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Purpose: The flight-time method (FT) is used for measuring vertical jump height (JH) in the field because of its convenience; however, FT overestimates JH when the lower limb is flexed at landing. Herein, we proposed a new method (ie, flight-time method modified [FTM]) to address the problem of FT and evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods: A total of 24 men performed 6 countermovement jumps on force plates (sampling rate: 1000 Hz) while being recorded with a smartphone high-speed camera at 240 frames·s–1. JH was calculated by the impulse–momentum method (IM), FT, and FTM. For FTM, the flight time and JH were calculated based on the displacement of the greater-trochanter marker using a smartphone application. Results: JH calculated using FT was significantly higher (P <.001) compared with JH calculated by IM; however, JH calculated by FTM showed no significant difference with JH calculated by IM. Furthermore, JH calculated by FTM, compared with JH calculated by FT (ρ =.882; 95% CI,.838–.914), exhibited a stronger, nearly perfect, and significantly positive correlation (ρ =.987; 95% CI,.982–.991) with JH calculated by IM and showed high reliability. Conclusions: The FTM proposed in this study had higher concurrent validity compared with FT and a high reliability for measuring countermovement JH because it was not affected by lower-extremity flexion at landing. Therefore, practitioners should consider using FTM as a convenient, low-cost, reliable, and more valid method for measuring JH in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To characterize the time structure of K1 kickboxing matches of Glory World Series (Glory) and to determine potential differences between winners and losers. Methods: Seventeen matches of Glory 2019 (17 first rounds, 13 second rounds, and 8 third rounds) were video-analyzed to quantify (1) the time expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses, (2) the number and pattern of attacks, and (3) the number of effective attacks. Fighters were professional male athletes (age 27.9 [2.7] y) of the middle-weight category (85 kg). The number and the pattern of attacks and the number of effective attacks were compared between winners and losers. Results: The mean times expended in high- and low-intensity activity and pauses were 234.6 (133.9) seconds, 97.4 (60.1) seconds, and 36.0 (19.9) seconds, respectively, resulting in an effort-to-pause ratio of ∼1.8:1. Compared with losers, winners presented (1) a greater number of attacks in the second round (P =.004) and entire match (P =.009), (2) a greater number of attacks containing 3 attacks in sequence in the second round (P =.001) and attacks containing >3 attacks in the third round (P =.049), and (3) a greater number of effective attacks in the second round (P =.011) and entire match (P =.008). Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicate that K1 kickboxing in Glory matches presents a ∼1.8:1 effort-to-pause ratio and that winners perform more attacks, effective attacks, and attacks in sequence. These data provide useful insights to improve the training specificity of kickboxing athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Horizontal hops can provide insight into how athletes can tolerate high-intensity single-leg stretch loads and are commonly used in athlete monitoring and injury management. Variables like flight, contact, and total time provide valuable diagnostic information to sports science professionals. However, gold-standard assessment tools (eg, 3-dimensional motion capture, force plates) require monetary and technological resources. Therefore, we used a tablet and free software to determine the between-rater, within-rater, and test–retest variability of the temporal events of multiple horizontal hop tests. Design: Reliability study. Methods: Nine healthy males (20.8 [1.3] y, 71.4 [9.8] kg, 171.7 [4.5] cm) across various university sports teams and clubs volunteered and performed several triple (3-Hop) and quintuple (5-Hop) horizontal hops over 3 testing sessions. Six raters detected temporal events from video to determine between-rater variability, while a single rater quantified within-session and test–retest variability. The temporal variables of flight time, ground contact time for each individual hop, and the total time of each hoping series were determined. The consistency of measures was interpreted using the coefficient of variation and interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: Good to excellent between-rater consistency was observed for all hops (ICC =.85–1.00). Absolute (coefficient of variation ≤ 2.0%) and relative consistency (ICC =.98–1.00) was excellent. Test–retest variability showed acceptable levels of absolute consistency (coefficient of variation ≤ 8.7%) and good to excellent consistency in 10/16 variables (ICC =.81–.93), especially those later in the hopping cycle. Conclusions: A tablet and free digitizing software are reliable in detecting temporal events during multiple horizontal hops, which could have exciting implications for power diagnostics and return-to-play decisions. Therefore, rehabilitation and performance professionals can confidently utilize the highly accessible equipment from this study to track multiple hop performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an in-person, small-group mammography video discussion (SMVD) intervention on mammography uptake among nonadherent Chinese American immigrant women. METHODS: Women (N = 956) were randomized into either an SMVD group, where Chinese-speaking community health workers (CHWs) used an effective, culturally appropriate video to discuss mammography, or a video-only group, which viewed the cultural video sent by mail. Outcomes were mammography uptake at 6 months and 21 months postintervention. RESULTS: Women in both groups increased mammography uptake, and an outcome analysis revealed no group differences (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], .68-2.06). Overall, 61.2% of the SMVD group and 55.3% of the video-only group had at least one mammogram during the 21-month follow-up period. When considering attendance to the SMVD, SMVD attendees had higher mammography uptake than the video-only group (AOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.19-1.92), and SMVD nonattendees had lower mammography uptake than the video-only group (AOR, .33; 95% CI, .22-.50). CONCLUSIONS: Both intervention strategies were associated with increased mammography uptake. The authors observed that the increase in use was greater among women who participated in the SMVD session compared with those who viewed the cultural video only. Future research may explore a virtual SMVD intervention for higher session attendance and increased mammography uptake (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01292200).

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults have the highest prevalence of e-cigarette use (vaping), but they are difficult to enroll in health research studies. Previous studies have found that video consent can improve comprehension and make informed consent procedures more accessible, but the videos in previous studies are much longer than videos on contemporary social media platforms that are popular among young people. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a short-form (90-second) video consent compared with a standard written consent for a vaping cessation study for adolescents and young adults. METHODS: We conducted a web-based experiment with 435 adolescents and young adults (aged 13-24 years) recruited by a web-based survey research provider. Each participant was randomly assigned to view either a short-form video consent or a written consent form describing a behavioral study of a social media-based vaping cessation program. Participants completed a postexposure survey measuring three outcomes: (1) comprehension of the consent information, (2) satisfaction with the consent process, and (3) willingness to participate in the described study. Independent sample 2-tailed t tests and chi-square tests were conducted to compare the outcomes between the 2 groups. RESULTS: In total, 435 cases comprised the final analytic sample (video: n=215, 49.4%; written: n=220, 50.6%). There was no significant difference in characteristics between the 2 groups (all P>.05). Participants who watched the short-form video completed the consent review and postconsent survey process in less time (average 4.5 minutes) than those in the written consent group (5.1 minutes). A total of 83.2% (179/215) of the participants in the video consent condition reported satisfaction with the overall consent process compared with 76.3% (168/220) in the written consent condition (P=.047). There was no difference in the ability to complete consent unassisted and satisfaction with the amount of time between study conditions. There was no difference in the composite measure of overall comprehension, although in individual measures, participants who watched the short-form video consent performed better in 4 measures of comprehension about risk, privacy, and procedures, while participants who read the written document consent had better comprehension of 2 measures of study procedures. There was no difference between the groups in willingness to participate in the described study. CONCLUSIONS: Short-form informed consent videos had similar comprehension and satisfaction with the consent procedure among adolescents and young adults. Short-form informed consent videos may be a feasible and acceptable alternative to the standard written consent process, although video and written consent forms have different strengths with respect to comprehension. Because they match how young people consume media, short-form videos may be particularly well suited for adolescents and young adults participating in research.

To investigate how clinicians correct patient misconceptions, we analyzed 23 video recordings of primary care visits. Analysis focused on operationalizing, identifying, and characterizing clinician corrections, integrating two inductive approaches: microanalysis of clinical interaction and conversation analysis. According to our definition, patient misconception-clinician correction episodes met three essential criteria: (1) the clinician refuted something the patient had said, (2) which the patient had presented without uncertainty, and (3) which contained a proposition that was factually incorrect. We identified 59 such episodes; the patient misconceptions most commonly related to medication issues; fewer than half had foreseeable implications for patients' future actions. We identified seven clinician correction practices: Three direct practices (displaying surprise, marking disagreement, contradicting the patient) and four indirect practices (presenting the correct proposition, providing explanations, invoking an outside authority, demonstrating with evidence). We found an almost equal distribution of these direct and indirect practices.

BACKGROUND: Many surgeons use online videos to learn. However, these videos vary in content, quality, and educational value. In the setting of recent work questioning the safety of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies, we aimed (1) to identify highly watched online videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies, (2) to determine whether these videos demonstrate suboptimal techniques, and (3) to compare videos based on platform. METHODS: Two authors searched YouTube and a members-only Facebook group to identify highly watched videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies. Three members of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons Safe Cholecystectomy Task Force then reviewed videos in random order. These three members rated each video using Sanford and Strasbergs six-point criteria for critical view of safety (CVS) scoring and the Parkland grading scale for cholecystitis. We performed regression to determine any association between Parkland grade and CVS score. We also compared scores between the YouTube and Facebook videos using a t test. RESULTS: We identified 50 videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomies, including 25 from YouTube and 25 from Facebook. Of the 50 videos, six demonstrated a top-down approach. The remaining 44 videos received a mean of 2.4 of 6 points for the CVS score (SD = 1.8). Overall, 4 of the 50 videos (8%) received a passing CVS score of 5 or 6. Videos received a mean of 2.4 of 5 points for the Parkland grade (SD = 0.9). Videos on YouTube had lower CVS scores than videos on Facebook (1.9 vs. 2.8, respectively), though this difference was not significant (p = 0.09). By regression, there was no association between Parkland grade and CVS score (p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Publicly available and closed-group online videos of robotic-assisted cholecystectomy demonstrated inadequate dissection and may be of limited educational value. Future work should center on introducing measures to identify and feature videos with high-quality techniques most useful to surgeons.

Context: The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is a commonly used clinical tool to evaluate postural control that is traditionally performed through visual assessment and subjective evaluation of balance errors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an automated computer-based scoring system using an instrumented pressure mat compared to the traditional human-based manual assessment. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate the performance of the automated versus human BESS scoring methodology in healthy individuals. Methods: Fifty-one healthy active participants performed BESS trials following standard BESS procedures on an instrumented pressure mat (MobileMat, Tekscan Inc). Trained evaluators manually scored balance errors from frontal and sagittal plane video recordings for comparison to errors scored using center of force measurements and an automated scoring software (SportsAT, version 2.0.2, Tekscan Inc). A linear mixed model was used to determine measurement discrepancies across the 2 methods. Bland–Altman analyses were conducted to determine limit of agreement for the automated and manual scoring methods. Results: Significant differences between the automated and manual errors scored were observed across all conditions (P <.05), excluding bilateral firm stance. The greatest discrepancy between scoring methods was during the tandem foam stance, while the smallest discrepancy was during the tandem firm stance. Conclusion: The 2 methods of BESS scoring are different with wide limits of agreement. The benefits and risks of each approach to error scoring should be considered when selecting the most appropriate metric for clinical use or research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore the internal dialogue of trainee sport psychologists (TSPs) and athletes immediately following athlete–practitioner consultations. TSPs (four male and three female, age 22–32 years) and athletes (four male, three female, age 19–29 years) completed a thought-listing procedure twice, while watching video recordings of their previous consultations. The thought-listing procedure involved participants' pausing the video to record the in-session internal dialogue they had experienced during the consultation. Participants' responses were categorized into six dimensions: time, place, focus, locus, orientation, and mode. TSPs' and athletes' retrospective accounts provided evidence that their in-session internal dialogue was (a) present focused, (b) about in-session material, (c) about the athletes or themselves, (d) about internal and external events, (e) professional (i.e., related to the session), and (f) neutral. Findings provide trainees and inexperienced practitioners with insights into the thought content of TSPs and athletes to guide their own athlete interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) are a form of one‐way, technology‐mediated selection interview that can help streamline and increase flexibility in the hiring process and are used to hire millions of applicants per year. Although applicant reactions to AVIs in general tend to be more negative than with traditional interview modalities, AVIs can differ widely in how they are designed. For instance, applicants can be provided with more or less preparation time, response length, rerecording options, or rely on different question formats. This study examines how AVI design features impact applicant reactions, as well as the moderating role played by applicant age and gender. Data from 27,809 real job applicant's AVI experiences were collected in 11 countries (69.3% English‐speaking) from 33 companies and relating to 72 types of positions. Data were fitted with linear mixed‐effects models to account for nesting. Results showed that allowing more preparation time and offering the opportunity to rerecord responses were related to more favorable reactions, while including more questions was related to more negative reactions. Applicants above the age of 31 reacted especially negatively to AVIs with more questions while those below the age of 30 preferred being allocated longer maximum response lengths. Women reacted more positively to increased preparation time. These findings might help both AVI vendors and hiring organizations design AVIs that facilitate a positive applicant experience. Our research also expands knowledge on applicant reactions to interviews, highlights crucial differences from traditional formats, and calls for integrating applicant characteristics into current theoretical frameworks on applicant reactions to AVIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-form audio recordings have had a transformational effect on the study of infant language acquisition by using mobile, unobtrusive devices to gather full-day, real-time data that can be automatically scored. How can we produce similar data in service of measuring infants' everyday motor behaviors, such as body position? The aim of the current study was to validate long-form recordings of infant position (supine, prone, sitting, upright, held by caregiver) based on machine learning classification of data from inertial sensors worn on infants' ankles and thighs. Using over 100 h of video recordings synchronized with inertial sensor data from infants in their homes, we demonstrate that body position classifications are sufficiently accurate to measure infant behavior. Moreover, classification remained accurate when predicting behavior later in the session when infants and caregivers were unsupervised and went about their normal activities, showing that the method can handle the challenge of measuring unconstrained, natural activity. Next, we show that the inertial sensing method has convergent validity by replicating age differences in body position found using other methods with full-day data captured from inertial sensors. We end the paper with a discussion of the novel opportunities that long-form motor recordings afford for understanding infant learning and development.

OBJECTIVES: The main goal of presurgical evaluation in drug-resistant focal epilepsy is to identify a seizure onset zone (SOZ). Of the noninvasive, yet resource-intensive tests available, ictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) aids SOZ localization by measuring focal increases in blood flow within the SOZ via intravenous peri-ictal radionuclide administration. Recent studies indicate that geographic and center-specific factors impact utilization of these diagnostic procedures. Our study analyzed successful ictal SPECT acquisition (defined as peri-ictal injection during inpatient admission) using surgery-related data from the Pediatric Epilepsy Research Consortium (PERC) surgery database. We hypothesized that a high seizure burden, longer duration of video EEG monitoring (VEEG), and more center-specific hours of SPECT availability would increase the likelihood of successful ictal SPECT. METHODS: We identified study participants (≤18 years of age) who underwent SPECT as part of their phase 1 VEEG from January 2018 to June 2022. We assessed association between ictal SPECT outcomes (success vs. failure) and variables including patient demographics, epilepsy history, and center-specific SPECT practices. RESULTS: Phase 1 VEEG monitoring with ictal SPECT injection was planned in 297 participants and successful in 255 participants (85.86%). On multivariable analysis, the likelihood of a successful SPECT injection was higher in patients of non-Hispanic ethnicity (p = 0.040), shorter duration VEEG (p = 0.004), and higher hours of available SPECT services (p

Despite the success of videographic methods, they have not been used to expand the range of contexts where institutional complexity informs marketing theory. In applying participant videography to such a study, however, we can also better understand how both methods and researchers themselves are variously embedded in the institutional complexity being studied. We explore this through the idea of hyphen-spaces amongst researchers, between researcher and participants, and involving the technologies used in research. We show how video helps researchers to understand institutional complexity in contexts where consumption practices may be difficult for participants to reflect on and articulate. We then further explain how interpreting video data opens up hyphen-spaces in which the research team can reflect on their own institutional embeddedness and implicit political aims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the embodied consumption literature, we draw on Merleau-Ponty's theory of art to consider how new modes of visibility arise in interactions between individuals online. Focusing on one particular virtual and collaborative museum programme, we use ethnomethodological analysis of interactions to analyse video recordings of virtual arts conversations. The analysis explores how participants render visible their orientation to each other and to the works of art discussed in the workshop. Thus, we can see how participants produce the sense and significance of works of art in, and through 'intercorporeal interactions' while participating in a virtual arts programme. Observations and findings from our research have significant implications for the strategic management of virtual consumer experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonatory instabilities and involuntary register transitions can occur during singing. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms which govern such transitions. To investigate this phenomenon, we systematically varied laryngeal muscle activation and airflow in an in vivo canine larynx model during phonation. We calculated voice range profiles showing average nerve activations for all combinations of fundamental frequency (F0) and sound pressure level (SPL). Further, we determined closed-quotient (CQ) and minimum-posterior-area (MPA) based on high-speed video recordings. While different combinations of muscle activation favored different combinations of F0 and SPL, in the investigated larynx there was a consistent region of instability at about 400 Hz which essentially precluded phonation. An explanation for this region may be a larynx specific coupling between sound source and subglottal tract or an effect based purely on larynx morphology. Register transitions crossed this region, with different combinations of cricothyroid and thyroarytenoid muscle (TA) activation stabilizing higher or lower neighboring frequencies. Observed patterns in CQ and MPA dependent on TA activation reproduced patterns found in singers in previous work. Lack of control of TA stimulation may result in phonation instabilities, and enhanced control of TA stimulation may help to avoid involuntary register transitions, especially in the singing voice.

The study aimed to investigate students’ multivariational reasoning regarding the concept of two-variable functions in a technology-enhanced learning environment. This study provided two main contributions. The first was to identify students’ mental actions in multivariational reasoning through technology-enhanced learning environment, and the second was to how their mental actions evolve in this environment. The participants of the study involved 15 university students enrolled in a mathematics education programme. The data collection tools included audio and video recordings of students, screenshots, dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra files, and written products. The collected data were analysed based on the framework of mental actions of multivariational reasoning. As a result of the data analysis, it was found that the technology-enhanced learning environments encouraged students’ multivariational reasoning by supporting their processes of creating graphs of two-variable functions, mathematically interpreting contour lines, and interpreting the intersection of a plane with a surface function in three-dimensional space. The use of GeoGebra tools in the stages of collaborative learning, scientific debate, and self-reflection (ACODESA method) promoted students’ mental actions in reasoning about multivariation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During collaborative problem solving, higher education students experience various challenges like communication and coordination issues. Moreover, they often report feeling unprepared to work in collaborative environments. Hence, despite the benefits of learning and working together, some groups fail to function, resulting in poor performance, low learning gains and dissatisfaction among group members. The current study investigates the potential of group reflexivity interventions (i.e., debriefings) as a means to foster students' collaboration, performance and learning gain. Using a pretest–posttest design, 38 higher education students worked together in 14 teams to solve a collaborative problem-solving task in a hackathon-like setting. At the midpoint of the teams' collaboration, they conducted either a debriefing (experimental condition) or a filler task (control condition). Quantitative (e.g., questionnaires) and qualitative data (e.g., video recordings) were collected and evaluated. Statistical analyses revealed beneficial effects for collaboration, but not for performance and learning gain. Observing the teams during the debriefings provided further insights into students' joint reflection processes. The findings emphasize the potential of self-led debriefings in fostering students' collaboration. Our study helps in understanding the linkage between debriefing and collaboration more precisely. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of delivery modes (live vs. video) in a school-based child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention program for second to fifth grade children. The program uses musical theater to teach five primary safety lessons. Findings show no significant difference in comprehension between live and video groups, both exceeding benchmark scores. Theater-based CSA prevention enhances safety knoweldge. Video recorded prevention programs with adequate teacher preperation can provide a flexible and effective approach for school-based CSA prevention. In a post COVID-19 world, CSA prevention programs must adapt to the ever-changing educational landscape. Future research and limitations are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many industrial processes require a consistent material flow in the form of powders, typically achieved through pneumatic conveying. This work presents a dataset of high-speed video recordings capturing the horizontal pneumatic conveying of metallic powders in thin capillary pipes. Additionally, pressure and photodiode recordings are included. The experimental setup is described in detail, with suggestions for potential improvements. In the video recordings, each particle is individually distinguishable and can be tracked across frames. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of video is often regarded as an integral part of effective psychotherapy supervision. However, surveys show that videos are seldom used in regular supervision practice. This study analyzed some of the motivational factors that might facilitate or hinder the use of video-based supervision. Based on the theory of planned behavior, an online survey was conducted in 2020. It was used to assess the use of video at two time points, 8 weeks apart. Data of N = 130 supervisees and N = 44 supervisors were analyzed with regression analyses. Analyses revealed an apparently strong effect of self-reported subjective norms on the intention to use videos for both the supervisees and supervisors. Supervisees' and supervisors' attitudes, operationalized as self-reported evaluations of the instrumentality and experiential quality of video supervision, were unrelated to behavioral intention. Perceived behavioral control only predicted behavioral intention in the supervisor sample and was unrelated to the self-reported actual use of video in both samples. The results seem to suggest that subjective norms may play a key role in the implementation of video-supported supervision. Public Significance Statement: This study highlights barriers and facilitators for the use of video recordings in clinical psychotherapy supervision. The results indicate that fostering facilitative social norms might be the most promising way for supervisors and institutions who want to increase the use of video in supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Interferential current (IFC) has been studied in several clinical trials for the treatment of bowel motility disorders, most often in children. However, only moderate effects are reported, and in contrast to IFC, the so-called placebo application is indiscernible. The mechanisms and neuroanatomic points of action remain elusive. Therefore, this therapy remains being questioned. Methods To gain objective experimental data about IFC stimulation, we examined this method ex vivo in an isolated perfused porcine rectum including the mesorectum. To elucidate the role of plexus nerve fibers and enteric ganglia, we performed IFC stimulation also in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) or hexamethonium (HXN). We applied the commonly used stimulation modes with a beat frequency sweeping between 5 and 25 Hz (IFCd5–25) and 80 and 150 Hz (IFCd80–150). We monitored intraluminal pressure and motility by online barometry and video recording, respectively. Motor activity, reflected by changes in the intraluminal pressure (cm H2 O·s−1) and longitudinal movements (pixels·s−1), was quantified over time as root mean squares (RMSs). Results After IFCd5–25 , we observed a 30% increase in the rectal motility in the pressure changes which was sustained over 30 minutes post-stimulation (p < 0.02); only a minor effect was detected for IFCd80–150. Both TTX and HTX abolished the stimulation. This suggests neuronal modulation. Conclusion IFCd5–25 stimulates rectal motor activity in the isolated perfused porcine rectum. Ganglia in the enteric nervous system are modulated to allow increased activity for at least 30 minutes. Therefore, the isolated porcine rectum is a suitable tool to study the effectiveness of various IFC settings in the rectum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: YouTube®, one of the busiest video-sharing platforms, may lack sufficient or accurate information on health information and practices given the absence of a rigorous evaluation process. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the reliability of information and quality of exercise videos on YouTube® for rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: Video features and the source of the upload were sorted. Reliability of the information shared in the videos was evaluated using the mDISCERN too, and quality was assessed using the Global Quality Scale and JAMA scoring system. Videos were independently analyzed by two physiotherapists specialized in rheumatologic rehabilitation. Any bias was resolved by an independent third assessor. Results: One hundred thirty-four exercise videos were included. A hundred and twenty-six (94%) of the 134 exercise videos were found to be useful, and 8 (6%) were misleading. The useful and misleading videos had similar numbers of views, likes, comments, and subscribers (p >.05), while video duration and time since upload were higher for useful videos (p <.05). Cohen's Kappa scores demonstrated that the level of agreement between the assessors were moderate (mDISCERN = 0.417, Global Quality Scale = 0.582, and JAMA = 0.555). There was a significant difference in JAMA scores (p =.013) between the sources of the videos. However, no significant difference was found in mDISCERN (p =.104) and Global Quality Scale (p =.128) scores. Conclusion: YouTube® exercise videos provide partially reliable and moderate-quality information for people with rheumatoid arthritis. However, patients should be cautious and not rely directly on YouTube® exercise videos. Instead, they should consult a physician or physical therapist for exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we analyse a lesson on Thales's theorem in a Chilean secondary school classroom through the combination of two theories: Mathematics Teachers' Specialised Knowledge (ThMTSK) and Mathematical Working Spaces (ThMWS). Both theories, first separately and then in relation to one another, are used to analyse two tasks proposed by the teacher in the classroom following a cross-methodology for networking of theories. Through a single case study research design, a content analysis of the transcript of the video recording of the lesson was conducted. The joint analysis of this lesson allows us to better understand the mathematical work taking place in the classroom. In particular, the results show the scope of each model and their complementarity through the detection of meeting points and blind spots, through the role of proof, representations, and the change between geometrical and numerical work in teaching Thales's theorem. This allows for a deeper understanding of a teacher's practice and teaching. Ultimately, relationships between the theoretical elements of both theories are established to show their complementarity. We conclude that networking between theories can contribute to the development of these theories by raising questions that involve examining their foundations and assumptions in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Monitoring behavioural dynamics in complex animal environments, such as poultry breeding facilities, poses a challenge. Utilising technological approaches, such as accelerometers, offers a solution to assess long-term changes in reproductive activity at an individual bird level. Specifically, these sensors measure acceleration associated with the position and movements of the body over time. However, it is important to assess the most suitable method for attaching accelerometer tags to ensure they do not negatively impact behaviour and yield high-quality data. 2. The potential of tri-axial accelerometer tags for assessing reproductive behaviour in Japanese quail was evaluated. Two attachment methods – a backpack (plastic platform with elastic bands near wing bases) and a patch (accelerometer on fabric glued to the synsacrum region) – were compared. Controls were handled similarly but without tags. Eighteen pairs of females were housed in pens and assessed immediately and 24 h after handling. After a week of habituation, a male from the same treatment group was introduced into each pen on d 8. The reproductive behaviour of the males was recorded using accelerometers and video recordings. 3. The results showed that birds with patches were able to remove their conspecific's accelerometer and displayed an increased initial immobility response compared to the control and backpack groups. The presence of accelerometer tags did not impact male/female reproductive interactions nor fear responses to a novel object. From accelerometer recordings, male reproductive behaviour was easily identified as high amplitude fluctuations in the three axial components of the acceleration vectors, which was reflected as large values of dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA). 4. In conclusion, the use of backpacks with accelerometers is a useful strategy to address highly relevant and difficult to tackle behavioural topics such as the temporal dynamic of male reproductive behaviour within breeding groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Otoscopy is a key clinical examination used by multiple healthcare providers but training and testing of otoscopy skills remain largely uninvestigated. Simulator-based assessment of otoscopy skills exists, but evidence on its validity is scarce. In this study, we explored automated assessment and performance metrics of an otoscopy simulator through collection of validity evidence according to Messick's framework. Methods: Novices and experienced otoscopists completed a test program on the Earsi otoscopy simulator. Automated assessment of diagnostic ability and performance were compared with manual ratings of technical skills. Reliability of assessment was evaluated using Generalizability theory. Linear mixed models and correlation analysis were used to compare automated and manual assessments. Finally, we used the contrasting groups method to define a pass/fail level for the automated score. Results: A total of 12 novices and 12 experienced otoscopists completed the study. We found an overall G -coefficient of.69 for automated assessment. The experienced otoscopists achieved a significantly higher mean automated score than the novices (59.9% (95% CI [57.3%-62.6%]) vs. 44.6% (95% CI [41.9%-47.2%]), P <.001). For the manual assessment of technical skills, there was no significant difference, nor did the automated score correlate with the manually rated score (Pearson's r =.20, P =.601). We established a pass/fail standard for the simulator's automated score of 49.3%. Conclusion: We explored validity evidence supporting an otoscopy simulator's automated score, demonstrating that this score mainly reflects cognitive skills. Manual assessment therefore still seems necessary at this point and external video-recording is necessary for valid assessment. To improve the reliability, the test course should include more cases to achieve a higher G-coefficient and a higher pass/fail standard should be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how researchers and practitioners navigate between different discourses in a large-scale research-practice partnership (RPP). While argued to be challenging to conduct, RPPs are also argued to be promising for closing the research-practice gap in education. To contribute to our understanding of RPPs, 45 h of video recorded interactions between researchers and practitioners in a large scale RPP including 300 participants are analyzed. Through a discourse analysis, the presence of two discourses is identified: (1) an outcome-oriented discourse that aligns with traditional positions and division of labour, and (2) a process-oriented discourse that aligns with collaborative and less hierarchical positions. Explanations for the results are discussed in relation to didactic and curriculum traditions, as well as resource management and task distribution. Moreover, it is argued that, while the negotiation of discourses is necessary to avoid hegemony, the negotiation also produces ambiguous participant identities in the RPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined qualitative data from hospice clinicians' perspectives on language, surrounding end-of-life (EOL), to understand challenges and opportunities for constructing a trajectory of communication leading towards a good death experience. Findings from two focus groups with nine clinicians' and 12 individual interviews, four of which were follow up interviews after the focus groups, were guided by framework analysis and revealed three themes, constructing language choices, roles and responsibilities, and socio-cultural considerations. We used the Opportunity Model for Presence during the End-of-Life Process (OMP-EOLP) to make sense of the findings and discuss implications for language use throughout the EOL process. We argue additional efforts should be made in recognizing the value of presence checks, re-constructing advance care planning, and utilizing different forms of media as an educational tool and connection mechanism for clinicians with patients and families to achieve a timely engagement of EOL conversations for all healthcare participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Inhaled mannitol induces bronchoconstriction and cough. This study aimed to describe the cough response to mannitol among healthy adult subjects. Methods: 125 healthy subjects (aged 18–82 years, 52% females, 50% skin prick test positive) underwent a mannitol test. The coughs were recorded both simultaneously and afterwards from video recordings by two researchers. Three indices were evaluated: The cumulative number of coughs per cumulative dose of mannitol (CDR), cumulative provocative dose of mannitol to cause at least 5 coughs, and the maximal number of coughs provoked by any single mannitol dose. The test was repeated in 26 subjects after 3–7 days. Results: CDR showed the best repeatability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.829. Gender was the only characteristics that associated with the cough response: The median CDR was 2.53 (interquartile range 0.45–7.01) coughs/100 mg among females and 0.787 (0.0–3.29) coughs/100 mg among males (p = 0.002). The interquartile range upper limits were defined as the cut-off limits for a normal response. The threshold for a statistically significant change in CDR was 6.26 coughs/100 mg. There was a close correlation between simultaneous- and video-assessed CDR (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.985). Conclusion: Females cough more than males in response to mannitol. CDR is the most suitable index to describe the cough responsiveness. The repeatability of the response is good. Video recording of the coughs is not mandatory. The cut-off limits for a normal cough response to mannitol were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent pain experienced by preterm infants during hospitalization is significant due to its short and long-term negative consequences. Purpose: This randomized controlled trial examined the effect of the mother's own milk odor and white noise on pain management during heel lance in preterms. Methods: The data were collected in the neonatal intensive care unit and postpartum services between May and October 2022. The study included 66 infants born between 34 and 37 weeks. Infants were randomly assigned to either the mother's own milk odor, white noise, or control groups. Data were collected using the Premature Infant Pain Profile—Revised Form, Descriptive Information Form, and Follow-Up Chart. Pain was evaluated 5 and 2 minutes before the procedure, at the time and 5 minutes after the procedure by 2 independent nursing academicians/lecturers through video recordings. Frequency, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and repeated measures were used for data analysis. Results: All groups were similar regarding the descriptive characteristics. The control group had higher heart rates before and after the procedure than the mother's own milk odor and white noise group. Oxygen saturation was higher and pain scores were lower in the white noise and mother's own milk odor group compared to the control group during and after the procedure. There was no difference between the mother's milk odor and white noise groups at any time. Implications for Practice and Research: The odor of the mother's milk and white noise may effectively manage pain during heel lance in preterms. Neonatal nurses can adopt these methods as effective non-pharmacological pain management methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In 2020, videos with the hashtag #trans had over 6 billion views on the video-sharing application "TikTok." We aim to analyze TikTok users' engagement with gender-affirming surgery (GAS) content by transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) patients and plastic surgeons. Methods: Between August 23 through September 11, 2021, we analyzed the top 14 hashtags for GAS and the top 10 most viewed videos for each hashtag using the TikTok application. We extracted the number of shares, likes, comments, and analyzed the quality of video comments, content, and creator. Results: Transmasculine top surgery (n=53, 37.9%) was the most featured GAS. Most videos were posted by patients (n=104, 74.3%). Videos posted by the patients' significant other (PSO) had a significantly higher number of shares (median [interquartile range (IQR)] 17,850 [18882.5]) and lower rate of negative comments per video (Median [IQR] 0% [0%]) compared with those posted by Patients (median [IQR] 214 [868.25], p=0.045; median [IQR] 0% [5%], p=0.006) or Plastic surgeon (median [IQR] 226.5 [297.25], p=0.02; median [IQR] 5% [10%], p=0.043). Most videos presented postoperative care/results (n=45, 32.1%) and had a significantly higher number of likes (median [IQR] 116,500 [212,700]) compared with educational videos (median [IQR] 20,700 [66,939], p=0.044) and those on TGNB awareness/pride (median [IQR] 31,050 [84226.5], p=0.034). Conclusion: TikTok users mostly engage with videos by the PSO on postoperative outcomes compared with educational and TGNB awareness/pride content posted by patients and surgeons. Adapting TikTok content may increase engagement with future patients and family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish passes are commonly installed to partially reinstate river connectivity for fish species. They are designed according to the hydrological context and the biological features of the target species. Vertical slot fishways (VSF) still need a design optimization for small fish species, potentially relying on a better knowledge of fish behaviour inside the pools. This work studied the behaviour of two common fish species in France rivers: brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and chub (Squalius cephalus L.) while passing through a VSF model. Fish movements were recorded by video tracking and analyzed following two steps: (i) global fish passages and (ii) fish behaviour inside one pool (trajectories, use of resting zones, movement patterns, position, and orientation before a successful upstream move). The mean total efficiencies (i.e. number of individuals that managed to pass and stay upstream over the total number of individuals studied) were 23.6 and 35.7% for trout and chub, respectively. Two behaviours were observed: direct passages in the upstream pool and passages with stops in one or more "resting" zones. Direct passages induced short transit times (several seconds) while a resting behaviour induced longer times (up to several minutes). A preferential resting zone, where flow conditions were the least constraining, was highlighted. Finally, the distance of fish from the slot was identified as a key parameter to ensure a successful passage. These results highlight the importance of the presence of resting zones and their hydraulic conditions for small fish passage success in VSF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alcohol is frequently depicted in media, and there is evidence that exposure to these depictions is associated with alcohol use. What is less clear, however, is how cognizant people are of the amount of alcohol they are exposed to. This study investigated whether people underestimate the amount of alcohol in a short video they just saw and whether this underestimation differs across age, gender, level of education, and alcohol use. Methods: A sample of 75 participants watched a 10-min video of tourism advertisements that included 12 scenes of alcohol. Immediately after watching, they were asked to estimate how frequently alcohol occurred in the video and to complete questions regarding their own alcohol consumption. Results: Participants significantly underestimated the number of alcohol events in the video, estimating on average 7.34 out of 12 alcohol events. Demographics (age, gender, education, alcohol use) did not predict greater underestimation. Conclusion: The present study suggests that people underestimate the amount of alcohol they see in media. Given that alcohol may be seen as normal and unmemorable, there may be concerns with the accuracy of using self-reports to measure alcohol exposure in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modeling approach is used to prepare students to become responsible citizens and face the challenges and demands of modern times, mainly when they engage in modeling activities using digital tools. This study investigates the features of digital tools used in modeling processes among prospective teachers. Thirty-two prospective mathematics teachers participated in this study, and data were collected from video recordings of their participation in three modeling activities involving digital tools. The study's findings indicate that in the first activity, most of the groups of participants used digital tools in the mathematical phases and actions of the modeling processes. However, in the final activity, participants used digital tools throughout most of the modeling processes. The findings also show that the level of digital tool utilization was neither dependent on time nor a specific activity. However, the average level of digital tool utilization illustrates that changes occurred between the first and the last activities in most of the modeling phases/actions. These changes in the utilization of digital tools rely on the sophistication of the digital functions being used. This means that the participants changed how they used digital tools, shifting from using them at a basic level to using the more sophisticated functions found in digital tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increased interest in standardized approaches to coding facial movement in mammals. Such approaches include Facial Action Coding Systems (FACS), where individuals are trained to identify discrete facial muscle movements that combine to create a facial configuration. Some studies have utilized FACS to analyze facial signaling, recording the quantity of morphologically distinct facial signals a species can generate. However, it is unclear whether these numbers represent the total number of facial muscle movement combinations (which we refer to as facial configurations) that each species is capable of producing. If unobserved combinations of facial muscle movements are communicative in nature, it is crucial to identify them, as this information is important for testing research hypotheses related to the evolution of complex communication among mammals. Our study aimed to assess how well the existing literature represents the potential range of facial signals in two previously studied species: chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and domesticated cats (Felis silvestris catus). We adhered to the coding guidelines outlined in the FACS manuals, which are based on the anatomical constraints and capabilities of each mammal's face, to create our comprehensive list of all potential facial configurations. Using this approach, we found that chimpanzees and domesticated cats may be capable of producing thousands of facial configurations, many of which have not yet been documented in the existing research literature. It is plausible that some of these facial configurations are communicative and could be discovered with further research and video recording. In addition to our findings having significant implications for future research on the communicative complexity of mammals, it can also assist researchers in evaluating FACS coding accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epoetin alfa is a derivative of the erythropoietin hormone. This study aims to investigate the epoetin alfa effect on anxiety-like behaviors. Methods: Adult female Wistar Albino rats were divided into Control (n = 8), 1000 U Epoetien alfa, and 2000 U Epoetien alpha. Epoetin alfa was administered intraperitoneally once a week for 4 weeks. The animals were then subjected to open field test, elevated plus maze, light-dark box, and the behaviors were video recorded. Results: Epoetin alfa significantly reduced anxiety-like behaviors in both low- and high-dose groups in a dose-independent manner. This anxiolytic effect was seen in all three anxiety tests. Further, exploratory behaviors such as unsupported rearing and head-dipping behaviors increased with the application of Epoetin alfa. This protocol did not alter locomotor activity. Conclusion: The present study found beneficial effects of epoetin alfa on behaviors. Further studies on the effect of derivatives of erythropoietin hormone on anxiety-like behaviors are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses Hebrew data to examine the practices accomplished by index-finger pointing toward the addressee, with a focus on interactional purposes beyond merely indexing the reference. The data were taken from the Haifa Multimodal Corpus of Spoken Hebrew , which consists of video recordings of naturally occurring casual conversations collected between 2016 and 2023. By employing the methodologies of interactional linguistics and multimodal conversation analysis, the study elaborates on the social actions that are accomplished via this gesture, showing that pointing at the addressee in Hebrew talk-in-interaction can be explained from different perspectives. The study suggests that non-referential pointing primarily serves as an attention-drawing device. However, similar to other gestural or verbal attention-drawing devices, in some contexts, the gesture can also be considered to be a cue whereby conveying a negative stance or displaying epistemic authority is recognized. Additionally, it can be employed as an abrupt way of interrupting or as an attempt to elicit a response from the addressee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the co-construction of 'Activity Spaces' within weekly rehearsals of an amateur, mixed-level dance company. Data are taken from field notes, participant observation experience, and video recordings. An earlier analysis identified three canonical spatial divisions that participants co-create during ballet rehearsals: the 'Dancing Space', the 'Teaching Space', and the 'Peripheries'. The present study shows that these Activity Spaces are not demarcated physically but are instead entirely co-constructed through participants' own multi-modal actions within the rehearsals. An important aspect of this co-construction are the participation roles dancer, choreographer, participants not currently dancing. Participants' contributions to activities are in part negotiated through their turn design and their positioning within and across Activity Spaces. The analysis focuses in on the 'Teaching Space', how it is assigned meaning within the group, and how it is reconfigured according to participants' needs through their mobilisation of multi-modal resources. Of special interest are moments in which a member takes up or relinquishes a teaching/choreographing role. Features given attention include bodily orientations, such as dancers' positioning of themselves to have visual access to the choreographer; prosodic features, such as choreographers' use of raised volume relative to surrounding interaction; and verbal contributions from the choreographer and from dancing and currently-not-dancing participants. Data are in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have combined a pragmatic and a sociocultural perspective on how artifacts are used in technical problem-solving. With these perspectives we explore how three mechanical engineering students build a plastic spider together, using instructions they found on the internet. Ten hours of video recordings were selected for a detailed analysis regarding linguistic, material, and embodied resources, using Dewey’s pattern of inquiry and Wartofsky’s notion of artifacts. Dewey’s pattern of inquiry renders the students’ relationship with different artifacts in time and space observable, and thereby how students orient themselves towards distinct purposes in different phases of their problem-solving process. A sociocultural perspective enables us to investigate how engineering students as part of the professional practices become acquainted to technology. Our analysis shows that although the problem was ill-structured, problem-solving in design and construction is a concrete activity and includes the three levels of artifacts: physical tools, preservation and transmission techniques and possible or imaginary worlds. An understanding of artifacts, instructions, an intended design, and communicative activities is significant for developing learning activities in engineering education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Video review is a feasible, commonly used learning tool, but current literature lacks a comprehensive review of its impact on learning in postgraduate medical education. This systematic review aims at examining the learning effect of video review of resident performance in clinical practice during postgraduate medical education. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted from May 2023 to July 2023 with an update on 12/12/2023. Databases of MEDLINE (Pubmed), Web of Science, Embase and ERIC (through Webquest) were searched. Eligible articles had to describe the learning effects of video review in clinical practice in postgraduate medical education. The videos had to be actively recorded in a setting where a camera was not normally used for standard patient care. The investigated effect needed to be classified at least as a Kirkpatrick level 2. We iteratively developed a standardized data extraction form to extract study characteristics. The methodological quality of the individual studies was assessed using the Medical Education Research Quality Instrument. Results: Out of 9323 records after deduplication, 11 studies were included. The designs were randomised controlled trials (n = 4) and single-group pre-test post-tests trials (n = 7). The studies had outcomes related to knowledge and skills (n = 5), resident behaviours (n = 5) and patient outcome (n = 1). All studies reported outcomes regarding learning effect. Conclusions: Video review appears to have a positive impact on residents' learning outcomes in postgraduate medical education. However, it is mostly not tailored to the specific learning needs of residents, and there is a lack of information regarding its optimal integration with other learning methods and within distinct clinical contexts. The heterogeneity observed among the included studies makes it challenging to formulate clear recommendations in the use of video. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of an observer tool (OT) has been shown to improve learning of technical skills through observation in simulation. The objective was to assess the impact of a non-technical OT on anaesthesia residents' learning of non-technical skills (NTS) during simulation. Methods: After consent, residents were randomised into 2 groups: OT+ (with an OT based on NTS to be systematically completed during observation of others) and OT- (without OT). Both groups observed a high-fidelity simulation of crisis management (with or without OT), then were asked to perform actively another simulation. The primary outcome was NTS performance, assessed by an evaluator using the Anaesthesia Non-Technical Skills score (ANTS score out of 16) on video recording. Secondary outcomes were results of score items, satisfaction, team performance, and professional impact. Results: No significant difference was found between OT + group (n = 33) and OT- group (n = 30) for the ANTS score (OT + 12 [9.5–12.5], OT- 10.5 [8.75–12]/16 (p = 0.13)). Among sub-items of the ANTS score, decision-making was significantly better in the OT + group (3 [2–3] versus 2 [2–3], p = 0.01). Satisfaction, team performance and perception of professional impact were not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: This study showed no significant difference in learning of observational anaesthesia resident's NTS whether or not they were provided a non-technical OT during crisis management simulation. Decision-making was better with an OT. Further work is necessary to define the place of OT in observer-based learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When listening to speech under adverse conditions, listeners compensate using neurocognitive resources. A clinically relevant form of adverse listening is listening through a cochlear implant (CI), which provides a spectrally degraded signal. CI listening is often simulated through noise-vocoding. This study investigated the neurocognitive mechanisms supporting recognition of spectrally degraded speech in adult CI users and normal-hearing (NH) peers listening to noise-vocoded speech, with the hypothesis that an overlapping set of neurocognitive functions would contribute to speech recognition in both groups. Ninety-seven adults with either a CI (54 CI individuals, mean age 66.6 years, range 45–87 years) or age-normal hearing (43 NH individuals, mean age 66.8 years, range 50–81 years) participated. Listeners heard materials varying in linguistic complexity consisting of isolated words, meaningful sentences, anomalous sentences, high-variability sentences, and audiovisually (AV) presented sentences. Participants were also tested for vocabulary knowledge, nonverbal reasoning, working memory capacity, inhibition-concentration, and speed of lexical and phonological access. Linear regression analyses with robust standard errors were performed for speech recognition tasks on neurocognitive functions. Nonverbal reasoning contributed to meaningful sentence recognition in NH peers and anomalous sentence recognition in CI users. Speed of lexical access contributed to performance on most speech tasks for CI users but not for NH peers. Finally, inhibition-concentration and vocabulary knowledge contributed to AV sentence recognition in NH listeners alone. Findings suggest that the complexity of speech materials may determine the particular contributions of neurocognitive skills, and that NH processing of noise-vocoded speech may not represent how CI listeners process speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During high-speed corn sowing at 10 km/h, the rapid seed discharge resulting from the high rotation speed of the seed disc escalates the impact force of seeds as they are released from the seed metering device into the seed guiding apparatus, consequently diminishing the overall seeding efficiency of the seeder. This study employed high-speed videography to conduct experiments and optimize parameters for the seed-receiving mechanism of a belt-driven seed guide tube. By changing the clamping wheel speed and seed-receiving angle, the speed change curve and displacement trajectory of seeds under different conditions were obtained and analyzed. The findings demonstrate that the seed speed fluctuation is more stable, and the seed displacement trajectory achieves greater stability at a clamping wheel speed of 560 r·min−1. When the seed-receiving angle is set at 85°, the seed speed fluctuation becomes less apparent, resulting in a smoother seed displacement trajectory. Finally, the experimental results of high-speed cameras are confirmed by field tests. The findings of this study can act as a theoretical basis for the further optimization of the experimental belt-driven seed guide tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ketamine produces an anesthetic-like state, enabling imaging in C. elegans. • Worms fully recover locomotion, yet exhibit disrupted chemosensation post-ketamine. • Short-term exposure to ketamine does not induce SKN-1 activation. Transparency of Caenorhabditis elegans enables microscopic in vivo imaging of cellular processes, but immobilization is required due to high locomotor activity. Here, anesthetic-like effects of dissociate anesthetic ketamine in adult C. elegans are presented using video recordings and infrared-based automated activity tracking. Ketamine caused a reversible blockade of locomotion at a similar concentration (20–50 mM) at which conventionally used immobilizing agent sodium azide (NaN 3) produces paralysis. The levels of immobilization at 20 mM ketamine enabled fluorescent and brightfield imaging. The worms' locomotory activity recovered fully after ketamine exposure and no acute toxicity was observed. However, a marked chemosensation deficiency was noted immediately after 20 mM ketamine exposure. Short-term ketamine treatment did not show signs of SKN-1 (skinhead-1) activation, a marker of the stress response associated with NaN 3. In sum, our results show ketamine's potential as a non-toxic nematode immobilizing agent and rationalize C. elegans as a model organism to understand its pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursing students' clinical learning is premised on experiences in clinical placements in nurse education, with the processes and outcomes of tripartite meetings among the student, nurse preceptor and teacher being central components. The tripartite meetings form the basis and framework for stakeholders' dialogue and collaboration and have the central purpose of facilitating student learning and development and assessing the students' achievement against predetermined learning outcomes for the placement period. Students' experiences with tripartite meetings seems to be an underexplored field, and therefor this study aimed to explore first-year nursing students' learning experiences within tripartite clinical placement meetings in nursing homes. Design and methods: A qualitative explorative and participatory approach was adopted in this study, using the video-stimulated interview method "stimulated recall— dialog and reflection". This method is based on video recordings with subsequent interviews, where video excerpts were used to support reflection and dialogue. Twenty-one video-stimulated recall interviews were conducted with first-year nursing students (n = 7) to explore their learning experiences within the tripartite meetings. Findings: Data was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis as described by Braun and Clarke. Four themes were identified: (1) the importance of structure and preparedness; (2) supportive relations and dialogue essential for learning; (3) a possibility to create a common learning focus; and (4) assessment needs to be comprehensive and performance focused. Conclusions: This study highlights that tripartite meetings can be an excellent forum to support the nursing students' learning process in their clinical placements. Still, consistent and systematic approaches to clinical placement supervision and assessment need to be developed continuously. Therefore, the study's findings suggest that targeted efforts are warranted to optimise and enhance the learning potential offered in tripartite meetings in clinical education, such as paying a greater attention to the start-up conversation and facilitating comprehensive supervisory and assessment content in the meetings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a life-saving procedure that must be accurately carried on to guard against complications. Presbyopia leads to difficulty in viewing close objects and may obstacle proper intubation even with the best hands. Purpose: This study supposed that the use of video-laryngoscope (VL) may provide better intubation conditions for presbyopic anesthetists and targets to evaluate the neonates and infants' intubation success rates (ISR) by anesthetists aged ≥ 45 years using the C-MAC VL compared to the standard laryngoscope (SL). Methods: Thirty-one neonates with an age of 18.2 ± 5.2 days and a body weight of 4.5 ± 0.3 kg and 103 infants aged 8.6 ± 1 months and weighing 9.4 ± 1.5 kg were randomly categorized into the SL group that received ETI using the SL and the VL group had intubated using the C-MAC® (Karl Storz, Germany) VL with the standard Miller blade and flexible Stylet (2 mm PORTEX® stylet; Smiths Medical International Ltd., UK) to strengthen the endotracheal tube (ETT) and adjust its curvature as C-shaped. The study outcomes included the frequency of successful intubation and the number of intubation attempts. Results: The ISR was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with significantly (P = 0.0037) lower frequency of using assistance maneuvers with VL. The mean score of the anesthetist's difficulty rating was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with SL (2.7 ± 2) than with VL (1.27 ± 1.27). Times for the full intubation process were significantly (P < 0.001) shorter with VL than SL. The 1st attempt success rate was significantly (P = 0.0195) higher with VL than SL (86.6% vs. 67.2%). The frequency of maneuver-related complications was insignificantly (P = 0.116) reduced with the use of VL (4.5%) than with SL (12%). The ISR showed a negative significant correlation (r=−0.973, P = 0.005) with the anesthetist's age. Conclusion: Neonatal and infantile intubation using VL is feasible and easy to handle by aged anesthetists and allows higher ISR and 1st attempt rate with minimal need for external assistant maneuvers and maneuver-related complications. VL might be more appropriate for the presbyopic pediatric anesthetists than the SL. Limitations: The limitations of the study are the small sample size of anesthetists and the use of one type of VLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although evening screen time is thought to impair subsequent sleep, current measures are limited to questionnaires which seem unlikely to accurately assess screen time in youth. Given the ubiquitous nature of digital devices, improving measurement of screen time is required before related health effects can be appropriately determined. The aim of this study was to objectively quantify screen time before sleep using video camera footage. Methods: This repeated-measures observational study in healthy adolescents (11–14 years) from Dunedin, New Zealand measured screen time on four evenings over one week in the home environment from March-December 2021. Wearable and stationary PatrolEyes video cameras captured screen time from two hours before bedtime until sleep and manually coded for device type (phone, tablet, laptop computer, desktop computer, handheld gaming console, gaming console, television and other) and screen activity (watching, listening, reading, educational/creative, browsing, communication, social media, video gaming, multitasking) using a reliable coding schedule (κ ≥ 0.8). Descriptive findings are reported. Findings: Among the 83 participants (mean 12.3 [SD 1.0] years, 42% female, 52% New Zealand European, 37% Māori [indigenous]), 82 used screens in the two hours before bed on 308 of 344 (90%) nights for a mean of 54.4 min (SD 25.5). Televisions (median 37 min, 56% of nights), phones (19 min, 64% nights), and multitasking using multiple devices (19 min, 48% nights) were most commonly used (> 75% of adolescents). Once in bed but before trying to sleep, 58% of adolescents engaged in screen time for 17 (26.3) minutes on 36% of nights. The most common screen activities were watching (32.5%), social media (26.5%) and communication (20.5%). Even after attempting sleep, 32.5% of participants used screens for 8.0 min (median) on 16% of nights, mostly listening on phones. Conclusions: Objective video cameras offer detailed insight into evening screen habits, capturing frequency, content, and duration. Youth frequently engage with screens before bed and throughout the night on a range of activities, despite recommendations to restrict screen time prior to sleep. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (anzctr.org.au), AACTRN12621000193875, Registered 23 February 2021, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380926&isReview=true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding normal probability distributions is a crucial objective in mathematics and statistics education. Drawing upon cognitive psychology research, this study explores the use of drawings and visualizations as effective scaffolds to enhance students' comprehension. Although much research has documented the helpfulness of drawing as a research tool to reveal students' knowledge states, its direct utility in advancing higher-order cognitive processes remains understudied. In Study 1, qualitative methods were utilized to identify common misunderstandings among students regarding canonical depictions of the normal probability distribution. Building on these insights, Study 2 experimentally compared three instructional videos (static slides, dynamic drawing, and dynamic drawings done by a visible hand). The hand drawing video led to better learning than the other versions. Study 3 examined whether the benefits from observing a hand drawing could be reproduced by a dynamic cursor moving around otherwise static slides (without the presence of a hand). Results showed no significant learning difference between observing a hand drawing and a moving cursor, both outperforming a control. This research links the cognitive process of drawing with its educational role and provides insights into its potential to enhance memory, cognition, and inform instructional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the cognitive and affective dimensions of understanding has remained unexplored due to the lack of reliable methods for measuring emotions and feelings during learning. Focusing on five phases of understanding—nascent understanding, misunderstanding, confusion, emergent understanding, and deep understanding—this study introduces an AI-driven solution to measure subjective understanding by analyzing physiological activity manifested in facial expressions. To investigate these phases, 103 participants remotely worked on 15 riddles while their facial expressions were video recorded. Action units (AUs) for each phase instance were measured using AFFDEX software. AU patterns associated with each phase were then identified through the application of six supervised machine learning algorithms. Distinct AU patterns were found for all five phases, with gradient boosting machine and random forest models achieving the highest predictive accuracy. These findings suggest that physiological activity can be leveraged to reliably measure understanding. Further, they advance a novel approach for measuring and fostering understanding in educational settings, as well as developing adaptive learning technologies and personalized educational interventions. Future studies should explore how physiological signatures of understanding phases both reflect and influence their associated cognitive processes, as well as the generalizability of this study's findings across diverse populations and learning contexts (A suite of AI tools was employed in the development of this paper: (1) ChatGPT4o (for writing clarity and reference checking), (2) Grammarly (for grammar and editorial corrections), and (3) ResearchRabbit (reference management)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Too often when we think about agency, we think only about human actors. Increasingly, studies of animal-human relationships have explored the agency of animals who live alongside humans. This paper explores the agency of animals during interviews with trans young people and their families. A focus on the agency of animals is important in this context, given the unique meanings often attributed to animals by trans young people, who often experience the denial of their own agency. The data analysed in this paper constitute a subset of a larger sample of interviews with 17 trans young people and their families. The thematic analysis reported in this paper focuses on when animals were considered to show agency during video recordings, and what humans were saying during these portions of the recordings. Three forms of agency were identified: agency as affection, resistance, and proximity. The paper concludes by considering what it means to think about animal agency, what this means for trans young people, and more broadly what this means for research that seeks to involve animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]