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Paternity leave has been introduced in many countries as a way to foster father´s co-responsibility in family obligations. This study aims \to analyse, for the Spanish case, if (1) the positive effects of the paternity leave are not only limited to the short term, but are maintained at medium and long term; (2) if a similar effect applies in the case of unemployment periods. Based on a subsample of 3388 cases derived from the Spanish Fertility Survey 2018, we perform OLS regression analysis of father´s involvement in childcare and housework. Our analysis shows that longer leaves are related to a greater involvement in care and housework activities, although only in the former, the effect is maintained in the long term. Regarding unemployed fathers, these individuals show more involvement in childcare during the first year, but the effect vanishes later and there is no significant relationship with housework.

This article analyses the different ways in which fatherhood is exercised in Spain and Norway. Family transformations and the redefinition of social roles assigned to men and women have brought changes in the meanings ascribed to paternity by Western societies. The two countries analyzed have undergone these changes in different ways, as they reflect different social interpretations about fathering, dissimilar participation of women in the labor market and diverse development of family policies. The aim of the article is therefore to analyze the structural elements that shape the behavior of fathers in Spain and Norway. Methodological triangulation was applied, combining in-depth interviews in both countries with a quantitative analysis of the main databases within this area. The empirical analysis is undertaken within the structural theory perspective, which takes into account the existence of elements external to the families which influence the distribution of work within the private sphere.

This paper presents a stochastic dynamic mathematical model, in which a Family Policy Index (XFPI) is included to measure and compare two different models of provision of resources to support families with children from 0 to 3 years old. The main variables in this model are the XFPI, fertility, mortality, emigration and immigration rates. This mathematical model was validated in two different countries, Spain and Norway, during the 2007–2015 period. A sensitivity analysis was applied to simulate the future trend (2016–2030), examining the influence of providing public pre-school services (0 to 3 years) on (XISF). The results obtained show that these services may indeed have an influence on fertility rates, as long as they are developed extensively.

Families rely on both parental and non-parental involvement when confronting the challenge of caring for children till the age of three. Drawing from the 2016 edition of the EU’s Survey on Income and Living Conditions, this study analyses non-parental childcare options in France, Norway, and Spain, taken as examples of different welfare state models. It addresses the degree to which parents of children under 3 years old in each country resort to non-parental agents (grandparents and other relatives, professional care providers, and pre-school services). The results reveal the existence of significant differences in non-parental care strategies in the three countries analysed, though some convergence towards defamilialisation and the important impact of household income on the types of non-parental care prevalent in France and Spain.

This paper presents the Family Policy Index (XFPI), an analytical tool designed to measure and compare different models of countries’ provision of educational services, parental leave and economic transfers to support families with children aged 0–3 years. The objective of this index is twofold: from a scientific perspective, it aims at measuring and comparing the overall support families receive through public policies; it also serves advocacy purposes, since the index may offer guidance to policy makers on best practices and may also increase citizens’ awareness of the efforts each country is making to support families. The XFPI has been conceptualized following a gender equality principle, considering that policies must involve both mothers and fathers in the exercise of their equal responsibility as parents. The XFPI was measured for two countries, Spain and Norway, in the 1999–2014 period, to test its applicability to different real scenarios and models of Welfare State with different policies and intentions, in which responsibility for childcare falls on two different agents: the State in Norway, and the family in Spain. The results show the extremely low development of Spanish pre-educational services for children 0–3 and, simultaneously, the existing limitations of Norwegian family policies in respect of gender equality. The index has the capacity to provide robust results applicable in different countries and to project into the future the potential scenarios that countries may face when designing new policies.

This article analyses the knowledge, perception and participation of university students in NGOs. The social group analysed has a very positive perception towards volunteering as well as a life sit...

This paper examines the policies and resources regarding the care of children under three years of age in two European countries that represent two different models of Welfare State, on the one hand Spain, framed in the Mediterranean or familist model and, on the other hand, Norway, enclosed in the Scandinavian model. Indeed, the care of children under three years is a matter of particular relevance since it influences directly on work-life balance strategies and also on gender and social equality. These aspects have been analyzed using the most relevant theories about the principles and motivations of the different Welfare State models. Simultaneously we have examined the existing resources in both countries and the challenges faced as a result of the social transformations occurred in recent decades and, specifically, the modifications in family policies and resources during the current financial crisis.

This article analyzes the relationship between family policies focused on childcare for children under the age of three and fertility levels. In the current context of very low European fertility, it is important to understand whether public support for families can help increase fertility or if, on the contrary, existing fertility levels are the exact reflection of the reproductive desires of families, regardless of the family-support of the policies that may exist in each country. This analysis was carried out through a stochastic dynamic mathematical model that incorporates both demographic variables and family policy variables. A sensitivity analysis was carried out on Spain and Norway, two countries that have very different models of family policies. This sensitivity analysis allows establishing a relationship between the existing family policies and the total fertility rate and also the expected evolution of fertility rates in the future, if the current family policies remain constant. The results showed that the models which lead to an increase in fertility are those which are most generous and which also incorporate a gender perspective, so they allow the identification of good practices and maximum levels of policy efficiency in regards to different objectives such as increase fertility and advances towards gender equality. By contrast, models with erratic and insufficient support clearly contribute to maintaining fertility at very low levels and perpetuate unequal gender relationships. There is, therefore, space for state agency to develop more effective public policies in both dimensions. This study was conducted under two competitive research projects: Ecuaciones en Derivadas Parciales Singulares (MTM2017-85449-P) and Childcare Practices among Families in Spain: Agents, Practices and Satisfaction (CSO2017-84634-R), funded by the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness. It was also supported by the I-Communitas Research Institute—Institute for Advanced Social Research of the Public University of Navarra and the Department of Social Analysis of the Carlos III University of Madrid.

Las universidades son espacios a los que determinados estudiantes no acceden o en los que encuentran destacados obstáculos para permanecer. Avanzar hacia la construcción de univer-sidades donde todos puedan aprender y participar es una tarea inaplazable que muchas insti-tuciones desconocen cómo enfrentar. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo diseñar un sistema de in-dicadores que facilite a las instituciones universitarias la autoevaluación de las condiciones que ofrecen a sus estudiantes con respecto a la inclusión. Con una metodología basada en la revisión bibliográfica y la validación de indicadores por 18 expertos/as mediante el método Delphi, se presentan un total de 30 indicadores agrupados en seis dimensiones claves. Estas dimensiones hacen referencia a la cultura institucional, acceso equitativo, aprendizaje centrado en el alum-nado, bienestar y participación, movilidad y empleabilidad y logro académico. Para facilitar el uso del instrumento, se acompaña cada indicador de una breve descripción, una medida o es-cala de evaluación, la periodicidad con la que conviene ser medido y el posible nivel de desagre-gación. Como conclusión, se reconoce la adecuación del método Delphi para la validación de indicadores y se destaca la contribución de los instrumentos de evaluación como herramientas que permiten evidenciar las situaciones de desigualdad universitaria. Se subraya la urgencia de revertir el modelo universitario hacia un modelo enfocado en el diseño de estrategias que per-mitan avanzar hacia la verdadera inclusión, Universities are spaces that certain students struggle to access or where they find outstanding obstacles to remain. Moving towards the construction of universities where all can learn and participate in equal opportunities is an unplayable task that many institutions do not know how to face. This work aims to design a system of indicators that facilitates universities to self-assessing the conditions they offer their students with respect to inclusion. With a method-ology based on the literature review and validation of indicators by 18 experts using the Delphi method, a total of 30 indicators are presented grouped into six key dimensions. These dimen-sions refer to institutional culture, equitable access, student-centered learning, well-being and participation, mobility and employability and achievement. To facilitate the use of this instru-ment, each indicator is accompanied by a brief description, a measure and scale of evaluation, the periodicity with which it should be measured and the possible level of disaggregation. In conclusion, the adequacy of the Delphi method for the validation of indicators is recognized and the contribution of evaluation instruments is highlighted as tools that allow to demon-strate situations of university inequality. It is considered relevant the urgency of reversing the university model towards a model focused on the design of strategies that allow progress to-wards true inclusion

This article examines the resilient strategies of those people who were politically or ideologically repressed during Francoism. In total, 57 individuals were interviewed in depth in order to establish the strategies that they adopted to overcome adverse situations. The memories of the interviewees not only bring to light the diversity of resources used to face repression, but they also show how their individual strategies of resilience were linked to a collective resilience framework involving a large segment of the population who are still alive or who have handed on their experiences to their descendants. Past memories are consequently connected in the present with the (re)creation of a common identity and the restoration of dignity to the victims, who were classified as criminals in historical and legal archives and also suffered a process of social stigmatization. However, the aim of this article is not to resurrect the conflict in a society that has been ideologically divided for decades nor to transform history, but to cover the existing gaps in the official history. By doing this, it should be possible to strengthen the social and democratic values in a society that needs to build a future that is free from the ideological confrontations of the past.

In the rural areas of Spain the aging population trend is particularly acute, and these regions are also characterized by high sex ratios. These are the demographic consequences of an intense rural exodus that started in 1950. This paper addresses the strategies that families from these areas have put in place to guarantee care for the elderly in these limited demographic contexts. It quantifies the demographic change from 1910 to 2010 and analyzes current mechanisms for organizing social care. The methodology includes semi-structured interviews and secondary information obtained from censuses. The results show the emergence of new care strategies, the diversification of social agents involved in care, and the transformation of traditional gender relations. All these changes are conceptualized as social adaptation strategies that increase resilience in rural areas.

This article analyzes the relationship between humans and technological simulations according to three recent audiovisual productions: Her, Ex Machina and Be Right Back. Their images and arguments illustrate the current uncertainties about technological development, projecting a future in which the concerns are particularly focused on the simulation of human beings. Simultaneously, these fictional beings show, in the audiovisual productions analyzed, their adaptation to the society in which we live, with a superior ability to process and store information. However, in the two films and the episode examined, the singularity, the possibility of being controlled and dominated by machines, acquires a new meaning, replacing the collective confrontation against technology with different versions in which the machines determined to be independent peacefully, are confined to isolation or are release in order to survive., El presente artículo analiza las relaciones entre humanos y simulaciones tecnológicas a través de tres producciones audiovisuales aparecidas en los últimos años: Her, Ex Machina y Vuelvo Enseguida. Sus imágenes y argumentos proyectan en el futuro las inquietudes que suscita actualmente el desarrollo tecnológico, en concreto la posible creación de seres que simulan a las personas. Al mismo tiempo, estos seres artificiales, que hoy en día solo podemos observar en la ciencia ficción, muestran su potencial adaptación a la sociedad en la que vivimos, con una superior capacidad para gestionar la información. No obstante, en las producciones analizadas la singularidad, la posibilidad de que el dominio sobre las máquinas se revierta, adquiere un nuevo significado, sustituyendo el enfrentamiento contra la tecnología por diferentes versiones que abarcan su independencia pacífica, su aislamiento y su liberación en busca de supervivencia.

This paper is the result of a research conducted by the Department of Social Analysis of the Universidad Carlos III of Madrid and funded by the ONCE Foundation. Surveys and in depth interviews were used to determine the needs and shortages secondary school teachers experience in the education students with disabilities. The data collected and the testimonies of the teachers reflect that schools don’t have the resources needed for education all students at the same school, in the same classroom and at the same time. The architectural adaptation of the buildings, the materials and technology used, the of support teachers avaible and a high student-teacher ratio facilitate the development of inclusive educational processes. Nevertheless, the absence of these resources generates exclusion and creates barriers to develop these processes.

This paper analyses the reintroduction of 3D to the big screen, this time, due to the digital technology and the polarization of the image, the focal depth has become more credible and the interface, in spite of still being present, is more comfortable and effective. The spectacular images attract the spectator to the cinema and captivate them with technological visual development. Simultaneously, 3D is a useful tool to solve contemporary cinema problems with piracy and competition with other media. However, the big question that 3D has to solve is whether the new technology will join the large list of fiascos of the 70’s and 80’s, trying to transform the way of seeing the image, or if it will be a step closer to virtual reality and a cinema of immersion and total interaction., El presente artículo analiza la (re)introducción del 3D en nuestras pantallas de cine. Esta vez, gracias a la tecnología digital y a la polarización de la imagen, la profundidad de campo se hace mas creíble y la interfaz, a pesar de seguir presente, ha ganado en comodidad y efectividad. La espectacularidad de las imágenes es el mayor reclamo que hoy presenta el 3D para atraer al espectador a las salas de cine y fascinarle con el desarrollo tecnológico. Al mismo tiempo, el 3D es una herramienta útil para solucionar los problemas surgidos en la industria cinematográfica a raíz de la evolución de la pirateria y la cada vez más compleja competición con otros medios. La gran duda que plantea el 3D es si se sumará a la larga lista de fracasos de los años 70 y 80 por intentar transformar la forma de ver la imagen o supondrá un paso adelante en la pretensión por acercarnos a la realidad virtual y un cine de inmersión e interacción total.

La existencia de un gran numero de documentales que no tienen como objetivo representar la realidad sino (re)crearla ha hecho que los falsos documentales se conviertan en un subgenero que se encuentra a medio camino entre la realidad y la ficcion. Los falsos documentales pretenden jugar con el estatus adquirido durante anos por el espectador de documentales, parodiar las convenciones existentes en el genero o realizar una critica de ciertos codigos culturales. La confusion entre realidad e irrealidad se encuentra pues en la base de los falsos documentales, pero debido a la amplitud que abarcan consiguen reflexionar, utilizando el humor, la sorpresa, el engano o el terror, sobre aspectos de gran relevancia para analizar el actual contexto social, cultural y de los medios de comunicacion en la sociedad de la informacion. Los falsos documentales son por lo tanto un producto significativo de una forma de jugar con la confusion que crean las imagenes en un momento en que la tecnologia digital es capaz de simular la realidad con total veracidad.