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This paper presents the design of a system to support the identification of victims of disasters and terrorist attacks. The system, called ID Victim (IDV), is a web application using a mobile app and data server. The DVI (Disaster Victim Identification) procedure, an international standard developed by Interpol, is used. The purpose of the IDV system is to facilitate and expedite the process of determining victims' identities. A neural identification module was developed and trained on approximately 13,000 images from the LFW dataset and fine-tuned using 400 simulated PostMortem (PM) and AnteMortem (AM) images. Postmortem data include photographs of victims while antemortem data consist of pre-disaster photos of potential victims. The module generates a hypothesis, linking PM to AM, which is then verified. The module achieved test identification accuracy of up to 60% for 25 sample PM and AM sets. The system partially automates photo comparisons by DVI teams, improving efficiency, reducing identification time, and limiting the exposure of operators to graphic images. Implementing the system as a mobile application accelerates the process by enabling direct data entry during victim examinations on-site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opacity, autonomy and complexity of AI systems can stand in the way of a fair and efficient allocation of risk and loss. The European Commission (EC) has recognized this and has addressed these matters in two proposals for two directives: the AI Liability Directive and a new Product Liability Directive. Both Directives address information asymmetries between parties in a liability claim by providing new rules on the burden of proof. In addition, the proposed Product Liability Directive has been brought 'up-to-date' by explicitly incorporating new technical developments and by ending the debate on software as a product. Nevertheless, the injured party might still not receive compensation for the damage caused by a defective AI-system. This gives rise to the question of whether the legal framework for compensation should be revised more boldly to ensure compensation for the damage suffered by the injured party. This contribution will explore such a bold approach by delving into compensation funds. More specifically, this contribution will examine how a compensation fund for damage caused by AI-systems can be designed as well as what its boundaries could or should be and what its benefits could be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the graphic novel Pinturas de guerra, Á. De la Calle examines the turbulent decades of the 1960s and 1970s, a period of intense contribution to political struggles by Latin American neoavant-garde artists. The article sets out to study the articulation of history and fiction in a work which, beyond its assumed didactic ambitions, manages to make visible the dissident bodies and voices of the victims of state terrorism, turning the traumas of the characters into narrative material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Shabaab is swiftly becoming the most lethal terrorist organization in the Horn of Africa. Somalia has been one of the most victims of Al-Shabaab terrorist attacks for the last two decades. However, Al-Shabaab's threats and attacks extend beyond Somalia, targeting neighboring countries like Ethiopia and Kenya as key targets. Al-Shabaab's threat to and counter-terrorism efforts in Somalia received substantial policy and academic attention, whereas Ethiopia and Kenya's vulnerability and experience, as well as their counter-terrorism strategies, have received less attention. Thus, the purpose of this article is to assess Ethiopia and Kenya's experience and vulnerability to Al-Shabaab's threats and attacks and their counter-terrorism strategies from a comparative perspective. The article employed a qualitative desktop review, utilizing secondary sources. The findings indicate that Ethiopia and Kenya have varying levels of experience and vulnerabilities to Al-Shabaab's threats and attacks. Although both countries have been fighting Al-Shabaab for over two decades, Kenya has faced more threats and attacks than Ethiopia. Ethiopia, despite being equally targeted by Al-Shabaab, has a better track record of combating Al- Shabaab terrorist attacks and threats compared to Kenya. This article argues that Ethiopia's superior deterrence of Al-Shabaab can be attributed, among other factors, to its effective counter-terrorism strategies. Over the past two decades, Ethiopia's counter-terrorism strategies have resulted in fewer terrorist attacks. In contrast, Kenya's counter-terrorism strategies have not led to a decrease in the number of Al-Shabaab terrorist attacks. The Kenyan counterterrorism efforts are deemed ineffective when compared to the number of Al- Shabaab strikes carried out in Ethiopia. Thus, this article concludes that Ethiopia is considered a more successful counter-terrorism case study than Kenya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the provisions of EU acts in the field of protection of the rights of crime victims. It is noted that the existing regulations of the Union are based on the provisions of the constituent acts of the EU, in particular: the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, the Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU), (art. 82(2) (c)). Attention is paid to specialized acts: Directive 2004/80/EC relating to compensation to crime victims, Directive 2011/99/EU on the European protection order, Directive 2012/29/EU establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA (the Victims' Rights Directive), EU Strategy on victims' rights (2020-2025). It was established that the EU is constantly working on improving the legal framework in the field of protecting the rights of crime victims, which aims to expand the rights and opportunities of this category of persons taking into account the realities of today, related to the improvement of the forms and methods of committing crimes that have a negative impact on the victims. This concerns, first of all, Directive 2012/29/EC, the revision of which is part of the aforementioned EU Strategy on Victims' Rights. The EU Commission is also making significant efforts to improve the legal framework for the protection of this category of persons. In particular, as a result of the consultations, the Commission proposed in 2023 amendments to the Victims' Rights Directive, which address five main victims' rights: access to information, improved support and protection, improved participation in criminal proceedings and easier access to compensation. Attention is paid to the activities of the EU in the development of acts aimed at protecting victims of certain categories of crimes, namely: victims of trafficking, victims of violence, sexual exploitation and child pornography, victims of terrorism. The main provisions of the following normative documents are highlighted: Directive 2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims (amended in 2022), EU Security Union Strategy of 8 July 2020, EU Strategy on Combatting Trafficking in Human Beings (2021-2025), Directive 2011/93/EU on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA, Regulation (EU) No 606/2013 on mutual recognition of protection measures in civil matters, the EU Strategy for a more effective fight against child sexual abuse 2020-2025, the EU Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025, Proposal for a regulation laying down rules to prevent and combat child sexual abuse COM/2022/209, Directive (EU) 2017/541 on combating terrorism and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and amending Council Decision 2005/671/JHA, the Counter-Terrorism Agenda for the EU, etc. It is emphasized that the norms of the mentioned acts take into account the specifics of the relevant category of victims, their urgent needs and contain specific recommendations for treating them, which in turn has the effect of reducing victim behavior towards this category of people and taking into account their needs. Appropriate conclusions have been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MB University International Review - MBUIR Journal of Theory & Practice is the property of University MB / Univerzitet MB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents the compensation for victims of terrorist crime in the French and Jordanian legislation by conducting a comparative analytical study of the legal texts in the French and Jordanian legislation. It addresses this issue by clarifying the position of the French and Jordanian legislation on compensating the victims of terrorist crime. The article concludes that the French legislator approved legislative texts that help the victims of terrorist crime claim compensation based on the philosophy of social solidarity, however, the Jordanian legislation was completely different from the French legislation and devoid of any legislative texts that help the victims of terrorist crime claim compensation except for the provisions included in the Draft Law on Martyrs of the Jordanian Armed Forces and Security Corps Fund. In the last part of the article, the set of recommendations that would contribute to supporting the idea of compensating the victims of terrorist crime in Jordanian legislation is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a form of aggression against states and citizens, terrorism has been taken to an unimaginable scale. The last such example is the terrorist attack at Crocus City Hall, Russia, on March 22nd 2024 where more than 140 people lost their lives and more than 550 were injured. These numbers and any other number in which there are calculable victims of terrorist attacks, no matter how dismal may seem, represents the sole objective measure regarding the effectiveness of terrorist entities or ineffectiveness of the strategies of the states that fight against this abominable phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2019-2020 season, six television programs about ETA were broadcasted in Spain. The aim of this research is to analyze the "television" story that has been built about the terrorist group ten years after the cessation of violence. For this purpose, a qualitative methodology based on textual analysis is used, since these are independent formats. The conclusions show a new narrative in which the recovery of certain historical facts and the ostensible protagonism of the victims coincide. The result is a renewed discourse that builds collective memory to learn and advance towards coexistence and reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the anthology Los peces de la amargura by Fernando Aramburu. It examines the effects of ETA terrorism on its victims from different perspectives. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the recurrent themes in the literature of memory that Aramburu uses to situate himself in the context of the transnational culture of memory of the recent past. To this end, we will draw on concepts such as ‘Multidirectional Memory’ and ‘The Implicated Subject’, developed by Michael Rothberg. Literary topoi will be explored, using German-language works that deal with the violence of Nazism and right-wing extremism, taking into account spatio-temporal differences and avoiding a ‘competition of victims’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right-wing terrorism (RWT) poses an increasing threat to Western societies, with perpetrators targeting diverse members of society. We investigated the affective and attitudinal outcomes of exposure to news about RWT, depending on the victims' religious affiliation (Christian vs. Muslim). Results of a quota-based experiment in [Austria; predominantly non-Muslim] (N=315) revealed no direct effects of the victims' religious affiliation on affective and attitudinal outcomes. However, mediation analyses suggest that, compared to Muslim victims, Christian victims elicit higher perceived similarity, which in turn, impacts compassion. Similarity and compassion then significantly predict affective and attitudinal outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism is among the biggest threats to the international peace and security. However, the financing of such activities is what keeps them alive. This financing happens through different means such as an organized crime like narcotics and human trafficking. It also happens through commissions to hawala operations for money laundering, by donations and charitable organizations, sponsorship by states, etc. Such financing activities provide resources to terrorists to carry out their activities, and terrorism is closely linked to organized crime networks and particular governments around the world. Thus, financing provides means and methods of terrorism. Meanwhile, India has been a victim of terrorism for decades, particularly state-sponsored ones. But in recent times, it has taken substantial efforts towards cracking down upon terror financing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including the complex socio-political landscape of terrorism in Africa, definitional controversies, and specific focus areas.

Despite the changes they have undergone over time, acts of terrorism and, in particular, the ways in which they are committed have remained virtually the same, in fact, as the psychology of those who commit such acts. All acts of terrorism share a number of common features: first of all, they are characterized by the transnational, international nature of the attack and a pronounced physical and psychological aggression. Acts of terrorism are also usually characterized by their complex nature. The process of learning about these acts does not always have a corresponding finality. Prosecuting authorities often gather incomplete information and draw unjustified conclusions, incorrectly determine the direction of the investigation and make errors in the process of drafting their statements. However, knowledge of the criminal event must be obtained on the basis of the provisions determining the scope and limits of evidence in criminal cases and the forensic nature of the criminal act. In relation to the work of investigating acts of terrorism, success is guaranteed by the creative use of scientific knowledge in practical work, including forensic knowledge. Only under such conditions will the decisions taken be legal and well-founded, ensuring that the results correspond to the knowledge of objective reality. In connection with this, a proper examination of the forensic nature of the crime of terrorism and how it was committed is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Piece examines how ambiguity in the property interests that would be subject to attachment under section 201 of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act ("TRIA") and section 1610(g) of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act ("FSIA") has affected efforts by victims of terrorism to fulfill their monetary judgments, especially in light of courts' use of Article 4A of the Uniform Commercial Code to fill the definitional gap. This Piece focuses on a recent D.C. Circuit decision, Estate of Levin v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., analyzing its implications for terrorism victims holding monetary judgments to attach blocked electronic funds transfers ("EFTs") originating from state sponsors of terrorism. Estate of Levin created a new circuit split with the Second Circuit. This Piece proceeds in three parts. Part I traces the FSIA's history and locates TRIA within a larger Congressional effort to expand terrorism victims' access to restitution via a series of FSIA amendments. It then explains how Congress's failure to define the property interests that would be subject to attachment under TRIA section 201 and FSIA section 1610(g) has resulted in divergent efforts by courts to fill in the gap using federal interstitial lawmaking and state law. Part II explains the Second Circuit's application of the New York U.C.C. Article 4A to blocked funds. It then discusses the main points of contention arising from Estate of Levin's split from the Second Circuit, as well as Estate of Levin's concurring opinion. Part III argues that Congress should intervene by amending TRIA section 201 and FSIA section 1610(g) to define EFT ownership interests using tracing and agency principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The CAPE Vulnerability Index serves as a worldwide foreign policy indicator that implies which countries should get assistance first. It provides an evidencebased, well-structured, and well-reasoned strategy for employing aid in bilateral arrangements with mental health as a basis. Objective: The second edition of the CAPE VI has been developed to identify which nations should get priority foreign aid. Materials and Methods: We considered various indices or measures at the country level reflecting the average national health status or factors influencing public health. To make our choice, we used 26 internationally accessible and verified indicators. For the study, we have scored the countries according to these indices and prioritized those with the worst scores. Results: The CAPE Vulnerability Index is based on the number of times a country is ranked among the low-scoring nations. It is based on nine parameters and is an independent measure even though there may be a correlation with similar indices such as life expectancy, disability-adjusted life years(DALYs), physician numbers, and gross domestic product(GDP). Conclusion: We concluded that low-scoring countries were fragile or failed states, such as nations where governments lack complete oversight or power, are often oppressive and corrupt, have allegations of violations of human rights, or are marked by political turmoil in different forms, drawbacks from severe environmental damage, severe impoverishment, inequalities, cultural and racial divisions, cannot supply fundamental amenities, are victims of terrorism, and so on. To address these essential problems impacting fragile nations, administrations, aid donors, local organizations, mental health specialists, and associations should collaborate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have reviewed the evidence on the increase in alcohol consumption after a terrorist attack. However, an increase does not necessarily imply the presence of an alcohol use disorder. Objectives: To conduct a systematic and meta-analytic review of the literature on the prevalence of increased alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders in adult exposed to terrorism. Methods: A search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE and PTSDpubs identified 29 studies published up to March 2023 in which 38 adult samples totaling 282,753 persons exposed to terrorism were assessed. Using inverse variance heterogeneity models, pooled prevalence rates of increased alcohol use and alcohol use disorders were calculated. Results: 6% (95% CI [2.9, 9.5]) of the adults exposed to a terrorist attack increased their alcohol consumption. The prevalence of increased alcohol use varied depending on the degree of exposure (p =.006, R2 =.18) and the procedure for measuring increases (p =.043, R2 =.37). The prevalence of alcohol use disorders in adults exposed to a terrorist attack was 5.5% (95% CI [3.7, 7.5]), a rate that was not higher than that obtained in the general population and varied depending on the type of alcohol disorder (p =.015, R2 =.30). Conclusions: A relevant number of adults exposed to terrorist attacks will subsequently increase their alcohol consumption, but this increase is not associated with an increase in the prevalence of alcohol use disorders. Effects of terrorism on people's health are potentially widespread, but concerns of excessive alcohol use after terrorist attacks may be unwarranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 2011, the terrorist organization Euskadi ta Askatasuna (ETA) announced a definitive cease fire. Just a few months prior, restorative justice experiences had started between imprisoned former ETA members and victims of terrorism along with coexistence workshops in the Nanclares prison, events geared towards trying to heal wounds in the aftermath of political violence. Although these are mainly private and personal experiences, with emotional effects in the participants in the encounters, they may also facilitate projects of wider social reconciliation. This article points out the lessons we have learned during these experiences as far as ex-ETA militants are concerned and the potential of these restorative justice practices for active responsibility, individual healing and reintegration in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece offers two brief interviews with Iñaki García Arrizabalaga and Maixabel Lasa, two victims of terrorism who suffered the murder of their father and husband respectively. They are two people of exceptional human quality, who far from feeding any hatred or desire for revenge, have done extraordinary work on a personal and social level to contribute to the pacification of Basque society. In addition to their pedagogical work through talks and meetings in various educational and cultural institutions, they have participated in restorative encounters with terrorist perpetrators. In addition, both have participated in different peace organizations in the Basque Country. After a brief introduction on the importance of life history as a qualitative research method, some fragments of the interviews conducted are offered. The responses include reflections on the social impact of the film Maixabel (Bollain 2021) which portrays episodes in the life of Maixabel Lasa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basque society has been exposed to the terrorist violence of the Spanish state during and after the dictatorship and to that of ETA until its definitive cessation of violence on 21 October 2011. The search for the truth demands revealing the existence of state terrorism, regardless of how some historians attempt to diminish its gravity. In this article, the focus will be on cultural productions that make the writing of the history of terrorism in Spain more nuanced. The cultural texts studied include Pablo Malo's film, Lasa eta Zabala ('Lasa and Zabala') (2014), Ion Arretxe's novel Intxaurrondo: La sombra del nogal ('Intxaurrondo: The shade of the walnut tree') (2015), Miguel Ángel Llamas and Amaia Merino's documentary, Non dago Mikel? ('Where is Mikel?') (2020) and the Centro Memorial de las Víctimas del Terrorismo ('Memorial Center for the Victims of Terrorism'), which opened its doors in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teología is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Terrorism studies have devoted considerable attention to the motivations and emotions of perpetrators but far less to those of victims of terrorism. This articles fills this gap by analyzing the reasons why victims of ETA's terrorism in Spain avoided resorting to violence despite their grievances and victimization. Victims of ETA's terrorism experienced injustice, distrust, vulnerability, helplessness, and superiority: a set of shared beliefs that in other contexts led individuals to engage in violence. However, victims of ETA's terrorism did not respond violently, many of them also engaging in social mobilization and protest. The article analyzes how victims channeled their emotions after their victimization so that self-control prevailed when feelings of rage and revenge arose. This analysis confirms that individuals are not merely recipients of stimuli, but active constructors of meanings. It also allows to contrast the rationality and emotionality of the victims' response to terrorism with that of their victimizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the discursive representation of victims of two terrorist attacks that occurred in Egypt and New Zealand. The data include all news reports released by the online version of The Guardian and The Washington Post on the attacks. To this end, we employ Martin and White's (2005) Appraisal Theory, van Leeuwen's (2008) Sociosemantic Inventory and Entman’s (1993) Framing Theory. This article filled a gap in literature as it is the first – to the best of our knowledge - to address Muslim victims of terrorist attacks in two countries, one Muslim, and one Christian. Discussion reinforced the belief that there is disparity in journalistic treatment in favour of victims in a country culturally and linguistically belonging to the west (New Zealand). All the 10 frames devised for this study, side by side with the appraisal resources deployed, reveal a marked difference between the ‘high-profile’ representation of Christchurch social actors and the ‘low-profile’ depiction of the Sinai social actors. All the socio-semantic categorisations of victims also prove such discursive disproportion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 22 July Centre was established in 2015 as a temporary information centre in the Highrise-building. It opened on 22 July 2011, four years after the terrorist attack in Oslo and Utøya. The National Support group and AUF were among the initiators of the Centre. Since 1 July 2019, the 22 July Centre is a governmental body under the Ministry of Education. When the new Governmental building is completed, The Centre will be permanently relocated in the Highrise building. From the earliest conception of the Memorial Museum of societies facing terrorism, the role of victims or bereaved themselves has been central in the development of the project. Following this line, the 22 of July Centre has focused on the role the bereaved and survivors might play. In the following paper, different aspects on building a new site and a place for remembrance and education for and together with bereaved and survivors of will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Victims of terrorism can be considered a special category within the broader and more general group of “victims of crime”. In recent decades, there has been an international trend to develop more specific treatment, both in legal and practical terms, to address their particular needs in unfortunate times of intensification and sophistication of terrorist attacks, with a correlative increase in the harmful consequences for an increasing number of victims of terrorism. At the international level, one such instrument is the Madrid Memorandum, which contains relevant guidelines that serve as a reference for States, who can draw inspiration from them when designing their national standards of protection and support for victims of terrorism. This paper aims to critically analyze the legal framework applicable in Kosovo on the issue of protection and support of victims of terrorism from the pre-trial phase, through criminal proceedings, and after the completion of criminal proceedings, with special emphasis aiming to analyze the compliance of these rules with standards of the Madrid Memorandum. The paper identifies three areas in which the applicable legal framework for the protection and support of victims of terrorism in criminal proceedings needs to be harmonised with the Madrid Memorandum’s standards.

Islamist terrorist attacks have become a salient threat to Western countries, and news coverage about such crimes is a key predictor of public emotional reactions and policy support. We examine the effects of two key characteristics of terrorism news coverage: (1) the victim's religion and (2) first-person narratives that facilitate perspective taking. A quota-based experiment (N = 354) revealed that irrespective of the narrative type, news reports that mention the victims' Muslim religion induce less anger and compassion, but more joy among non-Muslim news consumers. However, fear was equally induced by all news articles. As a consequence, fear, anger, and joy predicted support for more restrictive terrorism policies, while anger and compassion were related to more support for victim compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Feministische Studien is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teología is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indonesia's tourism sector is highly fixated on Bali Island for its central tourism representation. Unfortunately, standing as the most compelling attraction for international tourists, Bali as an icon was disturbed by terrorism like the Bali bombings I & II. By employing the descriptive statistical method, this research forms a resilience pattern of international tourists arrivals to Bali after the Bali bombings I & II. This research has identified that the international tourist arrivals' resilience due to the attacks took 11 months. Also, the number of victims and property damage generated by those two terrorism incidents directly affects international tourists' potential losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cette étude, on montrera que les répercussions d'événements graves (accidents, catastrophes, violences terroristes, guerres...) sur des personnes qui n'ont pas assisté directement à ces faits (victimes collatérales) dépendent des histoires de vie et des fragilités antérieures de ces personnes. À la lumière d'un nouvel outil qu'on appellera « Méta-entretien » associé à une analyse structurale de discours, on examinera le cas de Michèle L. en suggérant que l'activité créatrice pourrait constituer une possibilité de réparation des blessures provoquées par ces événements graves. In this study, it will be shown that the repercussions of serious events (accidents, disasters, terrorist violence, wars...) on people who have not directly witnessed these facts (collateral victims) depend on the life stories and previous fragilities of these people. In the light of a new tool called "Meta-interview" associated with a structural analysis of discourse, we will examine the case of Michèle L. by suggesting that creative activity could constitute a possibility of repairing the wounds caused by these serious events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DSM-5ʹs new conception of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) includes, as a diagnostic criterion, the presence of persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs, thoughts, or expectations about oneself, others, the world, and one's guilt. These symptoms increase the symptomatic similarity with major depressive disorder (MDD) and with the negative cognitive triad of Beck's cognitive theory of depression and allow us to assume that the dysfunctional attitudes that this theory proposes as a vulnerability factor for MDD could also refer to PTSD. This study aims to examine the relationship between depressive dysfunctional attitudes and the symptoms and diagnosis of PTSD. A sample of 378 adult victims of terrorism completed measures of depressive dysfunctional attitudes (DAS-A), DSM-IV post-traumatic stress symptoms (PCL-S), depressive symptoms (BDI-II), and DSM-IV diagnosis of emotional disorders (SCID-I). A significant relationship was found between depressive dysfunctional attitudes and PTSD symptomatology, even after controlling for the effect of depression, sex, age, education level, anxiety, and previous depressive episodes. It was also found that victims with PTSD, with or without MDD, had more depressive dysfunctional attitudes than those without emotional disorders and more achievement-perfectionism attitudes than victims with emotional disorders other than PTSD or MDD. The results suggest that depressive dysfunctional attitudes could be a vulnerability factor for PTSD. The results also suggest the need to refine Beck's cognitive theory proposals about dysfunctional attitudes common and specific to each emotional disorder and identify potential therapeutic targets of cognitive therapies for these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most discussed and actively researched areas in medicine, psychiatry, neurophysiology, biochemistry and rehabilitation over the last decades. Multiple causes can trigger post-traumatic stress disorder. Humans subjected to violence, participants in hostilities, victims of terrorist attacks, physical or psychological persecution, witnessing scenes of cruelty, survival of natural disasters, and more, can strongly affect both children and adults. Pathological features of post-traumatic stress disorder that are manifested at molecular, cellular and whole-organism levels must be clearly understood for successful diagnosis, management, and minimizing of long-term outcomes associated with post-traumatic stress disorder. This article summarizes existing data on different post-traumatic stress disorder causes and symptoms, as well as effects on homeostasis, genetic instability, behavior, neurohumoral balance, and personal psychic stability. In particular, we highlight a key role of mitochondria and oxidative stress development in the severity and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Excessive or prolonged exposure to traumatic factors can cause irreversible mitochondrial damage, leading to cell death. This review underlines the exceptional importance of data integration about the mechanisms and functions of the mitochondrial stress response to develop a three-dimensional picture of posttraumatic stress disorder pathophysiology and develop a comprehensive, universal, multifaceted, and effective strategy of managing or treatment post-traumatic stress disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 11, 2004, Madrid suffered one of the worst terrorist attacks in the history of Spain, leaving more than 190 dead and 2,000 injured. For years, the psychological consequences of the attacks have been studied; however, its long-term effects on symptomatology and especially on well-being remains unknown. This study aims to explore, through a qualitative approach, pathways and obstacles to the well-being of those affected directly or indirectly by the attacks of March 11 in Madrid. Two focus groups were held, one for indirect victims and one for direct victims. Subsequently, a thematic analysis of the materials obtained was carried out. More than 10 years after the attacks, most of the participants reported great difficulty in achieving well-being. Acceptance and victims' associations seemed to act as key facilitators, while symptoms, political institutions and the media were the main obstacles. Direct and indirect victims presented similar data although aspects such as guilt and family relationships played a different role in their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]