
Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Lester and colleagues use faecal samples and genetic analyses to investigate the genetic connectivity across chimpanzees. Their results indicate that the global pattern of genetic diversity in chimpanzees is largely characterized by a pattern of isolation by distance with several isolated populations exhibiting strong local differentiation.

Published
2021
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2. Rare ground data confirm significant warming and drying in western equatorial Africa

Author

Emma R. Bush, Kathryn Jeffery, Nils Bunnefeld, Caroline Tutin, Ruth Musgrave, Ghislain Moussavou, Vianet Mihindou, Yadvinder Malhi, David Lehmann, Josué Edzang Ndong, Loïc Makaga, and Katharine Abernethy

Subjects
Climate change, Tropical forests, Central Africa, Gabon, Lopé, Warming, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Background The humid tropical forests of Central Africa influence weather worldwide and play a major role in the global carbon cycle. However, they are also an ecological anomaly, with evergreen forests dominating the western equatorial region despite less than 2,000 mm total annual rainfall. Meteorological data for Central Africa are notoriously sparse and incomplete and there are substantial issues with satellite-derived data because of persistent cloudiness and inability to ground-truth estimates. Long-term climate observations are urgently needed to verify regional climate and vegetation models, shed light on the mechanisms that drive climatic variability and assess the viability of evergreen forests under future climate scenarios. Methods We have the rare opportunity to analyse a 34 year dataset of rainfall and temperature (and shorter periods of absolute humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and aerosol optical depth) from Lopé National Park, a long-term ecological research site in Gabon, western equatorial Africa. We used (generalized) linear mixed models and spectral analyses to assess seasonal and inter-annual variation, long-term trends and oceanic influences on local weather patterns. Results Lopé’s weather is characterised by a cool, light-deficient, long dry season. Long-term climatic means have changed significantly over the last 34 years, with warming occurring at a rate of +0.25 °C per decade (minimum daily temperature) and drying at a rate of −75 mm per decade (total annual rainfall). Inter-annual climatic variability at Lopé is highly influenced by global weather patterns. Sea surface temperatures of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans have strong coherence with Lopé temperature and rainfall on multi-annual scales. Conclusions The Lopé long-term weather record has not previously been made public and is of high value in such a data poor region. Our results support regional analyses of climatic seasonality, long-term warming and the influences of the oceans on temperature and rainfall variability. However, warming has occurred more rapidly than the regional products suggest and while there remains much uncertainty in the wider region, rainfall has declined over the last three decades at Lopé. The association between rainfall and the Atlantic cold tongue at Lopé lends some support for the ‘dry’ models of climate change for the region. In the context of a rapidly warming and drying climate, urgent research is needed into the sensitivity of dry season clouds to ocean temperatures and the viability of humid evergreen forests in this dry region should the clouds disappear.

Published
2020
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3. ENSO Drives interannual variation of forest woody growth across the tropics

Author

Rifai, Sami W, Girardin, Cécile AJ, Berenguer, Erika, del Aguila-Pasquel, Jhon, Dahlsjö, Cecilia AL, Doughty, Christopher E, Jeffery, Kathryn J, Moore, Sam, Oliveras, Imma, Riutta, Terhi, Rowland, Lucy M, Murakami, Alejandro Araujo, Addo-Danso, Shalom D, Brando, Paulo, Burton, Chad, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, Duah-Gyamfi, Akwasi, Amézquita, Filio Farfán, Freitag, Renata, Pacha, Fernando Hancco, Huasco, Walter Huaraca, Ibrahim, Forzia, Mbou, Armel T, Mihindou, Vianet Mihindou, Peixoto, Karine S, Rocha, Wanderley, Rossi, Liana C, Seixas, Marina, Silva-Espejo, Javier E, Abernethy, Katharine A, Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Barlow, Jos, da Costa, Antonio CL, Marimon, Beatriz S, Marimon-Junior, Ben H, Meir, Patrick, Metcalfe, Daniel B, Phillips, Oliver L, White, Lee JT, and Malhi, Yadvinder

Subjects
Africa, Borneo, Brazil, Droughts, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Forests, Seasons, Trees, Tropical Climate, El Nino, tropical forests, woody net primary production, drought, meteorological anomalies, El Niño, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Evolutionary Biology
Abstract

Meteorological extreme events such as El Niño events are expected to affect tropical forest net primary production (NPP) and woody growth, but there has been no large-scale empirical validation of this expectation. We collected a large high-temporal resolution dataset (for 1-13 years depending upon location) of more than 172 000 stem growth measurements using dendrometer bands from across 14 regions spanning Amazonia, Africa and Borneo in order to test how much month-to-month variation in stand-level woody growth of adult tree stems (NPPstem) can be explained by seasonal variation and interannual meteorological anomalies. A key finding is that woody growth responds differently to meteorological variation between tropical forests with a dry season (where monthly rainfall is less than 100 mm), and aseasonal wet forests lacking a consistent dry season. In seasonal tropical forests, a high degree of variation in woody growth can be predicted from seasonal variation in temperature, vapour pressure deficit, in addition to anomalies of soil water deficit and shortwave radiation. The variation of aseasonal wet forest woody growth is best predicted by the anomalies of vapour pressure deficit, water deficit and shortwave radiation. In total, we predict the total live woody production of the global tropical forest biome to be 2.16 Pg C yr-1, with an interannual range 1.96-2.26 Pg C yr-1 between 1996-2016, and with the sharpest declines during the strong El Niño events of 1997/8 and 2015/6. There is high geographical variation in hotspots of El Niño-associated impacts, with weak impacts in Africa, and strongly negative impacts in parts of Southeast Asia and extensive regions across central and eastern Amazonia. Overall, there is high correlation (r = -0.75) between the annual anomaly of tropical forest woody growth and the annual mean of the El Niño 3.4 index, driven mainly by strong correlations with anomalies of soil water deficit, vapour pressure deficit and shortwave radiation.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'.

Published
2018

4. ENSO Drives interannual variation of forest woody growth across the tropics

Author

Rifai, Sami W., Girardin, Cécile A. J., Berenguer, Erika, del Aguila-Pasquel, Jhon, Dahlsjö, Cecilia A. L., Doughty, Christopher E., Jeffery, Kathryn J., Moore, Sam, Oliveras, Imma, Riutta, Terhi, Rowland, Lucy M., Murakami, Alejandro Araujo, Addo-Danso, Shalom D., Brando, Paulo, Burton, Chad, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, Duah-Gyamfi, Akwasi, Amézquita, Filio Farfán, Freitag, Renata, Pacha, Fernando Hancco, Huasco, Walter Huaraca, Ibrahim, Forzia, Mbou, Armel T., Mihindou, Vianet Mihindou, Peixoto, Karine S., Rocha, Wanderley, Rossi, Liana C., Seixas, Marina, Silva-Espejo, Javier E., Abernethy, Katharine A., Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Barlow, Jos, da Costa, Antonio C. L., Marimon, Beatriz S., Marimon-Junior, Ben H., Meir, Patrick, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Phillips, Oliver L., White, Lee J. T., and Malhi, Yadvinder

Published
2018

5. The global abundance of tree palms

Author

Ekananda Paudel, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Erika Berenguer, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Xinghui Lu, Luciana F. Alves, Yves Laumonier, Matt Bradford, Keith C. Hamer, Heike Culmsee, Robert M. Ewers, Jan Reitsma, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Anne Mette Lykke, Kuswata Kartawinata, Michael J. Lawes, Géraldine Derroire, Martin Gilpin, Jean-François Bastin, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Laszlo Nagy, José Luís Camargo, Gabriella Fredriksson, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, Ida Theilade, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Bonaventure Sonké, Jefferson S. Hall, Naret Seuaturien, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Simon L. Lewis, Francesco Rovero, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Donald R. Drake, Agustín Rudas Lleras, Lee J. T. White, Gerardo A.Aymard Corredor, Damien Catchpole, Tariq Stévart, Samuel Almeida, Janet Franklin, Mohammad Shah Hussain, Nicholas J. Berry, Jon C. Lovett, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Onrizal Onrizal, Ted R. Feldpausch, Wannes Hubau, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, José Luís Marcelo Peña, Juliana Schietti, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Connie J. Clark, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, William E. Magnusson, Shengbin Chen, K. Anitha, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Flávia R. C. Costa, John R. Poulsen, Faridah Hanum Ibrahim, Aurélie Dourdain, Irie Casimir Zo-Bi, Heriberto David-Higuita, Rahmad Zakaria, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Karina Melgaço, Marcelo Trindade Nascimento, Damien Bonal, Murray Collins, Jos Barlow, Emilio Vilanova, Yadvinder Malhi, Andes Hamuraby Rozak, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, Badru Mugerwa, Terry L. Erwin, John Pipoly, Bruno Hérault, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, William F. Laurance, Luzmila Arroyo, Jean-Louis Doucet, Lilian Blanc, Henrik Balslev, Percival Cho, Priya Davidar, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, John Terborgh, Peter M. Umunay, Shijo Joseph, Robert Muscarella, Massiel Corrales Medina, Rueben Nilus, Robert Steinmetz, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Rhett D. Harrison, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Peter S. Ashton, Sophie Fauset, Adriana Prieto, Christelle Gonmadje, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Andreas Hemp, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, Markus Fischer, Hoang Van Sam, Ferry Slik, Jianwei Tang, Luiz Menini Neto, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Tran Van Do, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Aisha Sultana, Marc P. E. Parren, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Frans Bongers, Campbell O. Webb, Lan Qie, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, Justin Kassi, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Georgia Pickavance, Jérôme Millet, Joice Ferreira, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Manichanh Satdichanh, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Rodrigo Sierra, Oliver L. Phillips, Vianet Mihindou, William Milliken, Walter A. Palacios, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Charles E. Zartman, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, Eddy Nurtjahya, Susan G. Laurance, Marcos Silveira, Janvier Lisingo, Nobuo Imai, Asyraf Mansor, Kenneth R. Young, Serge A. Wich, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, Christine B. Schmitt, Simone Aparecida Vieira, D. Mohandass, Thaise Emilio, Gemma Rutten, Fabian Brambach, Steven W. Brewer, Timothy R. Baker, Carolina V. Castilho, Timothy J. Killeen, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Martin van de Bult, Feyera Senbeta, Eileen Larney, Bente B. Klitgård, Phourin Chhang, Hans ter Steege, Runguo Zang, Simon Willcock, Wendeson Castro, María Uriarte, Jean Philippe Puyravaud, Andrew R. Marshall, R. Toby Pennington, Jens-Christian Svenning, Jonathan Timberlake, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Douglas Sheil, Susan K. Wiser, Lila Nath Sharma, Raman Sukumar, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Andy Hector, Luis E.O.C. Aragao, Wanlop Chutipong, David Harris, Carlos A. Quesada, Thomas W. Gillespie, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Edmund V. J. Tanner, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, William J. Baker, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Nicolas Labrière, Paulo S. Morandi, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Edward L. Webb, Andreas Ensslin, David Campbell, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Robert M. Kooyman, Aurora Levesley, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, James A. Comiskey, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Hebbalalu S. Suresh, Ophelia Wang, Leandro Valle Ferreira, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Marc K. Steininger, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, Systems Ecology, Robert Muscarella, Uppsala University / Aarhus University, Thomas L. P. Couvreur, University of Montpellier, Luzmila Arroyo, Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, CENA-USP, Jos Barlow, Lancaster University, Jean-François Bastin, ETH Zürich, Natacha Nssi Bengone, National Agency of National Parks of Gabon, Erika Berenguer, Lancaster University / University of Oxford, Nicholas Berry, The Landscapes and Livelihoods Group, Lilian Blanc, CIRAD / University of Montpellier, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre / Goethe University, Damien Bonal, Université de Lorraine, Frans Bongers, Wageningen University & Research, Matt Bradford, CSIRO Land and Water, Percival Cho, Forest Department, Connie Clark, Duke University, Murray Collins, University of Edinburgh, James A. Comiskey, National Park Service / Smithsonian Institution, Flávia R. C. Costa, INPA, Géraldine Derroire, CIRAD, Anthony Di Fiore, University of Texas at Austin, Tran Van Do, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Jean-Louis Doucet, Liège University, Aurélie Dourdain, CIRAD, Andreas Ensslin, University of Bern, Terry Erwin, Smithsonian Institution, Corneille E. N. Ewango, University of Kisangani, JOICE NUNES FERREIRA, CPATU, David J. Harris, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Rhett D. Harrison, World Agroforestry, East and Southern Africa Region, Andrew Hector, University of Oxford, Wannes Hubau, University of Leeds / Royal Museum for Central Africa, Mohammad Shah Hussain, University of Delhi, Faridah-Hanum Ibrahim, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, Nobuo Imai, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Carlos A. Joly, UNICAMP, Shijo Joseph, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Anitha K, Rainforest Traditions, Kuswata Kartawinata, The Field Museum of Natural History / Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Justin Kassi, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Timothy J. Killeen, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Kanehiro Kitayama, Kyoto University, Bente Bang Klitgård, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Michael J. Lawes, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Aurora Levesley, University of Leeds, Janvier Lisingo, Kisangani University, Thomas Lovejoy, George Mason University, Jon C. Lovett, University of Leeds / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Xinghui Lu, Liaocheng University, Anne Mette Lykke, Aarhus University, William E. Magnusson, INPA, Casimiro Mendoza Bautista, Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Vianet Mihindou, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Ministère de la Forêt et de l’Environnement, Jérôme Millet, French Agency for Biodiversity, William Milliken, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, D. Mohandass, Novel Research Academy, David A. Neill, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Luiz Menini Neto, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rueben Nilus, Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Mario Percy Núñez Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Eddy Nurtja, Universitas Bangka Belitung, R. Nazaré O. de Araújo, INPA, Onrizal Onrizal, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Walter A. Palacios, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Sonia Palacios-Ramos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Marc Parren, Wageningen University & Research, Ekananda Paudel, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Paulo S. Morandi, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, R. Toby Pennington, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh / University of Exeter, Georgia Pickavance, University of Leeds, John J. Pipoly III, Broward County Parks and Recreation Division, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Field Museum, Erny Poedjirahajoe, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Lourens Poorter, Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, John R. Poulsen, Duke University, P. Rama Chandra Prasad, International Institute of Information Technology, Adriana Prieto, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Jean-Philippe Puyravaud, Sigur Nature Trust, Lan Qie, University of Lincoln, Carlos A. Quesada, INPA, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, INDEFOR, Universidad de Los Andes, Ervan Rutishauser, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gemma Rutten, University of Bern, Ruwan Punchi-Manage, University of Peradeniya, Rafael P. Salomão, MPEG / UFRA, Hoang Van Sam, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Swapan Kumar Sarker, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Manichanh Satdichanh, hinese Academy of Sciences / World Agroforestry Centre, Juliana Schietti, INPA, Jianwei Tang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Edmund Tanner, University of Cambridge, Hans ter Steege, Naturalis Biodiversity Center / Systems Ecology, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Universidad Mayor Real and Pontifical de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Ophelia Wang, Northern Arizona University, Campbell O. Webb, University of Alaska, Edward L. Webb, National University of Singapore, Lee White, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux / Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale / University of Stirling, Timothy J. S. Whitfeld, University of Minnesota, Serge Wich, Liverpool John Moores University / University of Amsterdam, Simon Willcock, Bangor University, Wanlop Chutipong, King Mongut's Institute of Technology Thonburi, Douglas Sheil, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Rodrigo Sierra, GeoIS, Andreas Hemp, University of Bayreuth, Bruno Herault, CIRAD / Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Carlos Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, IIAP, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, IIAP, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Aarhus University / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Jens-Christian Svenning, Aarhus University, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ghana Forestry Commission, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Everton C. de Almeida, UFOPA, Samuel S. de Almeida, MPEG, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, UFMT, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Luciana F. Alves, University of California, Carlos Mariano Alvez-Valles, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Fernando Alzate Guarin, Universidad de Antioquia, Ana Andrade, INPA, Luis E. O. C. Aragão, INPE / University of Exeter, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Peter S. Ashton, Harvard University, Gerardo A. Aymard Corredor, Compensation International Progress / UNELLEZ-Guanare, Timothy R. Baker, University of Leeds, Fabian Brambach, University of Goettingen, Francis Q. Brearley, Manchester Metropolitan University, Steven W. Brewer, Wild Earth Allies, Jose L. C. Camargo, INPA, David G. Campbell, Grinnell College, CAROLINA VOLKMER DE CASTILHO, CPAF-RR, Wendeson Castro, SOS Amazônia, Damien Catchpole, University of Tasmania, Carlos E. Cerón Martínez, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Shengbin Chen, Chengdu University of Technology, Phourin Chhang, Forestry Administration, Massiel Nataly Corrales Medina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Heike Culmsee, German Federal Foundation for the Environment, Heriberto David-Higuita, Universidad de Antioquia, Priya Davidar, Sigur Nature Trust, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, IIAP, Robert M. Ewers, Imperial College London, Sophie Fauset, University of Plymouth, Ted R. Feldpausch, University of Exeter, Leandro Valle Ferreira, MPEG, Markus Fischer, University of Bern, Janet Franklin, University of California, Gabriella M. Fredriksson, Pro Natura Foundation, Thomas W. Gillespie, University of California, Martin Gilpin, University of Leeds, Christelle Gonmadje, University of Yaoundé / National Herbarium, Arachchige Upali Nimal Gunatilleke, University of Peradeniya, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, King Abdulaziz University, Jefferson S. Hall, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Keith C. Hamer, University of Leeds, Lila Nath Sharma, ForestAction Nepal, Robert Kooyman, Macquarie University / Royal Botanic Gardens, Nicolas Labrière, CNRS, Eileen Larney, TEAM / Zoological Society of London, Yves Laumonier, CIRAD, Susan G. Laurance, James Cook University, William F. Laurance, James Cook University, Ni Putu Diana Mahayani, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yadvinder Malhi, University of Oxford, Asyraf Mansor, Universiti Sains Malaysia / Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina / ESALQ-USP, Ben H. Marimon-Junior, UNEMAT, Andrew R. Marshall, University of the Sunshine Coast / University of York / Flamingo Land, Karina Melgaco, University of Leeds, Abel Lorenzo Monteagudo Mendoza, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Badru Mugerwa, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Kyoto University, Laszlo Nagy, UNICAMP, Naret Seuaturien, WWF Thailand, Marcelo T. Nascimento, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Jean Claude Razafimahaimodison, University of Fianarantsoa, Jan Meindert Reitsma, Bureau Waardenburg BV, Edilson J. Requena-Rojas, Universidad Continental, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Ecosystems Services and Climate Change (SECC) Group, COL-TREE Corporatio, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Anand Roopsind, Boise State University, Francesco Rovero, University of Florence / Museo delle Scienze, Andes Rozak, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Agustín Rudas Lleras, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Christine B. Schmitt, University of Bonn / University of Freiburg, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, UNEMAT, Feyera Senbeta, Addis Ababa University, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Universidad de La Serena, Marcos Silveira, UFAC, Bonaventure Sonké, University of Yaoundé, Robert Steinmetz, WWF Thailand, Tariq Stévart, Missouri Botanical Garden, Raman Sukumar, Indian Institute of Science, Aisha Sultana, University of Delhi, Terry C. H. Sunderland, University of British Columbia / CIFOR, Hebbalalu Satyanarayana Suresh, Indian Institute of Science, John W. Terborgh, University of Florida / James Cook University, Ida Theilade, University of Copenhagen, Jonathan Timberlake, Warren Lane, Armando Torres-Lezama, Universidad de Los Andes, Peter Umunay, Yale University, María Uriarte, Columbia University, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Martin van de Bult, Doi Tung Development Project, Social Development Department, Peter van der Hout, Van der Hout Förestry Consulting, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Herbario Selva Central Oxapampa, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, MPEG, Simone A. Vieira, UNICAMP, Emilio Vilanova, University of California, Susan K. Wiser, Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research, Kenneth R. Young, University of Texas at Austin, Rahmad Zakaria, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Runguo Zang, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Charles E. Zartman, INPA, Irié Casimir Zo-Bi, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Henrik Balslev, Aarhus University., Donald R. Drake, University of Hawai'i at M?noa, Marc K. Steininger, University of Maryland, Thaise Emilio, UNICAMP / Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Oliver L. Phillips, University of Leeds, Simon L. Lewis, University of Leeds / University College London, Ferry Slik, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, William J. Baker, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Uppsala University, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Rainforest Research Sdn Bhd

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, DIVERSITY, Biomasa, Biomassa, Arecaceae, AFRICAN, 580 Plants (Botany), 01 natural sciences, BIOMASS, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#4.01.02 [http], biomasse aérienne des arbres, Abundance (ecology), CARBON STORAGE, Floresta Tropical, Densité, Silvicultura, Biomass, Forêt tropicale humide, ALLOMETRY, above-ground biomass, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), GE, Condições abióticas locais, biology, Ecology, Inventaire forestier, abundance patterns, tropical, Facteur du milieu, wood density, PE&RC, Geography, Physical, 0501 Ecological Applications, Geography, Biogeografia, Physical Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Biodiversité, C180 Ecology, 0406 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Variance génétique, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, pantropical biogeography, Neotropics, F40 - Écologie végétale, Zona tropical, Biogéographie, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Subtropics, 010603 evolutionary biology, Bois, local abiotic conditions, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Ecosystem, Relative species abundance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Densidade da Madeira, Ekologi, Science & Technology, 0602 Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, QK, Diameter at breast height, Biology and Life Sciences, facteurs abiotiques, DIVERSIFICATION HISTORY, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, EVOLUTION, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, AMAZONIAN FOREST, Physical Geography, 13. Climate action, Earth and Environmental Sciences, PATTERNS, tropical rainforest, Tropical rainforest
Abstract

Aim Palms are an iconic, diverse and often abundant component of tropical ecosystems that provide many ecosystem services. Being monocots, tree palms are evolutionarily, morphologically and physiologically distinct from other trees, and these differences have important consequences for ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage) and in terms of responses to climate change. We quantified global patterns of tree palm relative abundance to help improve understanding of tropical forests and reduce uncertainty about these ecosystems under climate change. Location Tropical and subtropical moist forests. Time period Current. Major taxa studied Palms (Arecaceae). Methods We assembled a pantropical dataset of 2,548 forest plots (covering 1,191ha) and quantified tree palm (i.e., ≥10cm diameter at breast height) abundance relative to co‐occurring non‐palm trees. We compared the relative abundance of tree palms across biogeographical realms and tested for associations with palaeoclimate stability, current climate, edaphic conditions and metrics of forest structure. Results On average, the relative abundance of tree palms was more than five times larger between Neotropical locations and other biogeographical realms. Tree palms were absent in most locations outside the Neotropics but present in >80% of Neotropical locations. The relative abundance of tree palms was more strongly associated with local conditions (e.g., higher mean annual precipitation, lower soil fertility, shallower water table and lower plot mean wood density) than metrics of long‐term climate stability. Life‐form diversity also influenced the patterns; palm assemblages outside the Neotropics comprise many non‐tree (e.g., climbing) palms. Finally, we show that tree palms can influence estimates of above‐ground biomass, but the magnitude and direction of the effect require additional work. Conclusions Tree palms are not only quintessentially tropical, but they are also overwhelmingly Neotropical. Future work to understand the contributions of tree palms to biomass estimates and carbon cycling will be particularly crucial in Neotropical forests.

Published
2020

6. Fine root dynamics across pantropical rainforest ecosystems

Author

Beisit L. Puma Vilca, Renata Freitag, Sheleme Demissie, Fernando Hancco Pacha, Sam Moore, Filio Farfán Amézquita, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Javier Silva Espejo, Akwasi Duah-Gyamfi, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Liliana Durand Baca, Armel Thongo M’Bou, Vianet Mihindou, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Forzia Ibrahim, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Robert M. Ewers, Lucy Amissah, Darcy F. Galiano Cabrera, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Gloria Djagbletey, Yadvinder Malhi, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Kennedy Owusu-Afriyie, Noreen Majalap, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Katharine Abernethy, Miles R. Silman, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Alexandra C. Morel, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Lee J. T. White, Shalom D. Addo-Danso, Carlos A. Quesada, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Toby R. Marthews, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Imma Oliveras, Terhi Riutta, Christopher E. Doughty, Josué Edzang Ndong, Sami W. Rifai, Erick Oblitas Mendoza, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Patrick Meir, and Rainforest Research Sdn Bhd

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, TROPICAL MOUNTAIN FORESTS, Biome, Biodiversity & Conservation, 05 Environmental Sciences, fine roots, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Plant Roots, Trees, BELOW-GROUND CARBON, allocation, biomass, productivity, residence time, soil, turnover, Environmental Science(all), AMAZON FOREST, Biomass, ELEVATIONAL TRANSECT, General Environmental Science, Biomass (ecology), STAND STRUCTURE, Global and Planetary Change, GLOBAL PATTERNS, Ecology, LITTER PRODUCTION, Deciduous, Productivity (ecology), ALUMINUM TOXICITY, Biodiversity Conservation, NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Rainforest, SOIL-NITROGEN, Pantropical, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#1.05.08 [https], 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecology and Environment, Forest ecology, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ekologi, Tropical Climate, Science & Technology, South America, 06 Biological Sciences, Soil water, Africa, Environmental science, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Fine roots constitute a significant component of the net primary productivity (NPP) of forest ecosystems but are much less studied than aboveground NPP. Comparisons across sites and regions are also hampered by inconsistent methodologies, especially in tropical areas. Here, we present a novel dataset of fine root biomass, productivity, residence time, and allocation in tropical old-growth rainforest sites worldwide, measured using consistent methods, and examine how these variables are related to consistently determined soil and climatic characteristics. Our pantropical dataset spans intensive monitoring plots in lowland (wet, semi-deciduous, and deciduous) and montane tropical forests in South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia (n = 47). Large spatial variation in fine root dynamics was observed across montane and lowland forest types. In lowland forests, we found a strong positive linear relationship between fine root productivity and sand content, this relationship was even stronger when we considered the fractional allocation of total NPP to fine roots, demonstrating that understanding allocation adds explanatory power to understanding fine root productivity and total NPP. Fine root residence time was a function of multiple factors: soil sand content, soil pH, and maximum water deficit, with longest residence times in acidic, sandy, and water-stressed soils. In tropical montane forests, on the other hand, a different set of relationships prevailed, highlighting the very different nature of montane and lowland forest biomes. Root productivity was a strong positive linear function of mean annual temperature, root residence time was a strong positive function of soil nitrogen content in montane forests, and lastly decreasing soil P content increased allocation of productivity to fine roots. In contrast to the lowlands, environmental conditions were a better predictor for fine root productivity than for fractional allocation of total NPP to fine roots, suggesting that root productivity is a particularly strong driver of NPP allocation in tropical mountain regions. © 2021 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This study is a product of the Global Ecosystem Monitoring network (GEM), Andes Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group (ABERG), Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystem (SAFE), and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana (IIAP). WHH was funded by Peruvian FONDECYT/CONCYTEC (grant contract number 213-2015-FONDECYT). The GEM network was supported by a European Research Council Advanced Investigator Grant to YM (GEM-TRAITS: 321131) under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013). The field data collection was funded NERC Grants NE/D014174/1 and NE/J022616/1 for in Peru, BALI (NE/K016369/1) for work in Malaysia, the Royal Society-Leverhulme Africa Capacity Building Programme for work in Ghana and Gabon and ESPA-ECOLIMITS (NE/1014705/1) in Ghana and Ethiopia. Plot inventories in South America were supported by funding from the US National Science Foundation Long-Term Research in Environmental Biology program (LTREB; DEB 1754647) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Andes-Amazon Program. GEM data in Gabon were collected under authorization to YM and supported by the Gabon National Parks Agency. Y.M. is supported by the Jackson Foundation. We would like to acknowledge the GEM team across the tropical regions and countries of Bolivia, Brazil, Ghana, Gabon, Ethiopia, Malaysia, and Peru.

Published
2021

7. Recent genetic connectivity and clinal variation in chimpanzees

Author

Roman M. Wittig, Vianet Mihindou, Yisa Ginath Yuh, Nikki Tagg, Kevin Lee, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Christopher Orbell, Villard Ebot Egbe, Mimi Arandjelovic, Ammie K. Kalan, Emily Neil, R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Kevin E. Langergraber, Els Ton, Daniela Hedwig, Anthony Agbor, Laura Kehoe, David Morgan, Linda Vigilant, Fiona A. Stewart, Emma Bailey, Rebecca Chancellor, Tobias Deschner, Annemarie Goedmakers, Alhaji M. Siaka, Anne Laudisoit, Christophe Boesch, Veronika Städele, Heather Cohen, Liliana Pacheco, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Paula Álvarez-Varona, Christopher D. Barratt, Sorrel Jones, Emmanuel Danquah, Sonia Nicholl, Aaron S. Rundus, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Jacob Willie, Alex K. Piel, Anne-Céline Granjon, Sergio Marrocoli, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Jack D. Lester, Jessica Junker, Samuel Angedakin, Maureen S. McCarthy, Magloire Kambale Vyalengerera, Manasseh Eno-Nku, Joost van Schijndel, Parag Kadam, Erin G. Wessling, Gregory Brazzola, Michael Kaiser, Josephine Head, Martha M. Robbins, Geoffrey Muhanguzi, Klaus Zuberbuehler, Crickette M. Sanz, Juan Lapuente, Ivonne Kienast, Paula Dieguez, Paolo Gratton, Mattia Bessone, Lilah Sciaky, Kyle Yurkiw, Lester, Jack D [0000-0002-0390-9792], Vigilant, Linda [0000-0003-4509-1260], Dieguez, Paula [0000-0002-6951-2771], Bessone, Mattia [0000-0002-8066-6413], Goedmakers, Annemarie [0000-0002-6398-4778], Hernandez-Aguilar, R Adriana [0000-0002-9539-8669], Jeffery, Kathryn J [0000-0002-2632-0008], Jones, Sorrel [0000-0002-3579-7254], Kadam, Parag [0000-0002-6534-4205], Kehoe, Laura [0000-0001-6260-7893], Laudisoit, Anne [0000-0001-7626-9426], Neil, Emily [0000-0001-8156-2344], Nicholl, Sonia [0000-0001-8720-2411], Pacheco, Liliana [0000-0001-7085-6064], Sanz, Crickette [0000-0003-2018-2721], Städele, Veronika [0000-0002-5381-2198], Stewart, Fiona [0000-0002-4929-4711], Wittig, Roman M [0000-0001-6490-4031], Yuh, Yisa Ginath [0000-0003-4537-2636], Boesch, Christophe [0000-0001-9538-7858], Kühl, Hjalmar S [0000-0002-4440-9161], Arandjelovic, Mimi [0000-0001-8920-9684], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, University of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Classification and taxonomy, Medicine (miscellaneous), Evolutionary biology, Subspecies, Evolutionary ecology, 01 natural sciences, Gene flow, Biology (General), Phylogeny, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Habitat fragmentation, Behavior, Animal, Genetic structure, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Engineering sciences. Technology, Settore BIO/05, BF Psychology, Pan troglodytes, QH301-705.5, Population, NDAS, BF, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Article, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, QH301, Genome Components, Species Specificity, Animals, Genotyping and haplotyping, education, Ecosystem, 030304 developmental biology, Isolation by distance, Genetic diversity, QL, QH, Genetic Variation, Genetics, Population, Animal Migration, Gene-Environment Interaction, Structural variation, Human medicine, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract

Funder: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (Max Planck Society); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004189, Funder: Max Planck Society Innovation Fund Heinz L. Krekeler Foundation, Much like humans, chimpanzees occupy diverse habitats and exhibit extensive behavioural variability. However, chimpanzees are recognized as a discontinuous species, with four subspecies separated by historical geographic barriers. Nevertheless, their range-wide degree of genetic connectivity remains poorly resolved, mainly due to sampling limitations. By analyzing a geographically comprehensive sample set amplified at microsatellite markers that inform recent population history, we found that isolation by distance explains most of the range-wide genetic structure of chimpanzees. Furthermore, we did not identify spatial discontinuities corresponding with the recognized subspecies, suggesting that some of the subspecies-delineating geographic barriers were recently permeable to gene flow. Substantial range-wide genetic connectivity is consistent with the hypothesis that behavioural flexibility is a salient driver of chimpanzee responses to changing environmental conditions. Finally, our observation of strong local differentiation associated with recent anthropogenic pressures portends future loss of critical genetic diversity if habitat fragmentation and population isolation continue unabated.

Published
2021

8. Pantropical modelling of canopy functional traits using Sentinel-2 remote sensing data

Author

Katharine Abernethy, Brian J. Enquist, Erika Berenguer, Gregory P. Asner, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Paulo S. Morandi, Carlos Alfredo Joly, Alexander Shenkin, Roberta E. Martin, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Vianet Mihindou, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Imma Oliveras, David F. R. P. Burslem, Joice Ferreira, Robert M. Ewers, Terhi Riutta, Oliver L. Phillips, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Norma Salinas, Sami W. Rifai, Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Yit Arn Teh, W. Daniel Kissling, Nicolas Raab, Sam Moore, Miles R. Silman, Greta C. Dargie, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Lee J. T. White, William Farfan-Rios, Jos Barlow, Sabine Both, Simone Matias Reis, David A. Coomes, Lucas A. Cernusak, Marina Maria Moraes de Seixas, Axa Emanuelle Simões Figueiredo, Yadvinder Malhi, Carlos A. Quesada, Simon L. Lewis, Martin Svátek, Josué Edzang Ndong, David Bauman, and Theoretical and Computational Ecology (IBED, FNWI)

Subjects
Canopy, Tree canopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Diameter at breast height, Biodiversity, Soil Science, Tropics, Pantropical, Geology, 02 engineering and technology, Vegetation, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Ecosystem, Computers in Earth Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

Tropical forest ecosystems are undergoing rapid transformation as a result of changing environmental conditions and direct human impacts. However, we cannot adequately understand, monitor or simulate tropical ecosystem responses to environmental changes without capturing the high diversity of plant functional characteristics in the species-rich tropics. Failure to do so can oversimplify our understanding of ecosystems responses to environmental disturbances. Innovative methods and data products are needed to track changes in functional trait composition in tropical forest ecosystems through time and space. This study aimed to track key functional traits by coupling Sentinel-2 derived variables with a unique data set of precisely located in-situ measurements of canopy functional traits collected from 2434 individual trees across the tropics using a standardised methodology. The functional traits and vegetation censuses were collected from 47 field plots in the countries of Australia, Brazil, Peru, Gabon, Ghana, and Malaysia, which span the four tropical continents. The spatial positions of individual trees above 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were mapped and their canopy size and shape recorded. Using geo-located tree canopy size and shape data, community-level trait values were estimated at the same spatial resolution as Sentinel-2 imagery (i.e. 10 m pixels). We then used the Geographic Random Forest (GRF) to model and predict functional traits across our plots. We demonstrate that key plant functional traits can be accurately predicted across the tropicsusing the high spatial and spectral resolution of Sentinel-2 imagery in conjunction with climatic and soil information. Image textural parameters were found to be key components of remote sensing information for predicting functional traits across tropical forests and woody savannas. Leaf thickness (R2 = 0.52) obtained the highest prediction accuracy among the morphological and structural traits and leaf carbon content (R2 = 0.70) and maximum rates of photosynthesis (R2 = 0.67) obtained the highest prediction accuracy for leaf chemistry and photosynthesis related traits, respectively. Overall, the highest prediction accuracy was obtained for leaf chemistry and photosynthetic traits in comparison to morphological and structural traits. Our approach offers new opportunities for mapping, monitoring and understanding biodiversity and ecosystem change in the most species-rich ecosystems on Earth.

Published
2021

9. Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth's tropical forests

Author

Bruno Herault, Peter J. Van Der Meer, Jean-François Bastin, Aurora Levesley, Michael D. Swaine, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Martin Dančák, Matt Bradford, Frans Bongers, Stuart J. Davies, Reuben Nilus, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, Lip Khoon Kho, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Joey Talbot, Richard F. Preziosi, Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte, James A. Comiskey, Thalès de Haulleville, José Luís Camargo, Terese B. Hart, Juliana Schietti, Peter S. Ashton, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Ophelia Wang, Kanehiro Kitayama, Francis Q. Brearley, Peter van der Hout, Amy C. Bennett, Janvier Lisingo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, Jérôme Chave, Connie J. Clark, Christopher Baraloto, Gerardo Aymard, Serge K. Begne, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Abel Monteagudo-Mendoza, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Fernanda Coelho de Souza, Timothy R. Baker, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Julie Peacock, Hermann Taedoumg, Simon L. Lewis, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Greta C. Dargie, Murielle Simo-Droissart, David Harris, Faizah Metali, Hans ter Steege, Richard Lowe, Géraldine Derroire, Benoit Burban, Camila Silva Valeria, Martin Svátek, Wannes Hubau, Sarah A. Batterman, Vincent A. Vos, Elizabeth Kearsley, Peter M. Umunay, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Flávia R. C. Costa, Hans Verbeeck, Maria Cristina Peñuela Mora, John R. Poulsen, Simon Willcock, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Jean-Louis Doucet, Foster Brown, Yadvinder Malhi, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Ronald Vernimmen, Miguel E. Leal, Alan Hamilton, Martin Gilpin, Colin R. Maycock, Carlos Cerón, Radim Hédl, Oliver L. Phillips, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Jon C. Lovett, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Roderick Zagt, Ted R. Feldpausch, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Pascal Boeckx, Roel J. W. Brienen, Marcelo F. Simon, Keith C. Hamer, Alberto Vicentini, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Clément Stahl, Javier Silva Espejo, Ana Andrade, Anand Roopsind, Erika Berenguer, Pieter A. Zuidema, Vianet Mihindou, Murray Collins, Simone Matias Reis, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Marie Noël Kamdem Djuikouo, Terry Brncic, Percy Núñez Vargas, John Terborgh, Paulo S. Morandi, Bonaventure Sonké, Jan Bogaert, William E. Magnusson, Lilian Blanc, Terry L. Erwin, Ervan Rutishauser, Anthony Di Fiore, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nicholas J. Berry, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Luzmila Arroyo, Douglas Sheil, Armando Torres-Lezama, David A. Neill, Sean C. Thomas, Eric Arets, Ernest G. Foli, Lola da Costa, Ricardo Keichi Umetsu, Lan Qie, James Singh, Lise Zemagho, Agustín Rudas, Richard B. Primack, Jan Reitsma, Annette Hladik, Alexander K. Koch, Colin A. Pendry, Walter A. Palacios, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Nicolas Labrière, Fernando Elias, Eric Chezeaux, William Milliken, Manuel Gloor, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Jefferson S. Hall, Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Susan G. Laurance, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Marcos Silveira, Carolina V. Castilho, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado, Kamariah Abu Salim, Joeri A. Zwerts, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Jos Barlow, Georgia Pickavance, Joice Ferreira, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Jorcely Barroso, Andrew R. Marshall, Miguel Alexiades, Lindsay F. Banin, Terry Sunderland, Lourens Poorter, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Varun Swamy, Rafael Herrera, Hans Beeckman, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Shin-ichiro Aiba, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Michelle Kalamandeen, Adriana Prieto, Ben Hur Marimon, Casimiro Mendoza, Victor Chama Moscoso, Eliana Jimenez-Rojas, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Vincent Droissart, Nigel C. A. Pitman, Hannah L. Mossman, Everton Cristo de Almeida, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Ângelo Gilberto Manzatto, Aurélie Dourdain, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Raquel Thomas, David W. Galbraith, Kenneth R. Young, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Timothy J. Killeen, Rafael de Paiva Salomão, Bente B. Klitgaard, James Taplin, Damien Bonal, Karina Melgaço, William F. Laurance, Jason Vleminckx, Esteban Alvarez Dávila, Verginia Wortel, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Sophie Fauset, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Wendeson Castro, Toby R. Marthews, Fabricio Beggiato Baccaro, John T. Woods, David Taylor, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Andrew Ford, Niro Higuchi, Aida Cuni Sanchez, Aline Pontes Lopes, Laszlo Nagy, John Pipoly, Lee J. T. White, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, European Research Council, European Commission, Royal Society (UK), Leverhulme Trust, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Missouri Botanical Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Wildlife Conservation Society, National Geographic Society, Centre for International Forestry Research, Agence Nationale Des Parcs Nationaux (Gabon), University of Leeds, Mensurat Unit, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Sch Geog, University of Nottingham, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers Training College (HTTC), Université deYaoundé I, School of Geography [Leeds], University of Edinburgh, School of Geography and the Environment, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford [Oxford], Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Kagoshima University, University of Kent [Canterbury], Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Duke University [Durham], Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), National Institute for Space Research [Sao José dos Campos] (INPE), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Harvard University [Cambridge], Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Research Unit of Landscape Ecology and Plant Production Systems, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University [Bremen], Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Sch Geosci, Laboratory of Applied Physical Chemistry, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Biodiversité et Paysage, Université de Liège - Gembloux, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Forest Ecol & Forest Management Grp, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Woods Hole Research Center, Partenaires INRAE, Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Rougier Gabon, Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana [Loreto, Perou] (UNAP), AgroParisTech, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Université de Liège, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Milieux Désordonnés et Hétérogènes (LMDH), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Royal Botanic Gardens, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Commissariat général du Plan (CGP), Premier ministre, Instituto Nacional de Pequisas da Amazônia, Instituto National de Pequisas da Amazonia Brazil, Éco-Anthropologie (EAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, Agence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux, BP 30 379 Libreville, Gabon, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kyoto University, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], James Cook University (JCU), Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Développement [Dijon] (LEAD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Coordenac Bao de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), University of Mary Washington, Chercheur indépendant, Royal Botanic Garden , Kew, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Universidad Estatal Amazonica, Forest Research Centre (FRC), Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO), Bur Waarderburg, Iwokrama International Centre for Rainforest Conservation and Development, CarboForExpert, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi [Belém, Brésil] (MPEG), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), University of Yaoundé [Cameroun], JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Plant Systemat & Ecol Lab, Université de Yaoundé I, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children [London] (GOSH), Naturalis Biodiversity Center [Leiden], Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Van der Hout Forestry Consulting, University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Computational & Applied Vegetation Ecology (CAVElab), Department of Integrative Biology [Berkeley] (IB), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Sch Earth Sci & Environm Sustainabil, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Stirling, Biol Sci, Liverpool John Moore University (ljmu), Biodiversity Department, Center for Agricultural Research in Suriname (CELOS), Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Animal Ecology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Animal Ecology, and Systems Ecology

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Tropical trees, Hot Temperature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth, Planet, Climate, Acclimatization, Tropical forest carbon stocks, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Growth, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Tropical climate, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Biomass, Photosynthesis, Hectare, Productivity, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Wood, Productivity (ecology), Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, C180 Ecology, Tree, Leaf Respiration, Carbon-Cycle Feedbacks, Climate Change, Climate change and forestry, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Life Science, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Vegetation, Global warming, Tropics, 15. Life on land, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Carbon, CO₂ Fertilization, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Acclimation
Abstract

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (-9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth's climate., Our plot monitoring networks havebeen supported by multiple grants from a large number of funding bodies: European Research Council; Natural Environment Research Council; European Union’s Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Framework Programme; Royal Society, Leverhulme Trust; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP); National Council for Science and Technology Development of Brazil (CNPq); Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Conservation International; Missouri Botanical Garden; Smithsonian Institution; Wildlife Conservation Society; National Geographic Society; Centre for International Forestry; and Gabon’s National Park Agency.

Published
2020

10. Ground data confirm warming and drying are at a critical level for forest survival in western equatorial Africa

Author

Ruth Musgrave, Caroline E. G. Tutin, David Lehmann, Josué Edzang Ndong, Katharine Abernethy, Ghislain Moussavou, Yadvinder Malhi, Nils Bunnefeld, Loïc Makaga, Vianet Mihindou, Kathryn J. Jeffery, and Emma R Bush

Subjects
Critical level, Climatology, medicine, Environmental science, Climate change, Central africa, Seasonality, medicine.disease
Abstract

Background.The humid tropical forests of Central Africa influence weather worldwide and play a major role in the global carbon cycle. However they are also an ecological anomaly, with evergreen forests dominating the western equatorial region despite less than 2000mm total annual rainfall. Meteorological data for Central Africa are notoriously sparse and incomplete and there are substantial issues with satellite-derived data because of inability to ground-truth estimates and persistent cloudiness. Long-term climate observations are urgently needed to verify regional climate and vegetation models, shed light on the mechanisms that drive climatic variability and assess the viability of evergreen forests in equatorial Africa under future climate scenarios. Methods. We have the rare opportunity to analyse a 34-year dataset of rainfall and temperature (and shorter periods of absolute humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and aerosol optical depth) from Lopé National Park, a long-term ecological research site in western equatorial Africa. We used linear mixed models and spectral analyses to assess seasonal and inter-annual variation, long-term trends and oceanic influences on local weather patterns. Results. Lopé’s weather is characterised by a light-deficient, cool, long dry season. Long-term climatic means have changed significantly over the last three decades, with warming occurring at a rate of 0.23°C per decade (minimum daily temperature) and drying at a rate of 50mm per decade (total annual rainfall). Inter-annual variability is highly influenced by sea surface temperatures of the major oceans. In El Niño years Lopé experiences both higher temperatures and less rainfall with increased contrast between wet and dry seasons. Lopé rainfall observations lend support for the role of the Atlantic cold tongue in “dry” models of climate change in the region. Conclusions. Dry season cloud in western equatorial Africa plays a key role in reducing evaporative demand during seasonal drought and maintaining evergreen tropical forests despite relatively low annual rainfall. In the context of a rapidly warming and drying climate, urgent research is needed into the sensitivity of clouds to ocean temperatures and the viability of humid forests in this dry region should the clouds disappear.

Published
2019
Full Text
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11. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests

Author

Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, David A. Coomes, Connie J. Clark, Hannsjörg Wöll, Douglas Sheil, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Geertje M. F. van der Heijden, Katharine Abernethy, Hans Verbeeck, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Ted R. Feldpausch, Terese B. Hart, Sam Moore, Robert Bitariho, Francesco Rovero, Joey Talbot, Lise Zemagho, C. Amani, Jefferson S. Hall, Sean C. Thomas, Amy C. Bennett, Pascal Boeckx, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Armandu K. Daniels, Fabrice Bénédet, Yadvinder Malhi, Alusine Fofanah, John R. Poulsen, David Kenfack, Lindsay F. Banin, Janvier Lisingo, Hans Beeckman, Jean-Louis Doucet, Eric Chezeaux, Emanuel Gloor, Mireille Breuer-Ndoundou Hockemba, Timothy R. Baker, Jan Reitsma, Vincent P. Medjibe, Christelle Gonmadje, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Marie Noel Djuikouo Kamdem, Fidèle Baya, Serge K. Begne, Patrick Boundja, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Lucas Ojo, Roel J. W. Brienen, Hermann Taedoumg, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Benjamin Toirambe, Lan Qie, Jon C. Lovett, Greta C. Dargie, Elizabeth Kearsley, Darlington Tuagben, George B. Chuyong, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Terry Brncic, Pantaleo K. T. Munishi, Martin J. P. Sullivan, Tommaso Jucker, Simon Willcock, Yannick Enock Bocko, Emanuel H. Martin, Vianet Mihindou, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Simon L. Lewis, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Jean-Remy Makana, Andrew R. Marshall, Martin Gilpin, Bonaventure Sonké, Jeremy A. Lindsell, Faustin M. Mbayu, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Wannes Hubau, Suspense Averti Ifo, Peter M. Umunay, Duncan W. Thomas, Edward T. A. Mitchard, Ernest G. Foli, Lee J. T. White, Jaccques M. Mukinzi, Georgia Pickavance, James Taplin, Terry Sunderland, Annette Hladik, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Jason Vleminckx, Oliver L. Phillips, Sophie Fauset, Alexander K. Koch, David Harris, Miguel E. Leal, Alan Hamilton, Aurora Levesley, Michael D. Swaine, James A. Comiskey, Thalès de Haulleville, John T. Woods, David Taylor, Jim Martin, and Murray Collins

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Carbon Sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rainforest, Carbon sequestration, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, History, 21st Century, Sink (geography), Trees, chemistry.chemical_compound, Forest ecology, Tropical climate, Life Science, Biomass, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, geography, Tropical Climate, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Atmosphere, Temperature, Carbon sink, Carbon Dioxide, History, 20th Century, Models, Theoretical, Droughts, chemistry, Carbon dioxide, Africa, Environmental science, C180 Ecology, Brazil
Abstract

Structurally intact tropical forests sequestered about half of the global terrestrial carbon uptake over the 1990s and early 2000s, removing about 15 per cent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions1,2,3. Climate-driven vegetation models typically predict that this tropical forest ‘carbon sink’ will continue for decades4,5. Here we assess trends in the carbon sink using 244 structurally intact African tropical forests spanning 11 countries, compare them with 321 published plots from Amazonia and investigate the underlying drivers of the trends. The carbon sink in live aboveground biomass in intact African tropical forests has been stable for the three decades to 2015, at 0.66 tonnes of carbon per hectare per year (95 per cent confidence interval 0.53–0.79), in contrast to the long-term decline in Amazonian forests6. Therefore the carbon sink responses of Earth’s two largest expanses of tropical forest have diverged. The difference is largely driven by carbon losses from tree mortality, with no detectable multi-decadal trend in Africa and a long-term increase in Amazonia. Both continents show increasing tree growth, consistent with the expected net effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide and air temperature7,8,9. Despite the past stability of the African carbon sink, our most intensively monitored plots suggest a post-2010 increase in carbon losses, delayed compared to Amazonia, indicating asynchronous carbon sink saturation on the two continents. A statistical model including carbon dioxide, temperature, drought and forest dynamics accounts for the observed trends and indicates a long-term future decline in the African sink, whereas the Amazonian sink continues to weaken rapidly. Overall, the uptake of carbon into Earth’s intact tropical forests peaked in the 1990s. Given that the global terrestrial carbon sink is increasing in size, independent observations indicating greater recent carbon uptake into the Northern Hemisphere landmass10 reinforce our conclusion that the intact tropical forest carbon sink has already peaked. This saturation and ongoing decline of the tropical forest carbon sink has consequences for policies intended to stabilize Earth’s climate.

Published
2019

12. Impact of woody encroachment on soil organic carbon storage in the Lopé National Park, Gabon

Author

Tommaso Chiti, Yadvinder Malhi, Vianet Mihindou, Riccardo Valentini, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Fabiane L. De Oliveira, and Lee J. T. White

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, National park, Agroforestry, Soil carbon stocks, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, behavioral disciplines and activities, 01 natural sciences, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, sense organs, Subsoil, psychological phenomena and processes, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Stock (geology), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

This study quantifies changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock as a result of woody encroachment on savannas. Changes in SOC stocks occur below 30 cm depth, indicating the subsoil as the principal compartment contributing to SOC sequestration, and suggesting the need to consider the entire profile (0–100 cm) to thoroughly assess the effect of woody encroachment on SOC stocks.

Published
2016

13. Rare ground data confirm significant warming and drying in western equatorial Africa

Author

Ruth Musgrave, David Lehmann, Yadvinder Malhi, Nils Bunnefeld, Emma R Bush, Ghislain Moussavou, Vianet Mihindou, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Katharine Abernethy, Loïc Makaga, Caroline E. G. Tutin, and Josué Edzang Ndong

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tropical forests, Humid subtropical climate, lcsh:Medicine, Climate change, Context (language use), 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Meteorology, Lopé, Dry season, medicine, Gabon, Drying, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Biosphere Interactions, Western equatorial Africa, 0303 health sciences, Central Africa, General Neuroscience, lcsh:R, Seasonality, General Medicine, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, Coupled Natural and Human Systems, medicine.disease, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Climate Change Biology, Environmental science, Warming, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract

Background The humid tropical forests of Central Africa influence weather worldwide and play a major role in the global carbon cycle. However, they are also an ecological anomaly, with evergreen forests dominating the western equatorial region despite less than 2,000 mm total annual rainfall. Meteorological data for Central Africa are notoriously sparse and incomplete and there are substantial issues with satellite-derived data because of persistent cloudiness and inability to ground-truth estimates. Long-term climate observations are urgently needed to verify regional climate and vegetation models, shed light on the mechanisms that drive climatic variability and assess the viability of evergreen forests under future climate scenarios. Methods We have the rare opportunity to analyse a 34 year dataset of rainfall and temperature (and shorter periods of absolute humidity, wind speed, solar radiation and aerosol optical depth) from Lopé National Park, a long-term ecological research site in Gabon, western equatorial Africa. We used (generalized) linear mixed models and spectral analyses to assess seasonal and inter-annual variation, long-term trends and oceanic influences on local weather patterns. Results Lopé’s weather is characterised by a cool, light-deficient, long dry season. Long-term climatic means have changed significantly over the last 34 years, with warming occurring at a rate of +0.25 °C per decade (minimum daily temperature) and drying at a rate of −75 mm per decade (total annual rainfall). Inter-annual climatic variability at Lopé is highly influenced by global weather patterns. Sea surface temperatures of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans have strong coherence with Lopé temperature and rainfall on multi-annual scales. Conclusions The Lopé long-term weather record has not previously been made public and is of high value in such a data poor region. Our results support regional analyses of climatic seasonality, long-term warming and the influences of the oceans on temperature and rainfall variability. However, warming has occurred more rapidly than the regional products suggest and while there remains much uncertainty in the wider region, rainfall has declined over the last three decades at Lopé. The association between rainfall and the Atlantic cold tongue at Lopé lends some support for the ‘dry’ models of climate change for the region. In the context of a rapidly warming and drying climate, urgent research is needed into the sensitivity of dry season clouds to ocean temperatures and the viability of humid evergreen forests in this dry region should the clouds disappear.

Published
2020

14. Contribution and stability of forest-derived soil organic carbon during woody encroachment in a tropical savanna. A case study in Gabon

Author

Tommaso Chiti, Riccardo Valentini, Fabio Marzaioli, Lee J. T. White, Yadvinder Malhi, Ana Rey, Marco Lauteri, Vianet Mihindou, Kathryn J. Jeffery, European Commission, Chiti, T., Rey, A., Jeffery, K., Lauteri, M., Mihindou, V., Malhi, Y., Marzaioli, F., White, L. J. T., and Valentini, R.

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Ecological succession, 01 natural sciences, Microbiology, Tropical savanna climate, Stable carbon isotopes, Woody encroachment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil organic matter, Soil chemistry, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Stable carbon isotope, Radiocarbon, Tropical soils, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil horizon, Environmental science, Tropical soil, Soil fertility, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

In this study, we quantified the contribution of forest-derived carbon (FDC) to the soil organic C (SOC) pool along a natural succession from savanna (S) to mixed Marantaceae forest (MMF) in the Lopè National Park, Gabon. Four 1-ha plots, corresponding to different stages along the natural succession, were used to determine the SOC stock and soil C isotope composition (δ13C) to derive the FDC contribution in different soil layers down to 1 m depth. Besides, to investigate changes in SOC stability, we determined the 14C concentration of SOC to 30 cm depth and derived turnover time (TT). Results indicated that SOC increased only at the end of the succession in the MMF stage, which stored 46% more SOC (41 Mg C ha−1) in the 0–30 cm depth than the S stage (28.8 Mg C ha−1). The FDC contribution increased along forest succession affecting mainly the top layers of the initial successional stages to 15 cm depth and reaching 70 cm depth in the MMF stage. The TT suggests a small increase in stability in the 0–5 cm layer from S (146 years) to MMF (157 years) stages. Below 5 cm, the increase in stability was high, suggesting that FDC can remain in soils for a much longer time than savanna-derived C. In conclusion, the natural succession toward Marantaceae forests can positively impact climate change resulting in large SOC stocks, which can be removed from the atmosphere and stored for a much longer time in forest soils compared to savanna soils., This work was funded by the ERC grant GHG Africa no. 247349.

Published
2018

15. ENSO Drives interannual variation of forest woody growth across the tropics

Author

Daniel B. Metcalfe, Chad M. Burton, Terhi Riutta, Christopher E. Doughty, Filio Farfán Amézquita, Wanderley Rocha, Erika Berenguer, Lucy Rowland, Liana Chesini Rossi, Lee J. T. White, Paulo M. Brando, Cecilia A. L. Dahlsjö, Karine da Silva Peixoto, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Katharine Abernethy, Sami W. Rifai, Sam Moore, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Patrick Meir, Jos Barlow, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Ben Hur Marimon-Junior, Marina Maria Moraes de Seixas, Akwasi Duah-Gyamfi, Yadvinder Malhi, Oliver L. Phillips, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Vianet Mihindou, Forzia Ibrahim, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Jhon del Aguila-Pasquel, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Armel Thongo M’Bou, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Renata Freitag, Fernando Hancco Pacha, Imma Oliveras, Shalom D. Addo-Danso, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Univ Oxford, IIAP, No Arizona Univ, Univ Stirling, CENAREST, ANPN, Univ Exeter, Univ Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Forestry Res Inst Ghana, Woods Hole Res Ctr, Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Univ Estado Mato Grosso, Ctr Euromediterraneo Cambiamente Climat, Minist Foret & Environm, Amazon Environm Res Inst IPAM, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Univ La Serena, Univ Lancaster, Univ Fed Para, Australian Natl Univ, Univ Edinburgh, Lund Univ, and Univ Leeds

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Tallos, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Vapour Pressure Deficit, Biome, drought, Forests, Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Trees, Borneo, Dry season, Amazonía, medicine, Tronco, Shortwave radiation, El Niño, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, tropical forests, Tropical Climate, Evolutionary Biology, meteorological anomalies, Primary production, Tropics, Articles, woody net primary production, Seasonality, Biological Sciences, Tolerancia a la inundación, medicine.disease, Producción forestal, Droughts, Inundación, Bosque tropical, Africa, Environmental science, Seasons, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Brazil, El Nino
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-11-19 UK Natural Environment Research Council European Research Council Advanced Investigator Award (GEM-TRAIT) Nature Conservancy-Oxford Martin School Climate Partnership NERC Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Sime Darby Foundation Project USA-NAS/PEER Project ReFlor FAPEMAT Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria - Embrapa European Research Council (H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015) UK government Darwin Initiative Nature Conservancy UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Jackson Foundation Meteorological extreme events such as El Nino events are expected to affect tropical forest net primary production (NPP) and woody growth, but there has been no large-scale empirical validation of this expectation. We collected a large high-temporal resolution dataset (for 1-13 years depending upon location) of more than 172 000 stem growth measurements using dendrometer bands from across 14 regions spanning Amazonia, Africa and Borneo in order to test how much month-to-month variation in stand-level woody growth of adult tree stems (NPPstem) can be explained by seasonal variation and interannual meteorological anomalies. A key finding is that woody growth responds differently to meteorological variation between tropical forests with a dry season (where monthly rainfall is less than 100 mm), and aseasonal wet forests lacking a consistent dry season. In seasonal tropical forests, a high degree of variation in woody growth can be predicted from seasonal variation in temperature, vapour pressure deficit, in addition to anomalies of soil water deficit and shortwave radiation. The variation of aseasonal wet forest woody growth is best predicted by the anomalies of vapour pressure deficit, water deficit and shortwave radiation. In total, we predict the total live woody production of the global tropical forest biome to be 2.16 Pg C yr(-1), with an interannual range 1.96-2.26 Pg C yr(-1) between 1996-2016, and with the sharpest declines during the strong El Nino events of 1997/8 and 2015/6. There is high geographical variation in hotspots of El Nino-associated impacts, with weak impacts in Africa, and strongly negative impacts in parts of Southeast Asia and extensive regions across central and eastern Amazonia. Overall, there is high correlation (r = -0.75) between the annual anomaly of tropical forest woody growth and the annual mean of the El Nino 3.4 index, driven mainly by strong correlations with anomalies of soil water deficit, vapour pressure deficit and shortwave radiation. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'The impact of the 2015/2016 El Nino on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications'. Univ Oxford, Sch Geog & Environm, Environm Change Inst, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QY, England IIAP, Iquitos, Peru No Arizona Univ, Sch Informat Comp & Cyber Syst, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA Univ Stirling, Fac Nat Sci, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland CENAREST, Inst Rech Ecol Trop, BP 842, Libreville, Gabon ANPN, BP 20379, Libreville, Gabon Univ Exeter, Coll Life & Environm Sci, Geog, Amory Bldg, Exeter EX4 4RJ, Devon, England Univ Autonoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Museo Hist Nat Noel Kempff Mercado, Ave Irala 565,Casilla Postal 2489, Santa Cruz, CA, Bolivia Forestry Res Inst Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana Woods Hole Res Ctr, Falmouth, MA USA Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Cuzco, Peru Univ Estado Mato Grosso, Programa Posgrad Ecol & Convervacao, BR-78690000 Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil Ctr Euromediterraneo Cambiamente Climat, Lecce, Italy Minist Foret & Environm, BP199, Libreville, Gabon Amazon Environm Res Inst IPAM, Canarana, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Ecol, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Trav Dr Eneas Pinheiro S-N,CP 48, BR-66095100 Belem, PA, Brazil Univ La Serena, Dept Biol, La Serena, Chile Univ Lancaster, Lancaster Environm Ctr, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, England Univ Fed Para, Inst Geosciencias, Belem, Para, Brazil Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia Univ Edinburgh, Sch Geosci, Edinburgh EH93FF, Midlothian, Scotland Lund Univ, Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci, Lund, Sweden Univ Leeds, Sch Geog, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Ecol, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil UK Natural Environment Research Council: NE/P001092/1 European Research Council Advanced Investigator Award (GEM-TRAIT): 321131 NERC: NE/I014705/1 NERC: NE/K016369/1 NERC: NE/F005776/1 NERC: NE/K016385/1 NERC: NE/J011002/1 CNPq: 457914/2013-0/MCTI/ CNPq/FNDCT/LBA/ESECAFLOR CNPq: 403725/ 2012-7 CNPq: 441244/2016-5 CNPq: 457602/2012-0 Project USA-NAS/PEER: PGA-2000005316 Project ReFlor FAPEMAT: 0589267/2016 CNPq: 574008/2008-0 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria - Embrapa: SEG: 02.08.06.005.00 European Research Council (H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015): 691053-ODYSSEA UK government Darwin Initiative: 17-023 UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC): NE/F01614X/1 UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC): NE/G000816/1 UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC): NE/K016431/1 UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC): NE/P004512/1 : PQ-2

Published
2018

16. Supplementary Methods, Tables and Figures from ENSO Drives interannual variation of forest woody growth across the tropics

Author

Rifai, Sami W., Girardin, Cécile A. J., Berenguer, Erika, Jhon Del Aguila-Pasquel, Dahlsjö, Cecilia A. L., Doughty, Christopher E., Jeffery, Kathryn J., Moore, Sam, Oliveras, Imma, Riutta, Terhi, Rowland, Lucy M., Murakami, Alejandro Araujo, Addo-Danso, Shalom D., Brando, Paulo, Burton, Chad, Ondo, Fidèle Evouna, Akwasi Duah-Gyamfi, Amézquita, Filio Farfán, Freitag, Renata, Pacha, Fernando Hancco, Huasco, Walter Huaraca, Forzia Ibrahim, Mbou, Armel T., Vianet Mihindou Mihindou, Peixoto, Karine S., Wanderley Rocha, Rossi, Liana C., Seixas, Marina, Silva-Espejo, Javier E., Abernethy, Katharine A., Adu-Bredu, Stephen, Barlow, Jos, Costa, Antonio C. L. Da, Gardner, Toby, Marimon, Beatriz S., Marimon-Junior, Ben H., Meir, Patrick, Metcalfe, Daniel B., Phillips, Oliver, White, Lee J. T., and Yadvinder Malhi

Abstract

Meteorological extreme events such as El Niño events are expected to affect tropical forest net primary production (NPP) and woody growth, but there has been no large-scale empirical validation of this expectation. We collected a large high temporal resolution dataset (for 1–13 years depending upon location) of more than 172 000 stem growth measurements using dendrometer bands from across 14 regions spanning Amazonia, Africa and Borneo in order to test how much month-to-month variation in stand-level woody growth of adult tree stems (NPPstem) can be explained by seasonal variation and interannual meteorological anomalies. A key finding is that woody growth responds differently to meteorological variation between tropical forests with a dry season (where monthly rainfall is less than 100 mm), and aseasonal wet forests lacking a consistent dry season. In seasonal tropical forests, a high degree of variation in woody growth can be predicted from seasonal variation in temperature, vapour pressure deficit, in addition to anomalies of soil water deficit and shortwave radiation. The variation of aseasonal wet forest woody growth is best predicted by the anomalies of vapour pressure deficit, water deficit and shortwave radiation. In total, we predict the total live woody production of the global tropical forest biome to be 2.16 Pg C yr−1, with an interannual range 1.96–2.26 Pg C yr−1 between 1996–2016, and with the sharpest declines during the strong El Niño events of 1997/8 and 2015/6. There is high geographical variation in hotspots of El Niño-associated impacts, with weak impacts in Africa, and strongly negative impacts in parts of Southeast Asia and extensive regions across central and eastern Amazonia. Overall, there is high correlation (r = −0.75) between the annual anomaly of tropical forest woody growth and the annual mean of the El Niño 3.4 index, driven mainly by strong correlations with anomalies of soil water deficit, vapour pressure deficit and shortwave radiation.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Nino on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.

Published
2018
Full Text
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17. Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing

Author

John Hart, Crickette M. Sanz, Sébastien Regnaut, Deo Kujirakwinja, Juan Lapuente, Laura Kehoe, David Morgan, Yisa Ginath, Lucy D’Auvergne, Sorrel Jones, Emma Bailey, Gregory Brazolla, Dervla Dowd, Nikki Tagg, Annemarie Goedmakers, Paula Dieguez, Jill D. Pruetz, Anthony Agbor, Jacob Willie, Fiona A. Stewart, Bethan J. Morgan, Parag Kadam, Henk Eshuis, Tanyi Julius Mbi, Mimi Arandjelovic, Ammie K. Kalan, Emmanuel Ayuk Ayimisin, Tobias Deschner, Mattia Bessone, Mohamed Kambi, Floris Aubert, Karsten Dierks, Joost van Schijndel, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Rebecca Chancellor, Vincent Lapeyre, Inaoyom Imong, Orume Diotoh, Chloe Cipoletta, Yasmin Moebius, Hilde Vanleeuwe, Protais Niyigabae, Mizuki Murai, Bryan Curran, Virginie Vergnes, Heather Cohen, Nicolas Ntare, Aaron S. Rundus, Sergio Marrocoli, Roman M. Wittig, Thurston C. Hicks, Matthieu Bonnet, Martijn Ter Heegde, Klaus Zuberbuehler, Emma Normand, Felix Mulindahabi, Ivonne Kienast, Emmanuel Dilambaka, Volker Sommer, Giovanna Maretti, Kevin E. Langergraber, Andrew Dunn, Valentine Ebua Buh, Jessica Junker, Samuel Angedakin, Ekwoge E. Abwe, Katherine Corogenes, Els Ton, Lucy Jayne Ormsby, Daniela Hedwig, Alexander Tickle, Christophe Boesch, Rumen Martin Fernandez, Vianet Mihindou, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Amelia Meier, Kevin Lee, Charlotte Coupland, Vera Leinert, Alex K. Piel, University of St Andrews. School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, and University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, BF Psychology, Pan troglodytes, Foraging, NDAS, BF, Troglodytes, engineering.material, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, West africa, Animals, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Stone tool, QL, Multidisciplinary, biology, Behavior, Animal, Geography, 05 social sciences, QL Zoology, biology.organism_classification, Archaeology, Africa, Western, GN, engineering, Throwing
Abstract

The authors would like to thank the Max Planck Society and Krekeler Foundation for generous funding of the Pan African Programme. The study of the archaeological remains of fossil hominins must rely on reconstructions to elucidate the behaviour that may have resulted in particular stone tools and their accumulation. Comparatively, stone tool use among living primates has illuminated behaviours that are also amenable to archaeological examination, permitting direct observations of the behaviour leading to artefacts and their assemblages to be incorporated. Here, we describe newly discovered stone tool-use behaviour and stone accumulation sites in wild chimpanzees reminiscent of human cairns. In addition to data from 17 mid- to long-term chimpanzee research sites, we sampled a further 34 Pan troglodytes communities. We found four populations in West Africa where chimpanzees habitually bang and throw rocks against trees, or toss them into tree cavities, resulting in conspicuous stone accumulations at these sites. This represents the first record of repeated observations of individual chimpanzees exhibiting stone tool use for a purpose other than extractive foraging at what appear to be targeted trees. The ritualized behavioural display and collection of artefacts at particular locations observed in chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing may have implications for the inferences that can be drawn from archaeological stone assemblages and the origins of ritual sites. Publisher PDF

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