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In diesem Beitrag werden die zentralen Ergebnisse einer im Frühjahr 2016 durchgeführten Verbleibstudie unter 36 Alumnae des Masterprogramms Deutsche Sprache und Kultur der Universität Tampere vorgestellt und erörtert. Nach der Darstellung des Forschungsdesigns werden folgende Aspekte summarisch präsentiert: a) Statistik über die von den Alumnae erworbenen/verwendeten Sprachen, b) Mehrsprachigkeit in Elternhaus und Schule, c) Auslandsaufenthalte, d) Gründe für die Studienfach-, Studienort- und Berufswahl, e) Mehrsprachigkeit im Berufsleben, f) hidden competences und g) sprachenbezogene studentische Identitätsarbeit. Ein Ausblick auf die Rückkopplung der Ergebnisse mit dem Studienprogramm schließt den Beitrag ab. This article reports on the main findings of an alumni tracer study carried out in spring 2016 among 36 alumni of the master’s program of German Language and Culture at the University of Tampere. After a short description of the research design, the following results are commented upon briefly: a) statistics of the languages acquired/used by the alumni, b) multilingualism at home and in school, c) periods spent abroad, d) reasons for choice of study field, place of study and career, e) multilingualism in professional life, f) hidden competences, and g) development of students’ language based identities. The article finishes with an outlook on how the results may be linked back to the study program.

The article presents the Trump presidency and the human-driven geological epoch of the Anthropocene as two arguable extremes among current notions of ‘performativity’: (1) a traditionally vertical model based on individual action and antagonism – where ‘facts’ matter less than ‘making things great’; and (2) the more extended, horizontal human performance of things like global warming (“All the world’s a stage”). Drawing freely on George Lakoff and Timothy Morton, it is argued that these models differ fundamentally in ‘magnitude’: where the one is direct, singular, vertical, and fast, the other is systemic, plural, horizontal, and slow beyond human perception. With Judith Butler and Naomi Klein, it is also argued that to actually confront the twin crises at issue, we need to acknowledge the kind of ‘plural performativity’ – of repetition, norms, and dissimulation – that brought them into being in the first place.

This article presents an analysis of life-political themes in online discussions about the hikikomori phenomenon, acute social withdrawal. In a Finnish online image-board, socially withdrawn individuals anonymously take part in conversations concerning, for example, welfare and the difficulties of working life. The aim of this study is to bring new perspectives to the discussion about anonymous online communication, and especially its relationship with social exclusion and anti-social behaviour. In the article, I examine how ‘the anti-social’ is produced and understood in this anonymously used forum. Through a thematically constructed textual analysis of online discussions, the following questions are answered: What kinds of life-political themes are found in the discussion concerning social withdrawal? How is the feeling of being an outsider in one’s own society voiced in this online community? What kind of space for public discussion does this specific forum provide? In the online space, an intimate public is formed around shared narratives and the conversations seem to offer at least a space of expressive politics and social criticism for the participants in a situation that is labelled by precariousness.

In the present study, we validated Gameplay Activity Inventory (GAIN), a short and psychometrically sound instrument for measuring players’ gameplay preferences and modeling player profiles. In Study 1, participants in Finland ( $$N=879$$ ) responded to a 52-item version of GAIN. An exploratory factor analysis was used to identify five latent factors of gameplay activity appreciation: Aggression, Management, Exploration, Coordination, and Caretaking. In Study 2, respondents in Canada ( $$N=1322$$ ) and Japan ( $$N=1178$$ ) responded to GAIN, and the factor structure of a 15-item version was examined using a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The results showed that the short version of GAIN has good construct validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity in Japan and in Canada. We demonstrated the usefulness of GAIN by conducting a cluster analysis to identify player types that differ in both demographics and game choice. GAIN can be used in research as a tool for investigating player profiles. Game companies, publishers and analysts can utilize GAIN in player-centric game development and targeted marketing and in generating personalized game recommendations.

Työelämän kielitaidon koulutuksen ja testauksen tueksi tarvitaan tarkempaa tietoa siitä, millaista kielitaitoa eri aloilla ja ammateissa vaaditaan. Nykyään vallalla on näkemys, jossa kielitaitoa pidetään tilanteisena taitona, mutta tilanteen käsitettä ei ole juurikaan määritelty eikä tilanteiden ominaisuuksia eritelty. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan lääkärin työtehtävien kielellistä vaativuutta työyhteisön jäsenten haastatteluiden avulla. Terveydenhuollon ammattilaisten ryhmähaastatteluista (n = 32) etsittiin temaattisen sisällönanalyysin avulla sellaisia työtilanteiden ominaisuuksia, jotka ovat yhteydessä maahanmuuttajataustaisten lääkärien kielelliseen suoriutumiseen. Löydetyt ominaisuudet liittyvät muun muassa tilanteen seurausten vakavuuteen sekä tilanteen osallistujiin. Analyysin tulosten perusteella muotoiltiin kymmenen kriteeriä lääkärin työtilanteiden kielellisen vaativuuden määrittämiseksi: kriittisyys, sosiaalinen vastuu, yhteinen taustatieto, sosiaalinen variaatio, sosiaalinen tuttuus, kommunikoinnin monisuuntaisuus, tilanteen harvinaisuus, kiireellisyys, kieliriippuvuus ja häiriötekijät. Kriteerien tarkoituksena on parantaa erityisalojen kielikoulutuksen ja -testauksen validiutta suhteessa työssä vaadittavaan kielitaitoon. Kriteerit on abstrahoitu aineistosta siten, että niitä voi soveltaa muihinkin ammatteihin, mutta toisaalta muiden ammattien konteksteista saattaa nousta esiin myös uudenlaisia kriteereitä., In professional language education and testing there is a need for more precise knowledge of the factors that enhance or hinder non-native worker’s linguistic perfor-mance at work. Nowadays it is common to see language skills as situational, but the concept of situation lacks proper definition and there is no proper analysis of the prop-erties of situations. The aim of this article is to use co-workers’ interviews (n = 32) to determine the linguistic demand of physician’s work situations. With the help of the-matic content analysis, I searched for factors that have an impact on immigrant physi-cians’ linguistic performance. The factors concern for example consequences and par-ticipants of situations. Based on the factors, I formulated nine criteria that determine the linguistic demand of physician’s work situations: criticalness, social responsibility, shared encyclopedic knowledge, social variation, social familiarity, rareness, urgency, language dependency, and distraction. These criteria aim to improve alignment of professional language education and testing with the actual language demands of the work place. Criteria are abstracted form the data so that they are applicable to other professions as well. On the other hand, data from other professions may yield addi-tional criteria.

Background The processes leading to the diversity of over 7000 present-day languages have been the subject of scholarly interest for centuries. Several factors have been suggested to contribute to the spatial segregation of speaker populations and the subsequent linguistic divergence. However, their formal testing and the quantification of their relative roles is still missing. We focussed here on the early stages of the linguistic divergence process, that is, the divergence of dialects, with a special focus on the ecological settings of the speaker populations. We adopted conceptual and statistical approaches from biological microevolution and parallelled intra-lingual variation with genetic variation within a species. We modelled the roles of geographical distance, differences in environmental and cultural conditions and in administrative history on linguistic divergence at two different levels: between municipal dialects (cf. in biology, between individuals) and between dialect groups (cf. in biology, between populations). Results We found that geographical distance and administrative history were important in separating municipal dialects. However, environmental and cultural differences contributed markedly to the divergence of dialect groups. In biology, increase in genetic differences between populations together with environmental differences may suggest genetic differentiation of populations through adaptation to the local environment. However, our interpretation of this result is not that language itself adapts to the environment. Instead, it is based on Homo sapiens being affected by its environment, and its capability to adapt culturally to various environmental conditions. The differences in cultural adaptations arising from environmental heterogeneity could have acted as nonphysical barriers and limited the contacts and communication between groups. As a result, linguistic differentiation may emerge over time in those speaker populations which are, at least partially, separated. Conclusions Given that the dialects of isolated speaker populations may eventually evolve into different languages, our result suggests that cultural adaptation to local environment and the associated isolation of speaker populations have contributed to the emergence of the global patterns of linguistic diversity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1238-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Although sound event recognition attracted much attention in the scientific community, applications in the robotics domain have not been in the focus. A new database was published in this paper and classifiers were evaluated with this dataset to guide the future practical developments of domestic robots. A corpus (CSIBE-RAW) was collected from the internet to build acoustic models to recognize 13 sound events and omit ambient sounds. As a case study, CSIBE-RAW was rerecorded in four room settings (CSIBE-AIBO) to create reverberation-tolerant classifiers for a Sony ERS-7. After eight classifiers were reviewed, the convolutional neural network achieved the best accuracy (95.07%) after multi-conditional learning and it was suitable for real-time classification on the robot. The effects of lossy audio codecs were studied, lossy encoder-tolerant audio statistics were specified for the feature vector and the Ogg Vorbis encoder with 128 kbit VBR was found superior to store big data and avoid any significant accuracy loss with the compression ratio 1:8.

The article analyzes two Finnish theatre adaptations of Fanny och Alexander, by Ingmar Bergman, and Rauta-aika, by Paavo Haavikko, premiered in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The key question is, how the two works brought the filmic originals’ wealth of material to theatrically manageable proportions, and how the themes of poverty and prosperity were developed by their scenic machineries – a question of theatricality, but also, if you will, of a sort of theatrical exchange: “golden age” to exile or decline in the story-worlds, lavish film to theatrical constraint in production. The first two sections take a specifically economic perspective on the original TV projects and their central storylines; the two final sections address how these storylines were locally woven by the revolving stage and the revolving auditorium used in the theatre productions. On various levels, a playfully “monetary” distinction of metonymy and metaphor is suggested in which metonymic contiguity stands for contextual prosperity (as experience, community, immediacy), metaphoric substitution for relative deprivation (as distance, abstraction, exchange).

Production of easily controllable and measurable odor stimuli is needed when studying human olfaction, olfaction-related physiology and psychological reactions to odors. Controlled odor producing instruments are called olfactometers. For testing and calibrating new olfactometers or sensor arrays, a reliable input signal has to be produced to verify their accurate functionality. A common input signal in various olfactometers has been the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gaseous form. We present a compact olfactometer able to produce controlled continuous odor stimuli from three individual channels. For measuring the output gas flow, we used a ChemPro 100i (Environics, Finland) device that is based on aspiration ion mobility spectrometry (aIMS). IMS is a robust and sensitive method for measuring VOCs and is used especially in detecting toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents, but the technology is also suitable for other olfactory-related applications. The olfactometer was used to produce synthetic jasmine scent using three main odor components from jasmine oil and all the components were diluted using propylene glycol. The dilutions were supplied to the system using programmable syringe pumps, which guided the dilutions to individual evaporation units. We conducted experiments to verify the functionality of our olfactometer. Analysis of the ChemPro100i data showed that olfactometer can use different odor components to produce continuous, stable output flows with controlled concentrations. acceptedVersion

This article discusses literary crowdsourcing in the context of critical media studies and aesthetic theories that stress participation. First, it draws an overall picture of the participatory cult...

Instead of alternative economic ideas or institutional shifts, the post-financial crisis conjuncture has witnessed the persistence of neoliberal ideas and the strengthening of the institutions implementing them. Instructed by ideational institutionalism, this article analyzes the interplay between ideas and institutions by examining the public debate on economic policy in Finland during the euro crisis. We show how ideas formed by the dominant institutions of Finnish economic policy-making dominated the debate in the leading Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat in the years 2009–2014. The media and the elites coalesced around a consensus built by the Ministry of Finance and EU institutions, which demanded austerity and structural reforms to the Finnish economy. Our findings support claims that established institutional forces prevent ideational shifts even during major crisis periods. The media takes part in this through its unwillingness to provide alternative viewpoints on consensual political issues, thus strengthening a post-democratic public sphere. Instead of alternative economic ideas or institutional shifts, the post-financial crisis conjuncture has witnessed the persistence of neoliberal ideas and the strengthening of the institutions implementing them. Instructed by ideational institutionalism, this article analyzes the interplay between ideas and institutions by examining the public debate on economic policy in Finland during the euro crisis. We show how ideas formed by the dominant institutions of Finnish economic policy-making dominated the debate in the leading Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat in the years 2009–2014. The media and the elites coalesced around a consensus built by the Ministry of Finance and EU institutions, which demanded austerity and structural reforms to the Finnish economy. Our findings support claims that established institutional forces prevent ideational shifts even during major crisis periods. The media takes part in this through its unwillingness to provide alternative viewpoints on consensual political issues, thus strengthening a post-democratic public sphere.

There are strict guidelines on photoediting in newsrooms and serious professional repercussions for any failure to adhere to them, while computer-generated imagery is increasingly used in other areas of visual communication. This article presents empirical research on the ability of professional photographers and editors to distinguish photographs from photorealistic computer-generated images by looking at them on a screen. The results show clearly that those studied ( N = 20) are unable to distinguish one from another, suggesting that it is increasingly difficult to make this distinction, particularly since most viewers are not as experienced in photography as those studied. Interestingly, the participants continue to share a conventional understanding of photography that is not in line with current developments in digital photography and digital image rendering. Based on their findings, the authors suggest there is a need for developing a particular visual literacy that understands the computational in digital photography and grounds the use of digital photography among particular communities of practice. When seeing photographs on screens, journals, exhibitions, or newspapers, viewers might actually be looking at computer-generated simulations, and vice versa.

Facial electromyographic responses and skin conductance responses were measured to investigate whether, in a neutral laboratory environment, another individual's direct gaze elicits a positive or negative affective reaction in the observer. The results showed that greater zygomatic responses associated with positive affect were elicited by seeing another person with direct as compared to averted gaze. The zygomatic responses were greater in response to another person's direct gaze both when the participant's own gaze was directed towards the other and when the participant was not looking directly towards the other. Compatible with the zygomatic responses, the corrugator activity (associated with negative affect) was decreased below baseline more in response to another person's direct than averted gaze. Replicating previous research, the skin conductance responses were greater to another person's direct than averted gaze. The results provide evidence that, in a neutral context, another individual's direct gaze is an affiliative, positive signal.

Drawing on the ideas of process philosophy, this study elaborates the nature of information†seeking process by approaching them as temporal developments. To this end, a conceptual analysis was made by comparing key models which approach information seeking as stage†based and cyclic processes. The nature of such processes was scrutinized by devoting attention to two main aspects, that is, the temporal order in which the constituents of information seeking appear during the process, and the changes occurring in the constituents. Stage†based approaches draw on linear time concept by conceptualizing such processes as sets of consecutive activities progressing toward a final point. Cyclic approaches conceptualize information†seeking processes as sets of iterative activities which may be repeated. The findings suggest that stage†based and cyclic approaches should not be opposite approaches; rather, they complement each other. However, cyclic models emphasizing the importance of feedback loops have gained more popularity in the modeling of web searching, whereas the interest in the development of stage†based approaches has decreased since the 1990s.

This paper proposes an affective approach to examining the interpreter’s role. More specifically, it suggests that, by considering the interpreters’ subjective feelings of involvement and detachment related to an interpreted event, we can examine the ways in which their role is constructed, within and through a combination of personal, social, and material factors related to the setting and the interpreter’s working conditions. As an example, I take the case of simultaneous interpreting in two religious settings, which I have studied with autoethnography. Thus, I analyze my experiences of interpreting in two religious settings and contrast these experiences to an “ideal” model of the interpreter’s role in such settings: that of the fully involved participant. The analysis indicates that, while an internalized ideal model of role may provide a point of reference for reflection, the actual experience of role emerges in a complicated interaction between personal, social, and material aspects.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the picture of strategies and tactics for information seeking and searching by focusing on the heuristic elements of such strategies and tactics. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual analysis of a sample of 31 pertinent investigations was conducted to find out how researchers have approached heuristics in the above context since the 1970s. To achieve this, the study draws on the ideas produced within the research programmes on Heuristics and Biases, and Fast and Frugal Heuristics. Findings Researchers have approached the heuristic elements in three major ways. First, these elements are defined as general level constituents of browsing strategies in particular. Second, heuristics are approached as search tips. Third, there are examples of conceptualizations of individual heuristics. Familiarity heuristic suggests that people tend to prefer sources that have worked well in similar situations in the past. Recognition heuristic draws on an all-or-none distinction of the information objects, based on cues such as information scent. Finally, representativeness heuristic is based on recalling similar instances of events or objects and judging their typicality in terms of genres, for example. Research limitations/implications As the study focuses on three heuristics only, the findings cannot be generalized to describe the use of all heuristic elements of strategies and tactics for information seeking and searching. Originality/value The study pioneers by providing an in-depth analysis of the ways in which the heuristic elements are conceptualized in the context of information seeking and searching. The findings contribute to the elaboration of the conceptual issues of information behavior research.

This article presents a scalable, semi-automated process for studying the usage of public displays. The process consists of gathering anonymous interaction and skeletal data of passersby during pub...

The purposes of this article are: i) to show the rapid increase of interest in a new field of studies within the large scope of Translation Studies, known as Multimodal Studies; ii) to describe the image-text interaction of the Finnish translations of Beatrix Potter’s The Tale of Peter Rabbit, from a multimodal point of view; iii) to look into how the images in the translations of this picture book may have affected its translator’s word choices; iv) to analyze the relationship between lexical items in the source and target texts, and then compare these observations against the information offered by the image with which the item is presented; v) finally, to determine whether an explanation can be derived from the images as to why a certain item was translated the way it was.

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen hoivalaitoksessa toteutettua kulttuuriprojektia. Julkisessa keskustelussa korostetaan kulttuurin ja taiteen kuuluvan jokaiselle taloudellisesta asemasta, terveydestä ja maantieteellisestä sijainnista riippumatta. Kuitenkin erilaisissa laitoksissa, esimerkiksi ikäihmisten palvelutaloissa, asuvien ihmisten toiminta on erilaisista syistä rajoittunutta, ja kulttuurin saavutettavuutta sekä osallistumismahdollisuuksia pyritäänkin lisäämään järjestämällä taide- ja kulttuuritoimintaa laitoksiin. Tarkastelen artikkelissa kahden erilaisen maailman, hoivan ja kulttuurin, kohtaamista sekä kulttuuritoiminnan ideaalien ja laitosarjen mahdollisuuksien yhteentörmäystä. Kohtaamisissa leikkaavat erilaiset käytännöt, toimijat ja tavoitteet. Aineistona on ikäihmisten hoivalaitoksessa järjestetty etäkonsertti ja eri laitoksissa tehtyjä henkilökuntahaastatteluja. Artikkelissa pohdin empiirisen aineiston pohjalta osallisuutta kulttuuriin käytännössä: niitä erilaisia tapoja ja käytäntöjä, joilla osallisuus ruohonjuuritasolla näyttäytyy. Etnografisen tutkimuksen menetelmänä olen käyttänyt neksusanalyysia. Sen avulla tarkastelen kulttuuritapahtumaa kolmesta näkökulmasta: toimijahistorioiden, vuorovaikutusjärjestyksen sekä paikan diskurssien. Tutkimuksen tuloksena esitän, että kulttuurin saavutettavuuden lisääminen tai kulttuuritapahtumien määrällinen lisääminen ei automaattisesti lisää osallistumismahdollisuuksia. Sen sijaan niihin vaikuttaa se, miten niin yksilöt, yhteisö kuin hoivalaitoksen rakenteetkin tunnistavat ja antavat tilaa kulttuuritoiminnalle.

This article presents a comparison of technical, organizational, and pedagogical structures of six curriculum-related newsrooms in journalism education in the Nordic countries. The newsrooms were selected for comparison on the basis that they had permanent physical facilities and technical channels for publication, and they presented an integral part of the curriculum. To structure this comparison, the concept of the pedagogical newsroom (PN) is introduced, described, and analyzed. It is suggested that a PN is not a direct adoption of a professional newsroom but an attempt to create a critical surplus with regard to the professional newsrooms, more generally reflecting the relationship between journalism education and the professional field of journalism.

During the last decade games have arguably become the largest form of leisure information systems (IS). However, today games are also increasingly being employed for a variety of instrumental purposes. Although games have garnered a substantial amount of research attention during the last decade, research literature is scattered and there is still a lack of a clear and reliable understanding of why games are being used, and how they are placed in the established utilitarian-hedonic continuum of information systems. To address this gap, we conducted a meta-analysis of the quantitative body of literature that has examined the reasons for using games (48 studies). Additionally, we compared the findings across games that are intended for either leisure or instrumental use. Even though games are generally regarded as a pinnacle form of hedonically-oriented ISs, our results show that enjoyment and usefulness are equally important determinants for using them (though their definitive role varies between game types). Therefore, it can be posited that games are multi-purpose ISs which nevertheless rely on hedonic factors, even in the pursuit of instrumental outcomes. The present study contributes to and advances our theoretical and empirical understanding of multi-purpose ISs and the ways in which they are used.

The scale and form of social media services provided by public service companies have been under heated discussion for the last decade. In this article I approach this issue from the perspective of creative labour. How do workers perceive public service values and their applicability to social media? How are workers adapting their practices from broadcasting to narrowcasting? The article builds on Jose van Dijk and Thomas Poell’s idea of social media logics. This analytical prism is used to analyse a specific case study, a Finnish multiplatform serial Uusi Paiva (2010- ). The analysis shows that social media logic modifies the conditions of public service media. Reaching the users as well as producing spreadable content is a significant challenge for public service companies, as their main operating principles still mostly date back to the time of mass media logics. Yet, the workers also see great possibilities in creating new kinds of public service through social media.

During the last decade, virtual goods have become an important target of consumption online (especially in games, virtual worlds and social networking services) amongst physical and digital goods. In this study we investigate the question of why do people purchase virtual goods by conducting a meta-analysis (random effects model) of the existing quantitative body of literature (24 studies) on the topic. The meta-analysis revealed an important aspect of value of virtual goods: contrary to traditional goods, the reasons why people purchase virtual goods are tightly connected to the platform where they are sold in. These findings underline the significance of service design and its relationship to the formation of value of virtual goods: the value of virtual goods is context-bound, and therefore, bound to the environment where they are usable in. Most factors that were found to be significant predictors of purchase behavior (such as network effects, self-presentation, enjoyment, ease of use, flow and use of the platform) are directly related to the aspects and design of the platform beyond the general attitudes towards virtual goods themselves. Moreover, we found that enjoyment and prolonged use of the platform were more important predictors for purchases in virtual worlds than in games. Virtual consumption has emerged alongside of material and digital consumption.A meta-analysis of literature on why do people purchase virtual goods is conducted.Following factors are found to be positively associated with virtual consumption.Attitude, flow, network size, self-presentation, subjective norms, social presence.Perceived value, enjoyment of the platform, service use intention and ease of use.

A searcher’s interaction with a retrieval system consists of actions such as query formulation, search result list interaction and document interaction. The simulation of searcher interaction has recently gained momentum in the analysis and evaluation of interactive information retrieval (IIR). However, a key issue that has not yet been adequately addressed is the validity of such IIR simulations and whether they reliably predict the performance obtained by a searcher across the session. The aim of this paper is to determine the validity of the common interaction model (CIM) typically used for simulating multi-query sessions. We focus on search result interactions, i.e., inspecting snippets, examining documents and deciding when to stop examining the results of a single query, or when to stop the whole session. To this end, we run a series of simulations grounded by real world behavioral data to show how accurate and responsive the model is to various experimental conditions under which the data were produced. We then validate on a second real world data set derived under similar experimental conditions. We seek to predict cumulated gain across the session. We find that the interaction model with a query-level stopping strategy based on consecutive non-relevant snippets leads to the highest prediction accuracy, and lowest deviation from ground truth, around 9 to 15% depending on the experimental conditions. To our knowledge, the present study is the first validation effort of the CIM that shows that the model’s acceptance and use is justified within IIR evaluations. We also identify and discuss ways to further improve the CIM and its behavioral parameters for more accurate simulations.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate why do people spectate eSports on the internet. The authors define eSports (electronic sports) as “a form of sports where the primary aspects of the sport are facilitated by electronic systems; the input of players and teams as well as the output of the eSports system are mediated by human-computer interfaces.” In more practical terms, eSports refer to competitive video gaming (broadcasted on the internet).Design/methodology/approachThe study employs the motivations scale for sports consumption which is one of the most widely applied measurement instruments for sports consumption in general. The questionnaire was designed and pre-tested before distributing to target respondents (n=888). The reliability and validity of the instrument both met the commonly accepted guidelines. The model was assessed first by examining its measurement model and then the structural model.FindingsThe results indicate that escapism, acquiring knowledge about the games being played, novelty and eSports athlete aggressiveness were found to positively predict eSport spectating frequency.Originality/valueDuring recent years, eSports (electronic sports) and video game streaming have become rapidly growing forms of new media in the internet driven by the growing provenance of (online) games and online broadcasting technologies. Today, hundreds of millions of people spectate eSports. The present investigation presents a large study on gratification-related determinants of why people spectate eSports on the internet. Moreover, the study proposes a definition for eSports and further discusses how eSports can be seen as a form of sports.

Since the 1960s, public service broadcasters have attempted to meet the demand for music by young listeners. As commercial radio offerings have expanded, and as public broadcasters are monitored more closely than before, the question arises as to what degree and in which ways public service radio should differ from commercially formatted stations. This article analyses the differentiation strategies applied in music programming by major radio stations in targeting youth and young adults in Finland. Employing a multi-measure approach in the analysis of the content, the results confirm that YleX, a popular music station of the public broadcaster YLE, differs significantly from its major commercial rivals Energy and The Voice. The article argues that even a radio station focusing on the latest hits can fulfil a public service mission.

Selling in-game content has become a popular revenue model for game publishers. While prior research has investigated latent motivations as determinants of in-game content purchases, the prior literature has not focused on more concrete reasons to purchase in-game content that stem from how the games are being designed. We form an inventory of reasons (19) to buy in-game content via triangulating from analyses of top-grossing free-to-play games, from a review of existing research, and from industry expert input. These reasons were operationalized into a survey (N=519). Firstly, we explored how these motivations converged into categories. The results indicated that the purchasing reasons converged into six dimensions: 1) Unobstructed play, 2) Social interaction, 3) Competition, 4) Economical rationale, 5) Indulging the children, and 6) Unlocking content. Secondly, we investigated the relationship between these factors and how much players spend money on in-game content. The results revealed that the purchase motivations of unobstructed play, social interaction, and economical rationale were positively associated with how much money players spend on in-game content. The results imply that the way designers implement artificial limitations and obstacles as well as social interaction affects how much players spend money on in-game content. Inventory/questionnaire of in-game purchase motivations (19) was formed.Motivational dimensions of in-game purchases were investigated via survey (N=519).Nineteen motivations converged onto six main dimensions:Unobstructing, Social, Competition, Economical, Children, and Unlocking content.Unobstructing, Social and Economical motivations predicted in-game purchases.

Gaze gestures are a promising input technology for wearable devices especially in the smart glasses form factor because gaze gesturing is unobtrusive and leaves the hands free for other tasks. We were interested in how gaze gestures can be enhanced with vibrotactile feedback. We studied the effects of haptic feedback on the head and haptic prompting on the speed of completing gaze gestures. The vibrotactile stimulation was given to the skin of the head through actuators in a sun glass frame. The haptic feedback enabled about 10% faster gaze gestures with more consistent completion times. Longer duration of haptic prompts tended to result in longer duration of gestures. However, the magnitude of the increase was marginal. Our results can inform the design of efficient gaze gesture user interfaces and recognition algorithms. HighlightsThe gaze gestures are completed faster when theźhaptic feedback is given.Haptic feedback reduces the variation in gaze gesture completion times.The duration of the haptic prompt affects the duration of the following gaze gesture.

Seamless cooperation between individuals is essentially a crucial aspect of any successful endeavor. A host of literature has been published in the academic realm about how cooperation could be cultivated. However, true cooperation often forms organically without external enforcement. Recently, there has been one special example of a context where cooperation seemed to have effortlessly sprung up between people who might not even have had previous connections. The context is video/online games; games such as Ingress, Pokmon Go, and World of Warcraft bind people together to work against insurmountable odds and to overcome jointly held challenges. Organizations of many types have recently begun to gamify their structures and services in order to cultivate such seamless cooperation. However, before this potential of games can be successfully wielded outside video games, we need to understand better how games are able to cultivate such cooperation. Therefore, in this study we investigate how games can induce and cultivate we-intention of working as a group. Specifically, we investigate how cooperative game features affect different forms of group dynamics and how they further translate into we-intentions. We employ data from users of the augmented reality game Ingress (N=206). The results show that cooperative game features induce we-intentions via positively increasing group norms, social identity, joint commitment, attitudes toward cooperation, and anticipated positive emotions. The findings imply that practitioners who are looking to increase cooperation should find that gamification inspired by cooperative game design is beneficial and preferable over individual-based gamification efforts. Display Omitted Players' use of cooperative game features is associated with we-intention.This association is mediated by group dynamics:group norms, social identity, joint commitment, attitudes and anticipated emotions.Overall, players' use of single player features was not associated with we-intentions.Features of cooperative games can support practitioners cultivating cooperation.

As metaphors of human existence, the idioms of theatricality and performativity both fluctuate between values of novelty and normativity: theatricality, between the essence of an art form and a cultural value variously opposed or embraced, performativity, between doing and dissimulation. To revert from drawing too sharp boundaries, either between the two phenomena or between their cognate art forms and everyday life, the article pursues to analyse them in “textural” terms specifically inspired by Tim Ingold’s ecological anthropology and Stephen C. Pepper’s philosophical pragmatism from the 1940s. Where Ingold’s ecology of lines admits to “no insides or outsides,” “trailing loose ends in every direction,” Pepper’s “contextualistic world” of events admits “no top nor bottom” to its strands and textures. After introducing Ingold’s networks of connected objects and meshworks of interwoven lines as shorthand terms for specifically theatrical and performative textures, their various dynamics are considered in terms of absorption and abstraction: on a global scale – I briefly consider the Anthropos(c)ene as theatrum mundi – seeing all the world as a stage indeed depends on something of a theatrical inversion of its lines of becoming. From the tensions of novelty and normativity, noted above, what emerges is a fabric philosophy of weaving and zooming between overlapping textures: if the performative names a dramaturgy of becoming, then the theatrical provides an optic for its analysis.

This article introduces user experience research that has been carried out by evaluating a video-illustrated science fiction prototype with process control workers. Essentially, the prototype 'A remote operator's day in a future control center in 2025' was aimed at discovering opportunities for new interaction methods and ambient intelligence for the factories of the future. The theoretical objective was to carry out experience design research, which was based on explicit ambient user experience goals in the nominated industrial work context. This article describes the complete creative prototyping process, starting from the initial user research that included evaluations of current work practices, technological trend studies and co-design workshops, and concluding with user research that assessed the final design outcome, the science fiction prototype. The main contribution of the article is on the ambient user experience goals, the creation process of the video-illustrated science fiction prototype, and on the reflection of how the experience-driven prototype was evaluated in two research setups: as video sequences embedded in a Web survey, and as interviews carried out with expert process control workers. For the science fiction prototyping process, the contribution demonstrates how the method may employ video-illustration as a means for future-oriented user experience research, and how complementary user-centered methods may be used to validate the results.

This article elaborates the usefulness of material culture studies for research on contemporary cultural products by representing books as transformable objects with social lives, the investigation of which is needed to better understand their social dimensions in times of global cultural flows. The article discusses the case of a controversial literary bestseller, The Bookseller of Kabul, from the perspective of its globally circulating material embodiments. By following the changing peritexts of this international bestseller, the article investigates how specific interpretations of the book proliferate. Special focus is placed on the ahistorical construction of Afghan women in the peritexts of the book.

Artikkeli kysyy, miten tutkia tulevaisuutta kulttuurisena ja yhteiskunnallisena ilmiönä myöhäismodernissa ajassa. Kysymykseen vastataan esittelemällä analyyttinen viitekehys, joka käsitteellistää tulevaisuuden kuvittelemisen esittämiseksi, toiminnaksi ja eettiseksi harkinnaksi. Kysymykseen, minkälaista on journalistinen tulevaisuusmielikuvitus, vastataan tarkastelemalla journalismin tietoteoriaa, institutionaalista roolia ja eettistä ideologiaa tulevaisuuden kuvittelemisen näkökulmasta. Kehiteltyä viitekehystä havainnollistetaan tarkastelemalla Helsingin Sanomien vuodelle 2018 nimittämän tulevaisuuskirjeenvaihtajan toimintaa ja kirjeenvaihtajan nimittämistä perustelevaa metapuhetta. Analyysin perusteella tulevaisuuskirjeenvaihtajan tulevaisuustieto perustui valtaosin ajatukselle, jonka mukaan tulevaisuus toteutuu eritahtisesti ja edelläkävijöitä havainnoimalla on mahdollista saada tietoa siitä, mihin maailma on menossa. Koko projektia kehysti myöhäismodernin läpäisevää epävarmuuden tunnetta vastaan asemoitu kehitysoptimismi, jossa journalismin rooliksi tuli vakuutella lukijoille, että asiat ovat itse asiassa hyvin ja yhä paremmiksi muuttumassa. Tulevaisuuskirjeenvaihtaja suhtautui tulevaisuuden ennustamiseen hyvin epäilevästi mutta vakuutteli samalla lukijoille, että menneisyys todistaa tulevaisuuden olevan valoisa. Journalismin asema tulevaisuuden tekijänä tai journalismin vastuu tulevaisuuksista eivät nousseet tulevaisuuskirjeenvaihtajaan liittyvässä journalistisessa metapuheessa pohdinnan kohteiksi.

Selecting an object is a basic interaction task in virtual reality (VR) environments. Interaction techniques with gaze pointing have potential for this elementary task. There appears to be little empirical evidence concerning the benefits and drawbacks of these methods in VR. We ran an experiment studying three interaction techniques: ray casting, dwell time and gaze trigger, where gaze trigger was a combination of gaze pointing and controller selection. We studied user experience and interaction speed in a simple object selection task. The results indicated that ray casting outperforms both gaze-based methods while gaze trigger performs better than dwell time.

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan tv-ammattilaisten ammatillista identiteettiä, kun he osallistavat kansalaisia tuotantoihin. Tapaustutkimusten kohteena on kolme dokumentaarista ilmaisua käyttävää tv-sarjaa ja monimediatuotantoa. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin, mihin tuotantojen alueisiin tv-ammattilaisten mielenkiinto kohdistui ja miten he halusivat rakentaa osallistujakansalaisille toimijan rooleja. Samalla selvitettiin, millaisia esteitä kansalaisten osallistumisella oli ja miten tv-ammattilaiset näihin esteisiin suhtautuivat. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin tv-ammattilaisten etnografisia haastatteluja, joissa heitä aktivoitiin omien työkäytäntöjensä reflektointiin. Tutkimustulosten mukaan tv-ammattilaiset keskittyivät perinteisen ohjelmatyön ytimeen eli audiovisuaalisten lopputuotteiden rakentamiseen. He ammensivat kerronnan ja ilmaisun keinoja käytäntöyhteisöjensä kerrostumista. He ottivat kansalaisia esiintyjiksi tai tekijä-esiintyjiksi, valikoivat näihin rooleihin erilaisia persoonallisuuksia tavoittaakseen erilaisia yleisöjä, ja hioivat heidän yleisökontaktiaan. Tv-ammattilaiset olivat kiinnostuneita osallistujakansalaisten merkityksistä ja ilmaisutavoista, mutta mitä suositummaksi tuotanto tuli, sitä enemmän kansalaisten mukaanpääsyä rajoitettiin. Artikkelissa televisio ymmärretään ominaisuuksiltaan kestäväksi mediaksi, jolla on kyky koota erilaisia kansalaisia moniäänisen dialogin asetelmaan yhteisesti jaettuun julkisuuteen. Siirtyminen yhteisluomiseen edellyttäisi, että koko työprosessia uudistettaisiin ja tv-ammattilaiset kehittäisivät merkitysten tuottamisen toimintatapoja yhdessä osallistujakansalaisten kanssa.

With the proliferation of small-screen computing devices, there has been a continuous trend in reducing the size of interface elements. In virtual keyboards, this allows for more characters in a layout and additional function widgets. However, vision-based interfaces (VBIs) have only been investigated with large (e.g., full-screen) keyboards. To understand how key size reduction affects the accuracy and speed performance of text entry VBIs, we evaluated gaze-controlled VBI (g-VBI) and head-controlled VBI (h-VBI) with unconventionally small (0.4°, 0.6°, 0.8° and 1°) keys. Novices (N = 26) yielded significantly more accurate and fast text production with h-VBI than with g-VBI, while the performance of experts (N = 12) for both VBIs was nearly equal when a 0.8--1° key size was used. We discuss advantages and limitations of the VBIs for typing with ultra-small keyboards and emphasize relevant factors for designing such systems.

To use eye trackers in a school classroom, children need to be able to calibrate their own tracker unsupervised and on repeated occasions. A game designed specifically around the need to maintain their gaze in fixed locations was used to collect calibration and verification data. The data quality obtained was compared with a standard calibration procedure and another game, in two studies carried out in three elementary schools. One studied the effect on data quality over repeated occasions and the other studied the effect of age on data quality. The first showed that accuracy obtained from unsupervised calibration by children was twice as good after six occasions with the game requiring the fixed gaze location compared with the standard calibration, and as good as standard calibration by group of supervised adults. In the second study, age was found to have no effect on performance in the groups of children studied.

Exploratory analysis of gaze data requires methods that make it possible to process large amounts of data while minimizing human labor. The conventional approach in exploring gaze data is to construct heatmap visualizations. While simple and intuitive, conventional heatmaps do not clearly indicate differences between groups of viewers or give estimates for the repeatability (i.e., which parts of the heatmap would look similar if the data were collected again). We discuss difference maps and significance maps that answer to these needs. In addition we describe methods based on automatic clustering that allow us to achieve similar results with cluster observation maps and transition maps. As demonstrated with our example data, these methods are effective in highlighting the strongest differences between groups more effectively than conventional heatmaps.

Artikkelissa tutkitaan, mihin television laatusarjojen saama arvostus perustuu ja miten se tuotetaan. Nojaten kulttuurisen arvon tuotantoa ja kulttuurisia välittäjiä koskevaan teoriaan artikkeli analysoi, kuinka suomalaiset (kulttuuri)toimittajat ottivat vastaan yhdysvaltalaisen Mad Men -televisiosarjan ja tuottivat sille hyväksyntää laatusarjana. Tutkimus tarkastelee journalisteja suunnannäyttäjinä, kulttuurisina välittäjinä, jotka toimivat sekä tuotteiden portinvartijoina ja markkinoijina että niille merkitystä antavina arvottajina. Tutkimus perustuu kahdeksasta sanomalehdestä ja yhdestä aikakauslehdestä jäljitettyyn aineistoon (N = 353), joka sisältää kaikki vuosina 2008–2015 julkaistut artikkelit, joissa Mad Men on vähintään mainittu. Määrällisen ja laadullisen sisällönanalyysin avulla osoitetaan, kuinka journalistit hyödyntävät eri juttutyyppejä sekä erilaisia laadun sisäisiä (esteettisiä) ja ulkoisia (institutionaalisia) osoittimia perustellessaan sarjan merkitystä.

We present Pocket Transfers: interaction techniques that allow users to transfer content from situated displays to a personal mobile device while keeping the device in a pocket or bag. Existing content transfer solutions require direct manipulation of the mobile device, making inter-action slower and less flexible. Our introduced tech-niques employ touch, mid-air gestures, gaze, and a mul-timodal combination of gaze and mid-air gestures. We evaluated the techniques in a novel user study (N=20), where we considered dynamic scenarios where the user approaches the display, completes the task, and leaves. We show that all pocket transfer techniques are fast and seen as highly convenient. Mid-air gestures are the most efficient touchless method for transferring a single item, while the multimodal method is the fastest touchless method when multiple items are transferred. We provide guidelines to help researchers and practitioners choose the most suitable content transfer techniques for their systems.

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan käytäntöjä, jotka tekevät osallistuvasta journalismista mahdollista. Osallistuvalla journalismilla (participatory journalism) tarkoitetaan tässä sellaista yhteistoiminnallista julkaisutoimintaa, joka nojaa oleellisin osin ei-journalisteihin ja jossa nämä osallistujat pääsevät omalla toiminnallaan vaikuttamaan julkaisuprosessin ja sitä kautta julkisuuteen. Tutkimuskohteena on kolme eurooppalaista, hiukan eri tavoin osallistumisen periaatetta soveltavaa julkaisua. Ensimmäinen on suuren avustajaverkoston avulla toimiva, vaihtoehtoinen Voima-lehti Suomesta, toinen on lähiöiden asukkaita osallistava paikallislehti Södra Sidan Ruotsista ja kolmas vapaaehtoisuuteen perustuva monikielinen verkkoaikakauslehti Cafébabel, jolla on keskustoimitus Pariisissa ja vapaaehtoisia kaupunkitiimejä ympäri Eurooppaa. Aineistona artikkelissa käytetään kokonaisuutta, joka koostuu havainnoinnista, valokuvista sekä haastatteluista. Tutkimuksenteoreettinen viitekehys koostuu käytäntöteoriasta ja analyysissä hyödynnetään käytännön käsitettä ja puretaan osallistuminen sen toiminnallisiin, materiaalisiin ja merkityksistä koostuviin osiin. Analyysissä erotellaan aineistosta neljä ankkuroivaa käytäntöä, jotka organisoivat osallistumista kaikissa kolmessa tapauksessa: tunnetyö, liikkuvuus, resurssien hallinta ja laadunvalvonta. Samalla kun ankkurit pitävät yllä osallistuvaa journalismia, ne ovat ristiriitaisia eikä valta jakaudu tasaisesti niiden sisällä.

The aim of our study is to determine the relational communication characteristics of professional-patient communication situations that have either facilitated or impeded patients' self-management. Conducted from the perspective of Finnish patients in the context of type 2 diabetes care, we used as our research methods an open e-survey and semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed using inductive qualitative content analysis. The critical incident technique was utilized throughout in all these methods. The results show that both positive and negative experiences described by patients were connected to four multidimensional relational communication characteristics: (a) building trust in the other party in the professional-patient relationship, (b) willingness to communicate, (c) emotional presence, and (d) appropriateness. Although the findings support the recommendations of earlier studies concerning individually tailored patient-centered care, acknowledging the characteristics in question can be used as a communication frame for constructing significant care relationships from the perspective of patients' self-management.

Artikkeli tarkastelee suomen yleisimpiä infinitiivimuotoja, A-infinitiivin latiivia (pelata) ja MA-infinitiivin illatiivia (pelaamaan), sekä näiden yhteenlankeamisesta syntynyttä infinitiivimuotoa, lyhyttä infinitiiviä (pelaa). Aineistona käytetään Helsingin puhekielen pitkittäiskorpusta, joka sisältää haastatteluja 1970-, 1990- ja 2010-luvuilta. Artikkelin tarkoituksena on selvittää kolmen infinitiivimuodon variaatiota ja muutosta kolmella vuosikymmenellä ja kolmessa ikäryhmässä variaationanalyysin keinoin. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat myös muutoksen etenemisen mallit ja muutoksen taustalla vaikuttavat syyt. Tulokset osoittavat, että Helsingin puhekielen infinitiiveissä tapahtuu kahdenlaista muutosta: ikäsidonnaista ja sukupolvittaista. Lyhyt infinitiivi on erityisesti nuorten puhekielelle tyypillinen piirre, jonka käyttö on sitä vähäisempää, mitä vanhemmista puhujista on kyse. Toisaalta jo aiemmilla kierroksilla haastatellut puhujat ovat säilyttäneet melko hyvin infinitiivivarianttinsa. Näin koko yhteisö muuttuu, kun muutos etenee sukupolvittain. Lyhyt infinitiivi on 2010-luvulla jo kaikkein yleisin infinitiivimuoto. Sitä käytetään sekä A-infinitiivin että MA-infinitiivin tehtävissä. Aiemmin on ounasteltu, että suomessa saattaisi olla meneillään tendenssi kohti yhtä yleisinfinitiiviä esimerkiksi indoeurooppalaisten kielten tapaan. Artikkelissa osoitetaan muutos tähän suuntaan, mutta kyse on kuitenkin osittaisesta produktiivisuudesta: dA-verbit (esim. saada) ja konsonanttivartaloiset verbit (esim. juosta) eivät vielä juuri esiinny lyhyinä infinitiiveinä. Näin lyhyen infinitiivin mahdollinen muutos yhdeksi yleisinfinitiiviksi kahden muun tilalle jää myöhempien tutkimusten arvioitavaksi, vaikka tässä artikkelissa luodaankin jo kattava katsaus infinitiivijärjestelmässä orastaviin muutoksiin. Variation and change in the use of infinitives in Helsinki Finnish The article examines the two most frequent infinitives in Finnish – the lative of the A-infinitive (pelata) and illative of the MA-infinitive (pelaamaan). It also presents a contamination form of the two, termed the ‘shortened infinitive’ (pelaa). All three forms roughly mean ‘to play’. The analysis is based on the longitudinal corpus of the Finnish variety spoken in Helsinki. The corpus contains interviews recorded in the 1970s, 1990s and 2010s. The aim of the article is to examine variation and change in the use of these three different infinitive forms over a period of time in three different age groups. In addition, the article seeks to examine the underlying causes and patterns of such change. The article shows that change in the use of infinitives in Helsinki is both generational and an example of age-grading. The use of the shortened infinitive is typical of the youngest age group, whereas older speakers prefer other infinitive forms. Although there is slight idiolectic change (when focusing on the informants interviewed in the earlier rounds of the project), each subsequent generation uses the shortened infinitive more frequently than the preceding generation. This leads to change within the community over time. The shortened infinitive is the most frequent infinitive form in the 2010s. It is used to represent the functions both of the A-infinitive and the MA-infinitive. Some earlier studies have suggested that there may be a tendency towards using only one infinitive in Finnish, as is the case in many Indo-European languages. This study also indicates that such on-going change may eventually lead Finnish in this direction. However, this is only a case of partial productivity: some verb forms have not yet shortened in Helsinki at all. Thus, it must be left for future studies to evaluate whether the shortened infinitive will ever fully replace the two other infinitives. The article nevertheless presents a thorough overview of the incipient changes in the infinitive system.

Reprinted in Eike Broch & Ana Honnacker (eds.), Das Böse erzählen: Perspektiven aus Philosophie, Film und Literatur, LIT, München, 2017, pp. 147-169.

Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkoituksena oli tutkia, eroaako kaksikielisten tulkkien työmuisti yksikielisten tulkkien työmuistista ja voiko tulkki hyötyä kaksikielisyydestään. Aihe on ajankohtainen ja tärkeä kaksikielisyyden lisääntyessä jatkuvan maahanmuuton myötä. Kielitaidon ja kulttuurin tuntemuksen lisäksi tulkilta edellytetään tarkkaavaisuutta ja hyvää muistia, sillä tiedon käsittely tapahtuu työmuistissa. Käännös- ja tulkkausalalle päätyy yhä enenevässä määrin kaksi- ja monikielisiä ihmisiä ja siksi on tärkeää, että tulkit oppivat parantamaan työmuistiaan kaikin mahdollisin keinoin. Tutkimuksen hypoteesina on, että kaksikielisten tulkkien työmuisti on heikompi verrattuna yksikielisiin tulkkeihin. Tutkimukseen osallistui kuusi ammattitulkkia, joista kaksi puhuvat äidinkielenään venäjää, kaksi suomea ja kaksi ovat kaksikielisiä. Ammattitulkkien ryhmä muodosti tutkimuksen koeryhmän. Lisäksi tutkimukseen osallistui kolme Tampereen yliopiston viestintätieteiden opiskelijaa, jotka muodostivat vertailuryhmän. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin tammi-maaliskuun aikana vuonna 2018. Aineisto koostui kahdesta tutkijoiden kirjoittamasta puheesta ja tutkittavien kirjoittamista teksteistä näiden puheiden pohjalta. Tutkittavien piti ensin kuunnella suomenkielinen puhe, minkä jälkeen he kirjoittivat kaiken muistamansa ylös samalla kielellä ja kokonaisilla lauseilla. Tämän jälkeen he suorittivat samanlaisen kokeen venäjänkielisestä puheesta. Puheiden ja tekstien lisäksi aineistoon kuuluivat haastattelut, jotka suoritettiin jokaiselle tutkittavalle muistikokeiden jälkeen. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin sekä kvantitatiivisia että kvalitatiivisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Tulkkien muistamat sanat ja ilmaisut pisteytettiin, minkä jälkeen tulkkien saamia pisteitä tarkasteltiin taulukoiden ja viivadiagrammien avulla. Lisäksi tulosten tulkinnassa käytettiin apuna litteroituja haastatteluja, joilla pyrittiin selittämään tulkkien mahdollisia unohduksia tai hypoteesista poikkeavia tuloksia. Tutkimuksessa huomio kiinnittyi erityisesti siihen, kuinka hyvin tai huonosti tutkittavat muistivat puheiden alku-, keski- ja loppuosan. Tutkimustulosten perusteella kaksikieliset saivat suomenkielisestä puheesta yksikielisiä suomalaisia pienemmät pisteet. Myös venäjänkielisestä puheesta kaksikieliset suoriutuivat keskiarvoltaan huonommin kuin yksikieliset venäläiset. Tämä tarkoittaa, että hypoteesimme toteutui. Jokaisessa muistikokeessa kaksikieliset kuitenkin suoriutuivat yhtä hyvin tai hieman paremmin kuin yksikieliset, jotka yrittivät muistaa puheen B-työkielellään. Tästä voimme päätellä, että kaksikielisten molemmat kielet ovat B-työkielen tasolla.

Tutkielmani aiheena ovat monikielisen kaunokirjallisen tekstin kokonais- ja paikalliset käännösstrategiat. Kokonaiskäännösstrategioista tarkastelen kääntäjän valintaa käännöksen yksi- ja monikielisyyden välillä sekä vieraannuttavaa ja kotouttavaa käännösstrategiaa. Näiden strategioiden perusteella kääntäjä joko säilyttää tai häivyttää lähdetekstin monikielisyyden. Kokonaiskäännösstrategioiden pohjalta valikoituvat paikalliset käännösstrategiat, joiden avulla kääntäjä ratkaisee, miten kääntää lähdetekstin sisältämät vieraskieliset tekstisekvenssit. Osa näistä käännösstrategioista on yhteisiä kääntäjälle ja monikielisen teoksen kirjoittavalle kirjailijalle. Käsittelemäni paikalliset käännösstrategiat ovat kääntämättä jättäminen, kohdekielelle kääntäminen, tekstinsisäinen kääntäminen, selityksen, kontekstivihjeen tai eksplikoinnin lisääminen, poisto, kompensaatio, peritekstit ja typografiset korostuskeinot. Tutkimusaineistonani ovat Witi Ihimaeran romaani The Whale Rider (1987) ja sen suomennos Valasratsastaja (2004, suom. Mervi Hangasmäki), joiden vieraana kielenä on maorin kieli. Laadullisena tutkimusmenetelmänäni on tekstinvertailu: vertailen maorinkielisen tekstisekvenssin sisältävät lähdetekstin ja suomennoksen tekstiparit keskenään tavoitteenani selvittää, mitä paikallisia käännösstrategioita sekä kirjailija että suomentaja ovat käyttäneet, ja miten suomentajan ratkaisut poikkeavat kirjailijan ratkaisuista. Tarkasteluyksikköinä ovat yksittäin esiintyvät maorinkieliset sanat ja sanaa pidemmät maorinkieliset tekstisekvenssit. Käytettyjen paikallisten käännösstrategioiden perusteella muodostan käsityksen suomentajan kokonaiskäännösstrategiasta vieraskielisten tekstisekvenssien kääntämisessä. Tutkimustulokset paljastavat, että Ihimaera on käyttänyt romaania kirjoittaessaan paljon tekstinsisäistä kääntämistä ja kontekstivihjeitä auttaakseen lukijoitaan ymmärtämään maorinkielisten sanojen ja ilmaisujen merkityksiä. Suomentaja on suomentanut hyvin lähdetekstiuskollisesti, ja suomennos sisältää vain hyvin vähän lähdetekstistä poikkeavia ratkaisuja maorinkielisten sanojen ja tekstisekvenssien käännöksissä. Vähän käytettyjä käännösstrategioita ovat eksplikointi ja selitysten lisääminen. Ainoastaan suomentajan käyttämiä paikallisia käännösstrategioita ovat kääntäminen kohdekielelle, poisto, kompensaatio ja suomennokseen lisätty periteksti eli sanasto.

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kvantitatiivisesti, miten monesta ja mistä aiheista kerrottiin "Unelmien päivä" -kirjoitelmissa.