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The dynamics of solar-sail maneuvers are conceptually different from classical control maneuvers where one considers impulsive changes in the velocity of a spacecraft. Solar-sail orbits are continuous in both position and velocity in a varying vectorfield, opening the possibility of the existence of heteroclinic connections by means of artificially changing the vectorfield with a sail maneuver. This paper investigates solar-sail assisted maneuvers to obtain families of artificial heteroclinic connections between Lissajous libration point orbits. The study is based on a careful analysis of the geometry of the phase space of the linearized equations around the equilibrium points, the dynamical identification of the main parameters and the representation of the solutions in the action-angle variables. We identify the main dynamical properties of the connecting families presenting systematic new options for the mission analysis in the libration point regime using this technology, including a methodology to approach the classical problem of exclusion zone avoidance., D.X. thanks the support of the Chinese Scholarship Council. G.G. thanks the Catalan grant government for the grant 2017SGR-1374, and MINECO-FEDER for the grant MTM2016-80117-P. J.J.M. thanks MINECO-FEDER for the grant MTM2015-65715-P and the Catalan government for the grant 2017SGR-1049. The authors are grateful for the valuable suggestions of the reviewers.

Los planes de la humanidad de asentarse en Marte están cada vez más cerca. Desafortunadamente, se conoce que los efectos del vuelo espacial humano sobre la salud aumentan exponencialmente junto con el tiempo de exposición al ambiente espacial. Por ello, es importante formar expertos en salud que creen un equipo interdisciplinar para mantener la buena salud de los astronautas y asegurar el éxito de su misión. Aquí entra en juego la enfermería espacial. Esta especialización relativamente nueva no es muy conocida, y por ello, se ha visto necesario realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre los efectos nocivos del vuelo espacial humano y el papel de enfermería en su prevención. Se ha confirmado que los efectos del vuelo espacial humano son a nivel biopsicosocial, que los hombres y las mujeres se ven afectados de manera distinta, y que no hay un método óptimo para su prevención a día de hoy. Els plans de la humanitat d'assentar-se a Mart estan cada vegada més a prop. Desafortunadament, es coneix que els efectes del vol espacial humà sobre la salut augmenten exponencialment juntament amb el temps d'exposició a l'ambient espacial. Per això, és important formar experts en salut que creïn un equip interdisciplinari per mantenir la bona salut dels astronautes i assegurar l'èxit de la seva missió. Aquí entra en joc la infermeria espacial. Aquesta especialització relativament nova no és molt coneguda, i per això, s'ha vist necessari realitzar una recerca bibliogràfica sobre els efectes negatius del vol espacial humà i el paper d'infermeria en la seva prevenció. S'ha confirmat que els efectes del vol espacial humà són a nivell biopsicosocial, que els homes i les dones es veuen afectats de manera diferent i que no hi ha un mètode òptim per a la seva prevenció a dia d'avui. Humanity's plans to settle on Mars are getting closer. Unfortunately, it is known that the effects of human spaceflight on health increase exponentially along with the time of exposure to the space environment. Therefore, it is important to train health experts and create interdisciplinary teams to maintain astronauts’ health and ensure the success of their mission. Here is where space nursing comes into play. This relatively new specialization is not well known, and therefore it has been necessary to conduct a literature search on the effects of human space flight and the role of nursing in their prevention. It was confirmed that the harmful effects of human spaceflight are at the biopsychosocial level, that men and women are affected differently and that there is no optimal method for their prevention today.

The Small Mars System is a proposed mission to Mars. Funded by the European Space Agency, the project has successfully completed Phase 0. The contractor is ALI S.c.a.r.l., and the study team includes the University of Naples “Federico II”, the Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte and the Space Studies Institute of Catalonia. The objectives of the mission are both technological and scientific, and will be achieved by delivering a small Mars lander carrying a dust particle analyser and an aerial drone. The former shall perform in situ measurements of the size distribution and abundance of dust particles suspended in the Martian atmosphere, whereas the latter shall demonstrate low-altitude flight in the rarefied planetary environment. The mission-enabling technology is an innovative umbrella-like heat shield, known as IRENE, developed and patented by ALI. The mission is also a technological demonstration of the shield in the upper atmosphere of Mars. The core characteristics of SMS are the low cost (120 M€) and the small size (320 kg of wet mass at launch, 110 kg at landing), features which stand out with respect to previous Mars landers. To comply with them is extremely challenging at all levels, and sets strict requirements on the choice of the materials, the sizing of payloads and subsystems, their arrangement inside the spacecraft and the launcher's selection. In this contribution, the mission and system concept and design are illustrated and discussed. Special emphasis is given to the innovative features and to the challenges faced in the development of the work.