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The scientific community has systematically ignored the needs of women who have sex with women (WSW). The invisibilization of romantic and sexual relationships between women has caused a profound lack of knowledge about the impact of HIV and other STIs on this population subgroup. This study aims to analyze the frequency of dental dam and condom use in WSW and identify the variables that explain the use of these two preventive methods. The sample is composed of 327 women aged between 18 and 60 years (M = 27.82; SD = 8.10). The results indicate that only 4.7% of those who practice cunnilingus and 5.2% of those who practice anilingus report “always” using dental dam (systematic use). Condoms are used systematically by 37.1% of those who practice vaginal penetration and 37.8% of those who practice anal penetration. Age, high perceived self-efficacy, and adequate assertive communication skills are variables significantly related to preventive behavior. The severity attributed to HIV and the perceived risk of infection are protective factors regarding dental dam use. For condom use, high levels of internalized homophobia and drug use are risk factors. Future preventive strategies should provide information on preventive strategies to WSW who, for different reasons, are not involved in LGBT contexts or associations and, therefore, do not have access to training activities and mistakenly believe that they are invulnerable as they do not have sexual relations with men. Funding for open access charge: CRUE-Universitat Jaume I

High levels of perfectionism in college students can compromise their academic performance and psychological well-being. This study aims to analyze the implication of perfectionism in psychological well-being and suicidal ideation in the last year. A total of 1.287 students from different degrees reported their academic performance in the previous academic year and completed questionnaires on academic perfectionism, psychological well-being, and suicidal thoughts in the last year. In both men and women, academic perfectionism correlates positively with academic performance and negatively with the different dimensions of psychological well-being. Likewise, both the average grade in the previous year (β = 0.364) and the level of demand of the degree (β = −0.461) are mediating variables between perfectionism and psychological well-being. Furthermore, the interaction between perfectionism and academic performance is related positively to psychological well-being, but not to with suicidal ideation. So, the relation between suicidal ideation and perfectionism is positive (OR = 1.075), but this is negative with academic performance (OR = 0.900), although both variables show a mild predictive capacity. These findings suggest that the levels of perfectionism are associated differently with the mental health of students, since if perfectionism is effective (high academic performance), psychological well-being is high, although in our results, this interaction is not as important for suicidal thoughts.

Introduction The lockdown due to COVID-19 affected the sexual health of the people with intellectual disabilities by differentially modifying the frequency and characteristics of people’s sexual activity depending on whether or not they lived with a partner during this period. The aim of this study was to analyze the extent to which the sexual behavior of people with intellectual disabilities (with and without a partner) was affected during the lockdown. Methods The sample consisted of 73 people with intellectual disabilities between 21 and 63 years old (M = 39.63; SD = 10.11). The variables analyzed were the physical, social, and technological environment during the lockdown, sexual appetite, sexual behavior, online sexual activity, and sexual abuse. The data were collected between the months of May and June of 2020. Results The lockdown increased the sexual appetite of a third of the sample (38%), especially the youngest participants. Sexual activity focused on autoeroticism and online behavior, particularly sending nude images of oneself (88%) and viewing pornography (83.6%). Rates of sexual abuse during this period were relatively high (6.8%). Conclusions The sexual activity of people with ID was important during the lockdown, and they had to adapt to the circumstances of isolation in a similar way to the general population. Technological improvements in terms of devices and connection quality at home allowed their sexual behavior to be reoriented, opening the door to new risks for the sexual health of people with ID. Policy Implications Cybersex and the increase in sexual abuse due to confinement are aspects that should be included in programs to improve the sexual health of this group.

Un aspecto esencial para garantizar la calidad de vida en las personas con Discapacidad Intelectual (PDI) es la salud sexual. Pese a que en los últimos años se ha aumentado la atención en esta cuestión, es determinante conocer si existen prejuicios que pueden afectar al desarrollo saludable. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido comparar las actitudes hacia la sexualidad de las PDI que tienen ellas mismas con las que tiene la población general (PPG). Para ello un total de 100 PDI (50% hombres y 50% mujeres), de 19 a 55 años completaron la Escala de Percepción Sexual, y 454 PPG (39.4% hombres y 60.6% mujeres), de entre 20-82 años completaron la Escala de Actitudes para la Sexualidad en Personas con Discapacidad Intelectual (ASEXDI). El 71.1% de las PPG presenta unas actitudes moderadas hacia la sexualidad de las PDI, el 18.7%, actitudes liberales y 10.1% conservadoras. Ambos grupos difieren en la tolerancia a las caricias siendo superior en el grupo de PPG (68.28% lo considera muy aceptable, frente al 22.78% de las PDI). Por el contrario, las relaciones sexuales con penetración entre PDI están ligeramente mejor valoradas por las PDI que entre la PG, aunque en ambos casos son actitudes conservadoras (el 15% de las PDI lo considera nada aceptable en absoluto, frente al 37.89% de la PG). Sin embargo, la PG tiendeaconsiderar deforma más positivalascompetencias delas PDI parael uso correcto del preservativo. Los resultados permiten concluir que la PG muestra una tolerancia moderada hacia la expresión de la sexualidad de este colectivo, con la excepción de la práctica de penetración hacia la que muestran cierta prevención. La actitud positiva de los PDI hacia esta práctica unida a su baja percepción de competencia en el uso del preservativo justifica la necesidad de programas de educación afectivo-sexual adaptados.

Tradicionalmente, las personascon discapacidad intelectual han sido privadas del derecho aexpresarsu opinión, desestimando su capacidad de reflexión y haciendo prevalecer su mayor dependencia de los adultos de referencia. En este sentido, aunque cada vez hay una mayor conciencia de los derechos de estas personas, siguen presentes los prejuicios de sus padres hacia la sexualidad de este colectivo. Por este motivo, nos proponemos analizar las actitudes hacia la conducta sexual de las personas con discapacidad intelectual que detentan tanto las personas que integran este colectivo como sus padres. Para ello, se administró una escala breve de actitudes hacia la conducta sexual a una muestra de 360 personas con discapacidad intelectual leve o moderada de entre 19 y 55 años y a 100 padres de entre 28 y 83 años. Los resultados revelan que las personas con discapacidad intelectual presentan actitudes significativamente más liberales que sus padres hacia las conductas de besarse, acariciarse (t = 2.423; p = .016) o realizar prácticas sexuales sin penetración (t = 2.009; p = .045), pero no hacia la práctica del coito vaginal frente a la que ambos colectivos muestran actitudes semejantes (t = .252; p = .802). Estos resultados reflejan no solo la importancia de tener en cuenta las actitudes sobre sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad a la hora de elaborar programas de educación afectivo-sexual adaptados a sus características, sino también el valor de proporcionar los conocimientos y habilidades necesarios a los padres.

Attitudes towards sexuality are one of the most important cognitive-emotional determinants of sexual functioning. In this sense, the sexuality of persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) is influenced by myths, stereotypes and prejudices that encourage the perpetuation of certain negative attitudes and limit their sexual experiences. The aim of this study is to analyze the attitudes towards sexuality in people with intellectual disabilities and in professionals who work with them. For this purpose, we use a brief scale of attitudes towards sexual behaviour in a sample of 300 people with mild or moderate intellectual disability (ID), aged between 19 and 55 years old and 100 professionals, aged between 20 and 66 years old. Results reveal that 34.6% of people with ID have conservative attitudes, 55.3% moderate attitudes, and 8.3% liberal attitudes. On the other hand, 14% of the professionals present moderate attitudes and 86% liberal attitudes. In general, professionals have more liberal attitudes in all sexual behaviours (kissing, fondling and/or oral sex), except in vaginal intercourse where people with IDs have more erotophilic attitudes. In conclusion, people with ID report mostly conservative attitudes although professionals have mostly liberal attitudes. For this reason, an attitudinal module in affective-sexual education programs for people with ID should be implemented, because this variable has a significant impact on sexual health.

Traditionally, people with intellectual disabilities have been deprived of the right to express their opinion, dismissing their ability to reflect and making their greater dependence on reference adults prevail. In this sense, although there is an increasing awareness of the rights of these people, the prejudices of parents towards the sexuality of this group are still present. For this reason, we propose to analyse the attitudes towards sexual behaviour of people with intellectual disabilities held by both the people who make up this group and their parents. To do this, a brief scale of attitudes towards sexual behaviour was administered to a sample of 360 people with mild or moderate intellectual disabilities between 19 and 55 years old and 100 parents between 28 and 83 years old. The results reveal that people with intellectual disabilities have significantly more liberal attitudes than their parents towards the behaviours of kissing, caressing (t = 2.423; p = .016) or engaging in sexual practices without penetration (t = 2.009; p = .045), but not towards the practice of vaginal intercourse against which both groups show similar attitudes (t = .252; p = .802). These results reflect not only the importance of taking into account the attitudes about sexuality of people with disabilities when developing affective-sexual education programs adapted to their characteristics, but also the value of providing the necessary knowledge and skills to parents.

An essential aspect to guarantee the quality of life in people with Intellectual Disabilities (PDI) is sexual health. Despite the fact that attention has been increased in recent years on this issue, it is decisive to know if there are prejudices that can affect healthy development. The objective of this study has been to compare the attitudes towards sexuality of PDI that they have with those of the general population (PPG). For this, a total of 100 PDI (50% men and 50% women), from 19 to 55 years old, completed the Sexual Perception Scale, and 454 PPG (39.4% men and 60.6% women), between 20-82 years old, completed the Attitude Scale for Sexuality in People with Intellectual Disabilities (ASEXDI). 71.1% of the PPG show moderate attitudes towards thes exuality of PDI, 18.7%, liberaland 10.1% conservative attitudes. Both groups differ in tolerance to caresses, being higher in the PPG group (68.28% consider it very acceptable, compared to 22.78% of PDI). In contrast, penetrative sexual relations between PDI are slightly better valued by PDI than between PPG, although in both cases they are conservative attitudes (15% of PDI consider it not at all acceptable, compared to 37.89% of the PPG). However, the PPG tends to consider the competences of PDI for the correct use of condoms in a more positive way. The results allow to conclude that the PPG shows a moderate tolerance towards the expression of sexuality of this group, with the exception of the penetration practice towards which they show some prevention. The positive attitude of PDI towards this practice together with their low perception of competence in condom use justifies the need for adapted affective-sexual education programs.

El sexting es un fenómeno que consiste en el envío y la recepción de fotos, videos y/o mensajes de texto de naturaleza sexual a través de smartphones. Como en todos los demás países desarrollados, se está convirtiendo en una práctica cada vez más popular entre los adolescentes de España. Al tratarse de un fenómeno muy reciente todavía no existen muchos trabajos que hayan estudiado con profundidad su entidad y sus factores implicados. Por tanto, los dos objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia y analizar las variables explicativas del inicio y del mantenimiento de las conductas de sexting. La muestra estuvo formada por 784 adolescentes españoles (52% chicos y 48% chicas) con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 18 años (M = 14.44; DT = 1.61). Los resultados indican que el 24.4% ha practicado sexting en alguna ocasión, realizando esta conducta con una media de 2.32 personas (DT = 2.70). El análisis de regresión reveló que las actitudes positivas hacia el sexting, el nivel de impulsividad, la edad, ser hombre y el mantener una relación de pareja son variables que predicen la práctica del sexting. Estos resultados son muy importantes en la elaboración e implementación de estrategias preventivas que enfaticen el uso responsable de las TICS y las redes sociales. Sexting is a recent phenomenon in which people send and receive photos, videos and/or text messages of sexual nature via smartphones or similar devices. Similar to other developed countries, it is becoming an increasingly popular practice among teenagers in Spain. Provided it has appeared very recently, scarce research has focused on examining in-depth factors involved in its initiation and maintenance. Therefore, the two main aims of this study were to determine its prevalence and to analyse the explanatory variables of the sexting behaviours. The sample consisted of 784 Spanish adolescents (52% boys and 48% girls) between 12 and 18 years of age (M = 14.44; SD = 1.61). The results showed that 24.4% have practised sexting at some time, with an average of 2.32 people (SD = 2.70). The regression analysis revealed that positive attitudes towards sexting, level of impulsivity, age, being male and having a partner are variables that predict engagement in sexting. These results are very important for designing and implementing preventive strategies that emphasise the responsible use of ICTs and social networks.

Introduction In Spain, the sexual route is the main route of transmission in new HIV diagnoses. Men who have heterosexual relations are the second group with the highest incidence of new HIV cases and have the highest rates of late diagnosis in Spain. Planning the response to the HIV epidemic requires specific and updated information on this group. This study aims to analyze sexual practices and frequency of condom use in heterosexual and bisexual men and identify variables that explain inconsistent condom use in vaginal intercourse. Methods The sample consists of 386 men between 18 and 57 years of age (M = 24.61; SD = 6.74). Results The results indicate that the percentage of consistent condom use in vaginal intercourse is 64.9%. Not consuming drugs before sexual intercourse, perceiving a high self-efficacy for condom use, and good assertive communication skills are factors that positively influence condom use. In contrast, a high level of sexual compulsivity is a risk factor. The proposed model explains between 29.1% and 40% of the variance. Conclusions and Policy Implications. Preventive actions implemented in this group should include work sessions that focus on developing assertive skills, reducing risks associated with drug use, and providing cognitive strategies to cope with compulsive sexual thoughts.

Las personas homosexuales y bisexuales constituyen un colectivo sobre el que se ejerce violencia. Este estudio analiza la prevalencia e influencia que ejerce la violencia homofóbica sufrida a lo largo de la vida sobre la sintomatología depresiva y el nivel de autoestima. La muestra está compuesta por 730 personas homosexuales o bisexuales con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 60 años (M = 28.47; DT = 8.81). Los resultados indican que entre el 29.6% y 76.7% ha recibido violencia psicológica o verbal y entre el 4.2% y el 19.6% ha sufrido violencia física a lo largo de su vida. También se obtienen diferencias significativas según el género, siendo los hombres quienes refieren mayores tasas de victimización. Los análisis de regresión indican que la victimización en forma de risas, burlas, golpes y empujones disminuye el nivel de autoestima e incrementa la sintomatología depresiva. Estos resultados se discuten en relación a la necesidad de implementar programas educativos que prevengan este tipo de violencia o, al menos, reduzca su reiteración durante periodos prolongados.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) account for more than half of the new HIV diagnoses in Spain. This study aims to carry out a descriptive analysis of the sexual practices and frequency of condom use of MSM and identify the variables that explain inconsistent condom use during anal intercourse. The sample consists of 405 men between 18 and 60 years of age (M = 28.94; SD = 9.35). The results indicate that the percentage of consistent condom use is 72.9% for anal intercourse. Lack of risk perception, high self-esteem, and greater sensation-seeking are risk factors for risky sexual behavior. In contrast, high levels of sexual assertiveness and self-efficacy are protective factors. The proposed model explains between 33.8 and 49.2% of the variance. These findings highlight the importance of designing and implementing condom promotion programs for MSM who engage in anal intercourse with specific sections that consider the acquisition of assertive skills and reduce the risks associated with a perceived invulnerability to HIV. Los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) constituyen más de la mitad de los nuevos diagnósticos por VIH en España. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis descriptivo de las prácticas sexuales y la frecuencia de uso del preservativo en HSH e identificar las variables explicativas del uso inconsistente del preservativo en el coito anal. La muestra está formada por 405 hombres con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 60 años (M = 28.94; DT = 9.35). Los resultados indican que el porcentaje de uso sistemático del preservativo es del 72.9% en el coito anal. La ausencia de percepción de riesgo, un elevado nivel de autoestima y una mayor búsqueda de sensaciones sexuales constituyen factores de riesgo para la conducta sexual de riesgo. Por el contrario, altos niveles de asertividad sexual y de autoeficacia son factores de protección. El modelo propuesto explica entre el 33.8% y el 49.2% de la varianza. Estos hallazgos determinan la importancia de diseñar e implementar programas de promoción del uso del preservativo para HSH que practican coito anal con secciones específicas que consideren la adquisición de habilidades asertivas y reduzcan los riesgos asociados a la sensación de invulnerabilidad frente al VIH.

Sexting is an increasingly frequent phenomenon among adolescents, and it involves risky behaviors such as sextortion or even grooming. This study aims to analyze demographic, psychological, and cultural variables that may explain the nature of this phenomenon. The sample consisted of 471 adolescents from 12 to 18 years old from two countries, Spain and Mexico, with dissimilar levels of gender inequality. Results highlight important differences in sexting behavior between the two countries. We have found higher levels of sexting behaviors in Mexican adolescents (41.5 %) than in Spanish adolescents (24.6 %) as well as an earlier start in Mexican adolescents. Moreover, adolescents in Mexico engage in sexting more frequently. There are no differences, however, in age showing a growing pattern in the two countries, nor in gender, self-esteem or impulsivity. These results are interpreted from a cultural perspective and highlight the importance of studying the phenomenon of sexting within the framework of cultural influences, especially sexism. Considering cultural factors is necessary, in order to implement differential preventive strategies according to each culture. Prevention in countries with high inequality, such as Mexico, should be earlier.

La sexualidad de las personas con discapacidad intelectual (DI) ha sido un tema muy controvertido. Su sexualidad ha estado sustentada por una serie de mitos y falsas creencias que, a pesar de carecer de apoyo empírico, han restringido su derecho a conseguir una expresión libre de esta faceta. En unos casos su sexualidad ha sido equiparada a la de los niños, creyendo que eran personas asexuadas; y en otros se les ha presupuesto una ausencia de control sobre sus impulsos, optando por no despertar sus instintos sexuales. El equipo SALUSEX inició el estudio de la sexualidad en este colectivo en el año 2015 con un proyecto financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad relacionado con la calidad de vida y las secuelas del abuso sexual. Dadas las carencias y necesidades observadas, a este primer proyecto le siguió otro, actualmente en desarrollo, cuyo objetivo es la elaboración y el análisis de la eficacia de un programa de prevención del abuso y mejora de la salud sexual mediante el cual se están desarrollando y validando instrumentos psicométricos para recoger información sobre sus conocimientos, creencias y experiencias tanto de forma autoinformada como heteroinformada. Así, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito presentar algunos instrumentos para la evaluación de la sexualidad en el ámbito de la diversidad funcional intelectual desarrollados por el equipo Salusex. The sexuality of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) is a controversial issue. Their sexuality is characterised by myths and false beliefs that have restricted their right to achieve the experience of a free sexuality. In some cases, their sexuality was equated with that of children, as asexual people; and in other cases, a lack of control over their impulses was assumed, trying not to awaken their sexual instincts. In 2015, SALUSEX team initiated the study of sexuality in this group with a project, funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, related to the quality of life and sequelae of sexual abuse. Taking into consideration the needs detected, this project was followed by another, currently under development, with the aim of developing and analysing the effectiveness of a programme to prevent abuse and improve sexual health. In this project, some psychometric instruments are being developed and validated to collect information about their knowledge, beliefs and experiences in both self-reported and other-reported. The aim of this paper is to present some instruments to assess the sexuality in the field of intellectual functional diversity, developed by Salusex team.

Background This paper presents psychometric properties of an instrument for the Assessment of Sexual Behaviour and Knowledge of people with Intellectual Disability (ASBKID), other‐reported by professionals who are in daily contact with them. Methods and procedures Assessments of 236 individuals with intellectual disability were obtained from 100 professionals. Results Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a four‐factor structure: concern about the user's inappropriate or uninhibited sexual behaviour; perception of the user's knowledge about privacy and social norms; perception of the user's knowledge about sexuality; and concerns about the user's sexuality. A multi‐group CFA was also conducted in men and women, confirming the adequacy of this four‐factor structure by gender. The reliability of the factors ranged from 0.74 to 0.92. Conclusions The psychometric results obtained support the use of the ASBKID as a valid and reliable measure for the assessment of sexual behaviour and knowledge in both men and women with intellectual disability.

This study analyses the prevalence of sexting and the reasons and attitudes associated with its practice in adolescents with different cultural backgrounds (Colombia and Spain). The sample is made up of 489 Spaniards and 510 Colombians aged between 13 and 18 years. The results show that sexting is strongly influenced by gender and the country, in favor of men and Colombians respectively. The interaction between gender and country establishes that in Spain women and men practice sexting equally, while in Colombia men practice much more sexting than women. Although the practice of sexting increases progressively with age, the levels are higher among Colombian adolescents, especially after 15 years. According to the results, although both groups present a high risk for sexting, socio-cultural aspects and gender constitute differential variables to be taken into consideration. Therefore, it is necessary to design preventive strategies including cultural differences in relation to the sexuality.

Introduction: The labels on sexual orientation are usually very rigid, creating discomfort in people who have a sexual behavior different from heteronormativity. In this context, age may moderate the discomfort experience. Method: A total of 90 homosexual people participated in the study, divided equally into three age groups: from 18 to 22 years old, from 23 to 27 years old and from 28 to 33 years old. The mean age was 24.81 (SD = 4.11), being 50 % men and 50 % women in each group. In addition to the sociodemographic data, all the participants answered a questionnaire about the experience of their sexual orientation. Results: Among the age groups, no statistical significant differences were found in the percentage of people who had fantasies, desires and sexual behaviors, both with the same sex and with the opposite sex. However, at a descriptive level, there was a tendency for the younger group to feel more discomfort than the rest of the groups, especially in the experiences with the same sex. Conclusions: There is a differential pattern of discomfort that is more evident among the young population, especially in terms of homosexual behavior. These age differences could be related to the maturity of the participants, being the youngest those who are more affected by the possible prejudices of society. It would be necessary to investigate these results in detail to learn more about the problems of these young people, in order to develop specific care programs for this population. Introducción: Las etiquetas sobre orientación sexual suelen ser muy rígidas, creando malestar en las personas que tienen un comportamiento sexual diferente al heteronormativo. En este contexto, la edad podría tener un factor modulador en el malestar experimentado. ! Método: En el estudio participaron un total de 90 personas homosexuales, repartidas equi tativamente en tres grupos de edad: de 18 a 22 años, de 23 a 27 años y de 28 a 33 años. La media de edad fue de 24,81 (DT = 4,11), siendo en cada grupo el 50 % hombres y el 50 % mujeres. Además de los datos sociodemográficos, todos contestaron un cuestionario sobre la vivencia de su orientación sexual. ! Resultados: Entre los grupos de edad, no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en el porcentaje de personas que habían tenido fantasías, deseos y conductas sexuales, tanto con el mismo sexo como con el opuesto. No obstante, a nivel descriptivo, se observó una tendencia del grupo más joven a sentir más malestar que el resto de grupos, sobre todo, en las experiencias con el mismo sexo.! Conclusiones: Existe un patrón diferencial de malestar que es más evidente entre la población joven, sobre todo, en cuanto a las conductas homosexuales. Estas diferencias de edad podrían estar relacionadas con la madurez de los participantes, siendo los más jóvenes a quienes les afecte más los posibles prejuicios de la sociedad. Habría que investigar detalladamente estos resultados para conocer más sobre la problemática de estos jóvenes, con el fin de elaborar programas de atención específicos para esta población.

The prevention of HIV or other STIs in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) is a rarely studied subject even though this population group is at the same risk of infection as the general population.The present study aims to conduct a descriptive analysis of sexual behaviours and condom use frequency in Spanish men and women with intellectual disabilities and identify the combination of variables that best explain condom use in vaginal intercourse.The sample consisted of 253 people (56.1 % male and 43.9 % female) aged between 20 and 64 years (M = 38.52; SD = 10.48). Participants completed the Sexuality Questionnaire for People with Intellectual Disabilities and the Sexual Abuse Risk Screening Scale.The percentage of consistent condom use is 27.7 % for vaginal intercourse. Lack of knowledge about body boundaries constitutes a risk factor contributing to risky sexual behaviour. Knowledge of HIV-transmitting fluids and perceived self-efficacy are protective factors. The proposed model explains between 35.5 % and 46.6 % of the variance.The results highlight the importance of considering the judgements people make about their ability to perform preventive behaviour and the provision of information on sexuality adapted to cognitive abilities to minimise the engagement in risky behaviours.

Background Sexual victimisation is an important problem that affects millions of people around the world, especially those with some kind of disability. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported and documented sexual abuse in people with mild or moderate intellectual disability and to analyse the sequelae that such experiences can have on their psychosocial health. Methods The sample consisted of 360 adults (50% men and 50% women) between 18 and 55 years of age (M = 39.87; standard deviation = 10.55). Results The prevalence of sexual abuse is 6.10% when it is self-reported (9.4% in women and 2.8% in men) and 28.6% when it is reported by professionals (27.8% in women and 29.4% in men). People who self-report cases of abuse present poorer quality of life, more negative attitudes towards sex and a lower capacity to identify situations that entail a risk of sexual abuse. Individuals who have suffered documented cases of abuse are more likely to present encopresis, social isolation, self-harm and a higher number of suicide attempts. Conclusions Our results evidence the need to have access to all sources of information so as to be able to obtain prevalence figures that match the real situation and to perform a proper analysis of the sequelae.

Background People with intellectual disability have the same sexual needs as those without any disability, yet their sexuality is often restricted by reluctant attitudes and/or fears based on irrational beliefs. The aim of this study is to describe and analyse different areas of sexuality in adults with mild or moderate intellectual disability. Method The sample consisted of 180 men and 180 women attending occupational centres. All the participants were administered a questionnaire about sexuality adapted to their characteristics. Results Results show that 84.2% have had sexual relationships with another person, this percentage being higher in females and in people aged between 38 and 55 years old. Condoms are used by 41.4%. The most frequently used contraceptive methods are the pill (39.6%), transdermal patch (30.2%) and intrauterine device (6.7%). 9.4% of the women and 2.8% of the men has experienced sexual abuse. Conclusion In conclusion, there is a need to draw up educational programmes, differentiated according to gender and adapted to their reality, which include contents related with sexual health, sexual abuse and condom use.

El estudio de los factores que influyen en el proceso de envejecimiento activo y saludable constituye uno de los principales intereses de la psicogerontología. En este sentido, el bienestar psicológico es un indicador fiable que asegura el éxito de dicho proceso, mientras que la sexualidad se convierte en una variable moduladora relevante. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar si las actitudes hacia la sexualidad y el bienestar psicológico de las personas mayores están moduladas por el tipo de residencia, el estado civil y el grado de autonomía. Para ello se utiliza la Escala de Actitudes sobre la Sexualidad en la Vejez y la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico en una muestra de 70 personas, 35 mujeres y 35 hombres, con edades comprendidas entre los 65 y los 95 años (M = 76.78; DT = 8.3). Los resultados revelan que, en general, las actitudes más liberales hacia la sexualidad y el mayor grado de bienestar psicológico se asocian significativamente con el hecho de vivir fuera de las instituciones residenciales y mantener una relación sentimental con una pareja estable. Por su parte, el grado de autonomía solo alcanza significación estadística en el bienestar psicológico, pero no en las actitudes hacia la sexualidad. Puesto que las personas mayores representan un sector de la población estigmatizado (con numerosos mitos y creencias negativas asociadas), este estudio contribuye a crear una concepción más positiva del proceso de envejecimiento, normalizando los comportamientos y enfatizando las variables a considerar en la elaboración de programas de optimización evolutiva. The study of the factors that influence the active and healthy aging process is one of the main interests of psychogerontology. In this sense, psychological well-being is a reliable indicator that ensures the success of this process, while sexuality becomes a relevant modulating variable. The aim of this paper is to determine if attitudes towards sexuality and psychological well-being of ederly people are modulated by residence type, marital status and degree of autonomy. For this purpose, Ageing Attitude Scale on Sexuality and Psychological Well-Being Scale is used in a sample of 70 people, 35 women and 35 men, from 65 to 95 years old (M = 76.78; DT = 8.3). The results show that, in general, more liberal attitudes towards sexuality and greater psychological well-being are significantly associated with living outside residential institutions and maintaining a sentimental relationship with a stable partner. On the other hand, the degree of autonomy only obtains statistical significance in psychological well-being but not in attitudes towards sexuality. In conclusion, ederly people represent a stigmatised segment of the population (with many associated myths and negative beliefs), for this reason, this study contributes to create a positive conception of the aging process, normalizing behaviors and emphasizing the variables to be considered in the elaboration of intervention programs.

People with intellectual disability (ID) are more vulnerable to being victims of sexual abuse (SA) because, in most cases, they are not able to detect the warning signs that abuse could occur. However, there is a lack of appropriate assessment tools to determine their vulnerability. To address this limitation, the current study tests the psychometric properties of the Detection of Sexual Abuse Risk Screening Scale (DSARss), a new scale developed to assess the ability of individuals with mild or moderate ID to detect the risk of SA. In all, 246 individuals with mild or moderate ID (55.3% males) completed the DSARss, along with other scales assessing related dimensions (e.g., psychopathological symptoms, quality of live). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded a four-factor structure explaining 65.34% of the total variance in the DSARss. Two independent EFAs in males and females were also performed to confirm the suitability of this four-factor structure according to gender. The reliability of the total score and subscales ranged between .70 and .93. Likewise, correlations with other related scales were positive and significant. Temporal stability 6 months after the first application was .47. Finally, we explored the criterion-related validity of the DSARss across different SA indicators. These results, along with the absence of sound questionnaires to assess the risk of SA in people with ID, justify the use of the DSARss to assess this construct in both men and women.

Sex addiction is a pathology that starts in the adolescence or the early adulthood and has an important impact on social and personal development. Early detection is a key issue, so the aim of this study was to adapt and validate one of the most employed questionnaires for its assessment: the Sexual Addiction Screening Test. For this purpose, 600 young people completed the study surveys. Through a factor analysis, we found that the SAST was composed by 4 subscales that explained 38.38% of the variance. Furthermore, reliability and convergent validity values supported its employment in the assessment of sex addiction. Therefore, SAST is now one of the available resources for the assessment of this pathology in our context.Sex addiction is a pathology that starts in the adolescence or the early adulthood and has an important impact on social and personal development. Early detection is a key issue, so the aim of this study was to adapt and validate one of the most employed questionnaires for its assessment: the Sexual Addiction Screening Test. For this purpose, 600 young people completed the study surveys. Through a factor analysis, we found that the SAST was composed by 4 subscales that explained 38.38% of the variance. Furthermore, reliability and convergent validity values supported its employment in the assessment of sex addiction. Therefore, SAST is now one of the available resources for the assessment of this pathology in our context.

The quality of life in the Intellectual Disabled people assessed by themselves and by their professionals: implicated variables. Improving the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities is a prioritary goal since the implementation of the Law on Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for dependent people. Professionals and users do not always agree with the assessment about the different construct dimensions. Discrepancies may be due to variables not specifically analyzed by the research like the way they live, or the degree of disability that they have. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible discrepancies between the assessments of both informants attending these features. To this objective the INICO-FEAPS scale was applied to 360 adults with intellectual disability and 103 professionals working with them. The results show agreement in 5 of the scale dimensions, like Rights, Physical and Material Well-being; on the other hand we have found large discrepancies in Self-determination and Emotional Well-being. Results are interpretated in light of the kind of needs of the dimensions of quality of life.

Background. Studies have shown the role played by perceived self-efficacy in explaining condom negotiation and condom use. Aims. The factorial structure and the psychometric properties of the Brief Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale are presented. Method. The study included 368 men and 456 women aged 17 to 55 years ( Mage = 25.01, SD = 6.93). Results. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors: fear of rejection, impulse control, and condom acquisition and negotiation, which together accounted for 68% of the total variance. That structure was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha for the Brief Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale was .71. The scale provided adequate convergent validity, and positive correlations were observed between self-reported condom use and self-efficacy for use of other barrier methods. Discussion. This brief instrument could be a useful and appropriate measure to assess the types of condom use self-efficacy that occur at the different moments of a sexual relationship.

This is a pre-print of an article published in AIDS and Behavior. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2182-6 Sexual Sensation Seeking has been identified as a main predictor of unsafe sex that particularly affects LGB people. This study adapts and validates the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale to Spanish LGB people. For this purpose, we tested the factor structure in 1237 people, ranged from 17 to 60 years old, 880 self-defined as homosexuals and 357 as bisexuals. The results support the appropriateness of this scale for Spanish LGB people and determine two factors, explaining the 49.91% of variance: “physical sensations attraction” and “sexual experiences”. Our findings reveal optimal levels of internal consistency in the total scale (α = 0.81) and each factor (α = 0.84 and α = 0.71). Additional analyses have demonstrated convergent validity for this scale. Important implications of the validated Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale in Spanish LGB people are discussed, in order to early detection and preventive interventions for HIV and other sexual health problems.

This is a pre-print of an article published in AIDS and Behavior. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2224-0 This paper describes the process of building and validating the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire (CPS), a brief HIV risk assessment measure. An initial 64-items bank was filled out by 466 young people (192 men and 274 women), aged between 17 and 26 years (M = 20.62; SD = 2.15). The exploratory factor analysis revealed five components: Knowledge about HIV, Condom Attitudes, Intentions of Condom Use, Safe sexual behavior and Stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV. This structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency for the different components ranged from .67 to .74. Moreover, CPS has a classification system that allows determining the level of risk. These results support the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire as a valid and reliable measure to detect earlier the risk for HIV infection and to design adjusted preventive interventions.

Sexual sensation seeking among adolescents has been mostly associated with unprotected sex and other risky behaviors. This paper presents the Spanish adaptation and validation of the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale (SSSS). This cross-sectional study included 1350 adolescents (601 male and 749 female), aged between 15 and 18 years ( M = 16.1, SD = 0.97). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) yielded two components: Physical Sensations Attraction (PSA), and New Experiences Seeking (NES), which together accounted for 48.98% of the total variance. That structure was later verified through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Internal consistency was 0.82 for the total scale, and 0.76 and 0.82 for each factor. Moreover, the measure had adequate convergent validity and was positively related to sexual compulsivity, number of sexual partners in the last six months, and consumption of alcohol and other drugs. In conclusion, this self-administered instrument is a useful brief screening measure in research and clinical practice for Spanish-speaking people.

El estudio de la transexualidad ha evolucionado en los últimos años alcanzando mayor visibilidad actualmente gracias a las iniciativas de los colectivos trans y al incremento de niños, niñas y adolescentes que acuden a atención primaria por problemas de identidad de género. Este creciente interés ha estimulado la investigación cuya abundancia precisa un análisis y selección de los trabajos más relevantes. Con este objetivo hemos realizado una revisión bibliográfica con el fin de abordar el estado actual de la transexualidad temprana, centrándonos en los estudios relativos a su etiología, prevalencia, diagnóstico y tratamientos actuales. Para ello se consultaron diversas bases de datos (Web of Science, PubMed, PubPsych, Elsevier, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Psychology Database) restringiendo la búsqueda por palabras clave (“transsexuality”, “transsexualism”, “adolescence”, “adolescents” y “teenagers”) y fecha de publicación (2008-2017). Inicialmente se obtuvieron 103 de los cuales fueron descartados 66 trabajos por tratar aspectos que no eran objeto de la revisión y exponer resultados no generalizables por su reducida muestra. Del análisis de los 37 artículos seleccionados se obtiene, por lo que se refiere a la etiología, que la transexualidad tiene un origen heterogéneo y multifactorial. La prevalencia obtenida es del 9.8%. En el diagnóstico se insiste en la necesidad de realizar un seguimiento permanente haciendo uso de la entrevista como principal instrumento de elección. Por último, la mayoría de investigaciones resaltan la importancia del nuevo abordaje terapéutico basado en la terapia triádica que contempla tratamiento psicológico (asimilación del rol deseado de forma plena), hormonal (bloqueo hormonal y tratamiento con hormonas cruzadas) y quirúrgico (cambio de genitales y otros caracteres sexuales), a pesar de la controversia que ha suscitado por los posibles efectos desfavorables para la población infanto-juvenil. Se concluye la necesidad de continuar investigando para lograr no solo un diagnóstico y tratamiento más individualizado sino una mayor divulgación de conocimiento que ayude a disminuir la estigmatización. The study of transsexuality has evolved in recent years reaching greater visibility now thanks to the initiatives of trans collectives and the increase of children and adolescents who attend primary care due to gender identity problems. This growing interest has stimulated research whose abundance requires an analysis and selection of the most relevant works. With this objective we have carried out a bibliographic review in order to address the current state of early transsexuality, focusing on studies related to its etiology, prevalence, diagnosis and current treatments. For this, several databases were consulted (Web of Science, PubMed, PubPsych, Elsevier, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Psychology Database) restricting the search by keywords (“transsexuality”, “transsexualism”, “adolescence”, “adolescents” and “ teenagers “) and publication date (2008-2017). Initially, 103 were obtained, of which 66 were discarded for treating aspects that were not subject of the review and exposing non-extrapolated results due to their small sample. From the analysis of the 37 selected articles, it is obtained, as regards the etiology, that transsexuality has a heterogeneous and multifactorial origin. The prevalence obtained is 9.8%. The diagnosis insists on the need to carry out a permanent follow-up using the interview as the main instrument of choice. Finally, most research highlights the importance of the new therapeutic approach based on triadic therapy that includes psychological treatment (assimilation of the desired role fully), hormonal (hormonal blocking and subsequent treatment with crossed hormones) and surgical (change of genitals and other sexual characters), in spite of the controversy that has provoked by the possible unfavorable effects for the infantile and juvenile population. It concludes the need to continue research to achieve not only a more individualized diagnosis and treatment, but also a greater knowledge dissemination that helps reduce stigmatization.

This study analyzes the relation of sexual orientation and gender to sexual sensation seeking. Participants were 382 individuals (200 men, 182 women) between 17 and 29 years old who completed the Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale. Of the 382 participants, 52.46% self-reported heterosexual orientation, and 47.64% self-reported homosexual orientation. The results showed differences with Sexual Sensation Seeking being more frequent among heterosexuals and men. There were no differences between heterosexual and homosexual men. Heterosexual women had higher sexual sensation seeking scores than did homosexual women. These results and their possible implications for the effective development of prevention and intervention programs in affective-sexual education are discussed.

The aim of this investigation is to analyze sexual risk behaviors and attitudes for HIV/AIDS infection of MSM. The ENSI was administrated to 202 men, 168 homosexuals and 24 bisexuals, from 14 to 57 years. The results show a high confidence in condoms as a method of HIV prevention (75.7% very effective and 28.1% effective); however the systematic use of a condom is moderate in anal intercourse (54.64%) and in vaginal intercourse (49.05%) and very low in oral sex (6.22%). There is a low perceived probability (20.28%) and moderate fear (41.25%) become infected with HIV. 20.3% report having drunk alcohol in the last relationship and 5.4% say other drugs. These results should be considered in the development of prevention programs.Key words: HIV, sexual risk behaviors, MSM, condomResumen:El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las conductas sexuales de riesgo y las actitudes para la infección por VIH/SIDA en hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres (HSH). Se administró la Encuesta Sobre SIDA (Ballester, Gil, y Giménez, 2007) a 202 hombres, 168 homosexuales y 34 bisexuales con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 57 años. Los resultados muestran un alta confianza en el preservativo como método de prevención del VIH (el 75.7% considera que es muy eficaz y el 28.1% muy eficaz); no obstante, el uso sistemático del preservativo es moderado tanto en el coito anal (54.6%) como en el coito vaginal (49.1%) y muy bajo en el sexo oral (6.2%). Hay una baja probabilidad percibida (20.3%) y un miedo moderado (41.3%) de infectarse con VIH. El 20.3% afirman haber consumido alcohol en la última relación sexual mientras que el 5.4% refieren otras drogas. Estos resultados deben tenerse en cuenta en la elaboración de programas de prevención.Palabras clave: VIH, conductas de riesgo, HSH, preservativo

El uso generalizado de Internet ha facilitado que cada vez sean más los jóvenes que inician su actividad sexual en Internet. Algunos estudios apuntan que el consumo de alcohol o el abuso de Internet son factores que influyen en la práctica del cibersexo, por lo que planteamos este trabajo con el objetivo de explorar la relación entre cibersexo y las variables mencionadas. Tomando una muestra de 127 estudiantes de 14 años, se constata que efectivamente existe una profunda relación entre consumo abusivo de Internet y cibersexo, y que éstas a su vez se relacionan con distintos aspectos del consumo de alcohol. De estos resultados se derivan importantes implicaciones para el estatus nosológico y el conocimiento general del sexo en Internet.

La satisfacción sexual es la respuesta afectiva y emocional surgida de la evaluación de las interacciones sexuales personales y de la percepción de la consumación del deseo erótico. La satisfacción marital, definida como la actitud hacia la interacción marital y los aspectos emocionales y estructurales de la pareja, es considerada uno de los más fuertes predictores de la satisfacción sexual. Además, existen otras variables que pueden estar interviniendo en la satisfacción sexual y marital de las mujeres. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la influencia de la edad y la variedad de prácticas sexuales y afectivas en la satisfacción sexual y marital de mujeres con pareja estable. La muestra está formada por 600 mujeres de edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 60 años (M = 31.57; DT = 9.14) que, independientemente de su orientación sexual, mantienen una relación de pareja estable de una duración igual o superior a dos años. A todas ellas se les aplicó la Escala de Satisfacción Sexual, la Escala de Satisfacción Marital y un inventario de prácticas sexuales. Los resultados muestran una relación inversa con la edad, de manera que el grupo de menor edad presenta puntuaciones significativamente superiores en el Factor “Comunicación” de la Escala de Satisfacción Sexual, así como en la Escala de Satisfacción Marital. Además, se ha encontrado que a mayor variedad de prácticas sexuales y afectivas, tanto durante como después de la relación sexual, mayor satisfacción sexual. Por último, la satisfacción marital se relaciona de forma directa con la satisfacción sexual. Las mujeres jóvenes y con amplia variedad de prácticas sexuales y afectivas presentan una mayor satisfacción sexual y marital. Se ha evidenciado la necesidad de elaborar modelos multicausales sobre las variables implicadas en la satisfacción sexual femenina debido a la complejidad que entraña.

La práctica del cibersexo es un comportamiento frecuente que puede desembocar en un patrón de consumo compulsivo, incontrolado y asociado a un deterioro funcional en diversos ámbitos (adicción al cibersexo). Por tanto, conocer los motivos que explicarían que una persona realice esta conducta (de modo recreativo o patológico) es prioritario. Así, este trabajo se plantea el objetivo de analizar la prevalencia de distintos motivos para el consumo de cibersexo, las diferencias en función del género y el vínculo entre estos motivos y los síntomas de consumo problemático. Tomando una muestra de 400 jóvenes (50% hombres) de entre 18-30 años (M=22.2), se constata que las motivaciones más frecuentes para el uso de Internet con fines sexuales son “encontrar material con el que masturbarme” (70.8%) y “relajarme del estrés de mis obligaciones” (44%). En función del género, se aprecian diferencias entre moderadas y grandes (V>.13) en 6 de las 8 motivaciones exploradas. Finalmente, varias de estas motivaciones se mostrarían capaces de predecir el 15% de varianza del tiempo semanal dedicado al consumo de cibersexo y el 32% de la puntuación en una escala de severidad. The practice of cybersex is a frequent behavior that can lead to a pattern of compulsive and uncontrolled consumption together with a functional impairment in various areas (addiction to cybersex). Therefore, knowing the reasons that explain this behavior (both recreationally and pathologically) is a priority. The aim of this work was to analyze the prevalence of different reasons for cybersex consumption, their differences according to gender and to explore the link between these motives and the symptoms of problematic use. Evaluating a sample of 400 young people (50% men) between 18-30 years old (M=22.2), it is found that the most frequent motives for using the Internet for sexual purposes are “finding material with which to masturbate” (70.8% ) and “relax from the stress of my obligations” (44%). Depending on the gender, we observe moderate to large differences (V≥.10) in 6 out of the 8 motivations explored. Finally, some of these motives predict 15% of the variance of the weekly time spent on cybersex consumption and 32% of the scores on a severity scale.

Debido a la fuerte vinculación entre la satisfacción sexual, de pareja y el apego de ambos miembros de la diada, el objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar la satisfacción de pareja y sexual en las diferentes combinaciones de estilos de apego. Para ello se analizó la satisfacción sexual y de pareja en los diferentes estilos de apego de cada participante y de su pareja. En el estudio participaron 86 parejas heterosexuales, con edades entre los 20 y 60 años. Los resultados muestran que las personas seguras tienen una mayor satisfacción sexual y de pareja. Las diadas constituidas por un hombre seguro y una mujer segura son las que más satisfechas están, las mujeres seguras están menos satisfechas con sus parejas cuando ellos son preocupados pero los hombres seguros se encuentran igualmente satisfechos tanto si las mujeres son seguras como si son ansiosas. Por tanto, la satisfacción de un miembro de la pareja ansioso/a va a depender del estilo de apego y del sexo de su pareja.

Spain is one of the countries with the highest incidence of HIV within the European Union. Multiple and complex factors influence HIV infection in young people. This study aims to determine the influence of sexual sensation seeking, sexual compulsivity and perceived sexual pleasure variables in condom use. A total of 424 heterosexual youth were evaluated (M age = 20.62; SD = 2.62) distributed into a risk group (60.7%) and a no-risk group (39.3%). Sexual Sensation Seeking Scale, AIDS Prevention Questionnaire, Sexual Compulsivity Scale, and Sexual Pleasure Perceived Scale were administered. Results indicate statistically significant differences in sexual sensation seeking (p=.001), failure to control sexual impulses (p=.030), perceived sexual pleasure with a condom (p=.027) and without a condom (p=.001). The regression analysis revealed that three factors explained about 14% of the variance in condom use: sexual sensation seeking and sexual pleasure perceived without a condom (risk factors), and sexual pleasure perceived with a condom (protective factor). It is necessary to incorporate these variables into HIV prevention programs to reduce the number of infections in young people. This work was supported by Universidad Jaume I-Fundación Bancaixa (P1 1B2006-19); and the Spanish foundation for AIDS research and prevention known as Fundación para la Investigación y la Prevención del Sida en España (exp. 36639/07).