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3. A fine-tuned vector-parasite dialogue in tsetse's cardia determines peritrophic matrix integrity and trypanosome transmission success.

Author

Vigneron, Aurélien, Aksoy, Emre, Weiss, Brian L, Bing, Xiaoli, Zhao, Xin, Awuoche, Erick O, O'Neill, Michelle B, Wu, Yineng, Attardo, Geoffrey M, and Aksoy, Serap

Subjects
Gastrointestinal Tract, Salivary Glands, Cardia, Animals, Tsetse Flies, Trypanosoma, Trypanosomiasis, Insect Vectors, Virology, Microbiology, Immunology, Medical Microbiology
Abstract

Arthropod vectors have multiple physical and immunological barriers that impede the development and transmission of parasites to new vertebrate hosts. These barriers include the peritrophic matrix (PM), a chitinous barrier that separates the blood bolus from the midgut epithelia and modulates vector-pathogens interactions. In tsetse flies, a sleeve-like PM is continuously produced by the cardia organ located at the fore- and midgut junction. African trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei, must bypass the PM twice; first to colonize the midgut and secondly to reach the salivary glands (SG), to complete their transmission cycle in tsetse. However, not all flies with midgut infections develop mammalian transmissible SG infections-the reasons for which are unclear. Here, we used transcriptomics, microscopy and functional genomics analyses to understand the factors that regulate parasite migration from midgut to SG. In flies with midgut infections only, parasites fail to cross the PM as they are eliminated from the cardia by reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs)-albeit at the expense of collateral cytotoxic damage to the cardia. In flies with midgut and SG infections, expression of genes encoding components of the PM is reduced in the cardia, and structural integrity of the PM barrier is compromised. Under these circumstances trypanosomes traverse through the newly secreted and compromised PM. The process of PM attrition that enables the parasites to re-enter into the midgut lumen is apparently mediated by components of the parasites residing in the cardia. Thus, a fine-tuned dialogue between tsetse and trypanosomes at the cardia determines the outcome of PM integrity and trypanosome transmission success.

Published
2018

5. Molecular characterization of tsetse's proboscis and its response to Trypanosoma congolense infection.

Author

Awuoche, Erick O, Weiss, Brian L, Vigneron, Aurélien, Mireji, Paul O, Aksoy, Emre, Nyambega, Benson, Attardo, Geoffrey M, Wu, Yineng, O'Neill, Michelle, Murilla, Grace, and Aksoy, Serap

Subjects
Animal Structures, Animals, Tsetse Flies, Trypanosoma congolense, Gene Expression Profiling, Sequence Analysis, RNA, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Tropical Medicine, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) transmit parasitic African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.), including Trypanosoma congolense, which causes animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT). AAT detrimentally affects agricultural activities in sub-Saharan Africa and has negative impacts on the livelihood and nutrient availability for the affected communities. After tsetse ingests an infectious blood meal, T. congolense sequentially colonizes the fly's gut and proboscis (PB) organs before being transmitted to new mammalian hosts during subsequent feedings. Despite the importance of PB in blood feeding and disease transmission, little is known about its molecular composition, function and response to trypanosome infection. To bridge this gap, we used RNA-seq analysis to determine its molecular characteristics and responses to trypanosome infection. By comparing the PB transcriptome to whole head and midgut transcriptomes, we identified 668 PB-enriched transcripts that encoded proteins associated with muscle tissue, organ development, chemosensation and chitin-cuticle structure development. Moreover, transcripts encoding putative mechanoreceptors that monitor blood flow during tsetse feeding and interact with trypanosomes were also expressed in the PB. Microscopic analysis of the PB revealed cellular structures associated with muscles and cells. Infection with T. congolense resulted in increased and decreased expression of 38 and 88 transcripts, respectively. Twelve of these differentially expressed transcripts were PB-enriched. Among the transcripts induced upon infection were those encoding putative proteins associated with cell division function(s), suggesting enhanced tissue renewal, while those suppressed were associated with metabolic processes, extracellular matrix and ATP-binding as well as immunity. These results suggest that PB is a muscular organ with chemosensory and mechanosensory capabilities. The mechanoreceptors may be point of PB-trypanosomes interactions. T. congolense infection resulted in reduced metabolic and immune capacity of the PB. The molecular knowledge on the composition and putative functions of PB forms the foundation to identify new targets to disrupt tsetse's ability to feed and parasite transmission.

Published
2017

7. The transposable element-rich genome of the cereal pest Sitophilus oryzae

Author

Parisot, Nicolas, Vargas-Chávez, Carlos, Goubert, Clément, Baa-Puyoulet, Patrice, Balmand, Séverine, Beranger, Louis, Blanc, Caroline, Bonnamour, Aymeric, Boulesteix, Matthieu, Burlet, Nelly, Calevro, Federica, Callaerts, Patrick, Chancy, Théo, Charles, Hubert, Colella, Stefano, Da Silva Barbosa, André, Dell’Aglio, Elisa, Di Genova, Alex, Febvay, Gérard, Gabaldón, Toni, Galvão Ferrarini, Mariana, Gerber, Alexandra, Gillet, Benjamin, Hubley, Robert, Hughes, Sandrine, Jacquin-Joly, Emmanuelle, Maire, Justin, Marcet-Houben, Marina, Masson, Florent, Meslin, Camille, Montagné, Nicolas, Moya, Andrés, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza, Richard, Gautier, Rosen, Jeb, Sagot, Marie-France, Smit, Arian F. A., Storer, Jessica M., Vincent-Monegat, Carole, Vallier, Agnès, Vigneron, Aurélien, Zaidman-Rémy, Anna, Zamoum, Waël, Vieira, Cristina, Rebollo, Rita, Latorre, Amparo, and Heddi, Abdelaziz

Published
2021
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14. List of Contributors

Author

Asgari, Sassan, primary, Barillas-Mury, Carolina V., additional, Barletta, Ana Beatriz F., additional, Blair, Carol D., additional, Caragata, Eric P., additional, Christophides, George K., additional, Costero-Saint Denis, Adriana, additional, Foy, Brian D., additional, Gendrin, Mathilde, additional, Jacobs-Lorena, Marcelo, additional, Leitner, Wolfgang W., additional, Luckhart, Shirley, additional, Meyers, Jacob I., additional, Michel, Kristin, additional, Moreira, Luciano A., additional, Olson, Ken E., additional, Pan, Xiaoling, additional, Pietri, Jose E., additional, Ramirez, Jose L., additional, Rhodes, Victoria L.M., additional, Riehle, Michael A., additional, Rodgers, Faye H., additional, Strand, Michael R., additional, Thiem, Suzanne, additional, Vigneron, Aurélien, additional, Wali, Tonu M., additional, Wang, Sibao, additional, Weiss, Brian L., additional, and Xi, Zhiyong, additional

Published
2017
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17. The genome of the cereal pest Sitophilus oryzae : a transposable element haven

Author

Parisot, Nicolas, Vargas-Chavez, Carlos, Goubert, Clément, Baa-Puyoulet, Patrice, Balmand, Séverine, Beranger, Louis, Blanc, Caroline, Bonnamour, Aymeric, Boulesteix, Matthieu, Burlet, Nelly, Calevro, Federica, Callaerts, Patrick, Chancy, Théo, Charles, Hubert, Colella, Stefano, Da Silva Barbosa, André, Dell’Aglio, Elisa, Di Genova, Alex, Febvay, Gérard, Gabaldon, Toni, Galvão Ferrarini, Mariana, Gerber, Alexandra, Gillet, Benjamin, Hubley, Robert, Hughes, Sandrine, Jacquin-Joly, Emmanuelle, Maire, Justin, Marcet-Houben, Marina, Masson, Florent, Meslin, Camille, Montagne, Nicolas, Moya, Andrés, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza, Richard, Gautier, Rosen, Jeb, Sagot, Marie-France, Smit, Arian F.A., Storer, Jessica, Vincent-Monegat, Carole, Vallier, Agnès, Vigneron, Aurélien, Zaidman-Remy, Anna, Zamoum, Waël, Vieira, Cristina, Rebollo, Rita, Latorre, Amparo, Heddi, Abdelaziz, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre for Genomic Regulation [Barcelona] (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF)-Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico [Barcelona] (CNAG), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
[SDV.GEN.GA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Animal genetics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], food and beverages
Abstract

Among beetles, the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae is one of the most important pests causing extensive damage to cereal in fields and to stored grains. S. oryzae has an intracellular symbiotic relationship (endosymbiosis) with the Gram-negative bacterium Sodalis pierantonius and is a valuable model to decipher host-symbiont molecular interactions. We sequenced the Sitophilus oryzae genome using a combination of short and long reads to produce the best assembly for a Curculionidae species to date. We show that S. oryzae has undergone successive bursts of transposable element (TE) amplification, representing 72% of the genome. In addition, we show that many TE families are transcriptionally active, and changes in their expression are associated with insect endosymbiotic state. S. oryzae has undergone a high gene expansion rate, when compared to other beetles. Reconstruction of host-symbiont metabolic networks revealed that, despite its recent association with cereal weevils (30 Kyear), S. pierantonius relies on the host for several amino acids and nucleotides to survive and to produce vitamins and essential amino-acids required for insect development and cuticle biosynthesis. In addition to being an agricultural pest and a valuable endosymbiotic system, S. oryzae can be a remarkable model for studying TE evolution and regulation, along with the impact of TEs on eukaryotic genomes.

Published
2021

18. Host gene response to endosymbiont and pathogen in the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae

Author

Vigneron Aurélien, Charif Delphine, Vincent-Monégat Carole, Vallier Agnès, Gavory Frédérick, Wincker Patrick, and Heddi Abdelaziz

Subjects
Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Background Insects thriving on nutritionally poor habitats have integrated mutualistic intracellular symbiotic bacteria (endosymbionts) in a bacteria-bearing tissue (the bacteriome) that isolates the endosymbionts and protects them against a host systemic immune response. Whilst the metabolic and physiological features of long-term insect associations have been investigated in detail over the past decades, cellular and immune regulations that determine the host response to endosymbionts and pathogens have attracted interest more recently. Results To investigate bacteriome cellular specificities and weevil immune responses to bacteria, we have constructed and sequenced 7 cDNA libraries from Sitophilus oryzae whole larvae and bacteriomes. Bioinformatic analysis of 26,886 ESTs led to the generation of 8,941 weevil unigenes. Based on in silico analysis and on the examination of genes involved in the cellular pathways of potential interest to intracellular symbiosis (i.e. cell growth and apoptosis, autophagy, immunity), we have selected and analyzed 29 genes using qRT-PCR, taking into consideration bacteriome specificity and symbiosis impact on the host response to pathogens. We show that the bacteriome tissue accumulates transcripts from genes involved in cellular development and survival, such as the apoptotic inhibitors iap2 and iap3, and endosomal fusion and trafficking, such as Rab7, Hrs, and SNARE. As regards our investigation into immunity, we first strengthen the bacteriome immunomodulation previously reported in S. zeamais. We show that the sarcotoxin, the c-type lysozyme, and the wpgrp2 genes are downregulated in the S. oryzae bacteriome, when compared to aposymbiotic insects and insects challenged with E. coli. Secondly, transcript level comparison between symbiotic and aposymbiotic larvae provides evidence that the immune systemic response to pathogens is decreased in symbiotic insects, as shown by the relatively high expression of wpgrp2, wpgrp3, coleoptericin-B, diptericin, and sarcotoxin genes in aposymbiotic insects. Conclusions Library sequencing significantly increased the number of unigenes, allowing for improved functional and genetic investigations in the cereal weevil S. oryzae. Transcriptomic analyses support selective and local immune gene expression in the bacteriome tissue and uncover cellular pathways that are of potential interest to bacteriocyte survival and homeostasis. Bacterial challenge experiments have revealed that the systemic immune response would be less induced in a symbiotic insect, thus highlighting new perspectives on host immunity in long-term invertebrate co-evolutionary associations.

Published
2012
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19. Uncovering Genomic Regions Associated withTrypanosomaInfections in Wild Populations of the Tsetse FlyGlossina fuscipes

Author

Gloria-Soria, Andrea, Dunn, W. Augustine, Yu, Xiaoqing, Vigneron, Aurélien, Lee, Kuang-Yao, Li, Mo, Weiss, Brian L., Zhao, Hongyu, Aksoy, Serap, and Caccone, Adalgisa

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, gene–phenotype association in tsetse flies, Trypanosoma, Candidate gene, Tsetse Flies, population genomics, sleeping sickness, Genome, Insect, Population, Genes, Insect, Genomics, Investigations, QH426-470, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome, Population genomics, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Animals, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, education, Molecular Biology, Genetics (clinical), education.field_of_study, biology, Gene Expression Profiling, Chromosome Mapping, Computational Biology, Genetic Variation, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Tsetse fly, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Transcriptome, Functional genomics
Abstract

Vector-borne diseases are responsible for > 1 million deaths every year but genomic resources for most species responsible for their transmission are limited. This is true for neglected diseases such as sleeping sickness (Human African Trypanosomiasis), a disease caused by Trypanosoma parasites vectored by several species of tseste flies within the genus Glossina. We describe an integrative approach that identifies statistical associations between trypanosome infection status of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff) flies from Uganda, for which functional studies are complicated because the species cannot be easily maintained in laboratory colonies, and ∼73,000 polymorphic sites distributed across the genome. Then, we identify candidate genes involved in Gff trypanosome susceptibility by taking advantage of genomic resources from a closely related species, G. morsitans morsitans (Gmm). We compiled a comprehensive transcript library from 72 published and unpublished RNAseq experiments of trypanosome-infected and uninfected Gmm flies, and improved the current Gmm transcriptome assembly. This new assembly was then used to enhance the functional annotations on the Gff genome. As a consequence, we identified 56 candidate genes in the vicinity of the 18 regions associated with Trypanosoma infection status in Gff. Twenty-nine of these genes were differentially expressed (DE) among parasite-infected and uninfected Gmm, suggesting that their orthologs in Gff may correlate with disease transmission. These genes were involved in DNA regulation, neurophysiological functions, and immune responses. We highlight the power of integrating population and functional genomics from related species to enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of physiological traits, particularly in nonmodel organisms.

Published
2018
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20. The genome of the cereal pest Sitophilus oryzae: a transposable element haven

Author

Parisot, Nicolas, primary, Vargas-Chavez, Carlos, additional, Goubert, Clément, additional, Baa-Puyoulet, Patrice, additional, Balmand, Séverine, additional, Beranger, Louis, additional, Blanc, Caroline, additional, Bonnamour, Aymeric, additional, Boulesteix, Matthieu, additional, Burlet, Nelly, additional, Calevro, Federica, additional, Callaerts, Patrick, additional, Chancy, Théo, additional, Charles, Hubert, additional, Colella, Stefano, additional, Da Silva Barbosa, André, additional, Dell’Aglio, Elisa, additional, Di Genova, Alex, additional, Febvay, Gérard, additional, Gabaldon, Toni, additional, Galvão Ferrarini, Mariana, additional, Gerber, Alexandra, additional, Gillet, Benjamin, additional, Hubley, Robert, additional, Hughes, Sandrine, additional, Jacquin-Joly, Emmanuelle, additional, Maire, Justin, additional, Marcet-Houben, Marina, additional, Masson, Florent, additional, Meslin, Camille, additional, Montagne, Nicolas, additional, Moya, Andrés, additional, Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza, additional, Richard, Gautier, additional, Rosen, Jeb, additional, Sagot, Marie-France, additional, Smit, Arian F.A., additional, Storer, Jessica M., additional, Vincent-Monegat, Carole, additional, Vallier, Agnès, additional, Vigneron, Aurélien, additional, Zaidman-Remy, Anna, additional, Zamoum, Waël, additional, Vieira, Cristina, additional, Rebollo, Rita, additional, Latorre, Amparo, additional, and Heddi, Abdelaziz, additional

Published
2021
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21. Colonization of the tsetse fly midgut with commensal Kosakonia cowanii Zambiae inhibits trypanosome infection establishment

Author

Weiss, Brian L., Maltz, Michele A., Vigneron, Aurélien, Wu, Yineng, Walter, Katharine S., O’Neill, Michelle B., Wang, Jingwen, and Aksoy, Serap

Subjects
Male, Bacterial Diseases, Serratia, Trypanosoma congolense, Physiology, Disease Vectors, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medicine and Health Sciences, Biology (General), Protozoans, Eukaryota, Body Fluids, Bacterial Pathogens, Blood, Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology, Female, Anatomy, Pathogens, Research Article, Adult, Trypanosoma, Tsetse Flies, QH301-705.5, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Mosquito Vectors, Microbiology, Serratia Infections, Enterobacteriaceae, Anopheles, parasitic diseases, Parasitic Diseases, Trypanosoma Brucei, Animals, Humans, Symbiosis, Microbial Pathogens, Africa South of the Sahara, Bacteria, fungi, Organisms, Correction, Biology and Life Sciences, Serratia Marcescens, RC581-607, Parasitic Protozoans, Insect Vectors, Species Interactions, Trypanosomiasis, African, Immunologic diseases. Allergy
Abstract

Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) vector pathogenic trypanosomes (Trypanosoma spp.) in sub-Saharan Africa. These parasites cause human and animal African trypanosomiases, which are debilitating diseases that inflict an enormous socio-economic burden on inhabitants of endemic regions. Current disease control strategies rely primarily on treating infected animals and reducing tsetse population densities. However, relevant programs are costly, labor intensive and difficult to sustain. As such, novel strategies aimed at reducing tsetse vector competence require development. Herein we investigated whether Kosakonia cowanii Zambiae (Kco_Z), which confers Anopheles gambiae with resistance to Plasmodium, is able to colonize tsetse and induce a trypanosome refractory phenotype in the fly. Kco_Z established stable infections in tsetse’s gut and exhibited no adverse effect on the fly’s survival. Flies with established Kco_Z infections in their gut were significantly more refractory to infection with two distinct trypanosome species (T. congolense, 6% infection; T. brucei, 32% infection) than were age-matched flies that did not house the exogenous bacterium (T. congolense, 36% infected; T. brucei, 70% infected). Additionally, 52% of Kco_Z colonized tsetse survived infection with entomopathogenic Serratia marcescens, compared with only 9% of their wild-type counterparts. These parasite and pathogen refractory phenotypes result from the fact that Kco_Z acidifies tsetse’s midgut environment, which inhibits trypanosome and Serratia growth and thus infection establishment. Finally, we determined that Kco_Z infection does not impact the fecundity of male or female tsetse, nor the ability of male flies to compete with their wild-type counterparts for mates. We propose that Kco_Z could be used as one component of an integrated strategy aimed at reducing the ability of tsetse to transmit pathogenic trypanosomes., Author summary Tsetse flies transmit pathogenic African trypanosomes, which are the causative agents of socio-economically devastating human and animal African trypanosomiases. These diseases are currently controlled in large part by reducing the population size of tsetse vectors through the use of insecticides, traps and sterile insect technique. However, logistic and monetary hurdles often preclude the prolonged application of procedures necessary to maintain these control programs. Thus, novel strategies, including those aimed at sustainably reducing the ability of tsetse to transmit trypanosomes, are presently under development. Herein we stably colonize tsetse flies with a bacterium (Kosakonia cowanii Zambiae, Kco_Z) that acidifies their midgut, thus rendering the environment inhospitable to infection with two distinct, epidemiologically important trypanosome strains as well as an entomopathogenic bacteria. In addition to inducing a trypanosome refractory phenotype, colonization of tsetse with Kco_Z exerts only a modest fitness cost on the fly. Taken together, these findings suggest that Kco_Z could be applied to enhance the effectiveness of currently employed tsetse control programs.

Published
2019

24. Spatio-temporal distribution of Spiroplasma infections in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in northern Uganda

Author

Schneider, Daniela I., primary, Saarman, Norah, additional, Onyango, Maria G., additional, Hyseni, Chaz, additional, Opiro, Robert, additional, Echodu, Richard, additional, O’Neill, Michelle, additional, Bloch, Danielle, additional, Vigneron, Aurélien, additional, Johnson, T. J., additional, Dion, Kirstin, additional, Weiss, Brian L., additional, Opiyo, Elizabeth, additional, Caccone, Adalgisa, additional, and Aksoy, Serap, additional

Published
2019
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27. The Glossina Genome Cluster: Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Vectors of African Trypanosomes

Author

Attardo, Geoffrey Michael, Attardo, Geoffrey Michael, Abd-Alla, Adly MM, Acosta-Serrano, Alvaro, Allen, James, Bateta, Rosemary, Benoit, Joshua, Bourtzis, Kostas, Caers, Jelle, Caljon, Guy, Christensen, Mikkel, Farrow, David, Friedrich, Markus, Hua-Van, Aurélie, Jennings, Emily, Larkin, Denis, Lawson, Daniel, Lehane, Michael, Lenis, Vasileios, Lowy-Gallego, Ernesto, Macharia, Rosaline, Malacrida, Anna, Marco, Heather, Masiga, Daniel, Maslen, Gareth, Matetovici, Irina, Meisel, Richard, Meki, Irene, Michalkova, Veronika, Miller, Wolfgang, Minx, Patrick, Mireji, Paul, Ometto, Lino, Parker, Andrew, Rio, Rita, Rose, Clair, Rosendale, Andrew, Rota Stabelli, Omar, Savini, Grazia, Schoofs, Liliane, Scolari, Francesca, Swain, Martin, Takáč, Peter, Tomlinson, Chad, Tsiamis, George, Van Den Abbeele, Jan, Vigneron, Aurélien, Wang, Jingwen, Warren, Wesley, Waterhouse, Robert, Weirauch, Matthew, Weiss, Brian, Wilson, Richard, Zhao, Xin, Aksoy, Serap, Attardo, Geoffrey Michael, Attardo, Geoffrey Michael, Abd-Alla, Adly MM, Acosta-Serrano, Alvaro, Allen, James, Bateta, Rosemary, Benoit, Joshua, Bourtzis, Kostas, Caers, Jelle, Caljon, Guy, Christensen, Mikkel, Farrow, David, Friedrich, Markus, Hua-Van, Aurélie, Jennings, Emily, Larkin, Denis, Lawson, Daniel, Lehane, Michael, Lenis, Vasileios, Lowy-Gallego, Ernesto, Macharia, Rosaline, Malacrida, Anna, Marco, Heather, Masiga, Daniel, Maslen, Gareth, Matetovici, Irina, Meisel, Richard, Meki, Irene, Michalkova, Veronika, Miller, Wolfgang, Minx, Patrick, Mireji, Paul, Ometto, Lino, Parker, Andrew, Rio, Rita, Rose, Clair, Rosendale, Andrew, Rota Stabelli, Omar, Savini, Grazia, Schoofs, Liliane, Scolari, Francesca, Swain, Martin, Takáč, Peter, Tomlinson, Chad, Tsiamis, George, Van Den Abbeele, Jan, Vigneron, Aurélien, Wang, Jingwen, Warren, Wesley, Waterhouse, Robert, Weirauch, Matthew, Weiss, Brian, Wilson, Richard, Zhao, Xin, and Aksoy, Serap

Abstract

Background: Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are the sole vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse are distinguished from other Diptera by unique adaptations, including lactation and the birthing of live young (obligate viviparity), a vertebrate blood specific diet by both sexes and obligate bacterial symbiosis. This work describes comparative analysis of six Glossina genomes representing three sub-genera: Morsitans (G. morsitans morsitans (G.m. morsitans), G. pallidipes, G. austeni), Palpalis (G. palpalis, G. fuscipes) and Fusca (G. brevipalpis) which represent different habitats, host preferences and vectorial capacity. Results: Genomic analyses validate established evolutionary relationships and sub-genera. Syntenic analysis of Glossina relative to Drosophila melanogaster shows reduced structural conservation across the sex-linked X chromosome. Sex linked scaffolds show increased rates of female specific gene expression and lower evolutionary rates relative to autosome associated genes. Tsetse specific genes are enriched in protease, odorant binding and helicase activities. Lactation associated genes are conserved across all Glossina species while male seminal proteins are rapidly evolving. Olfactory and gustatory genes are reduced across the genus relative to other characterized insects. Vision associated Rhodopsin genes show conservation of motion detection/tracking functions and significant variance in the Rhodopsin detecting colors in the blue wavelength ranges. Conclusions: Expanded genomic discoveries reveal the genetics underlying Glossina biology and provide a rich body of knowledge for basic science and disease control. They also provide insight into the evolutionary biology underlying novel adaptations and are relevant to applied aspects of vector control such as trap design and discovery of novel pest and disease control strategies.

Published
2019

29. Evaluating the essentiality of the primary endosymbiont of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae through genome analysis

Author

Vargas-Chavez, Carlos, Parisot, Nicolas, Goubert, C., Baa-Puyoulet, Patrice, Balmand, Severine, Boulesteix, M., Burlet, Nelly, Callaerts, Patrick, Charles, Hubert, Colella, Stefano, Febvay, Gérard, Gabaldon, Toni, Jacquin-Joly, Emmanuelle, Loska, Damian, Maire, Justin, MASSON, Florent, Meslin, Camille, montagné, N, Moya, Andres, Vincent-Monégat, Carole, Rebollo, Rita, Vallier, Agnès, Vigneron, Aurélien, Zaidman-Rémy, A., Calevro, Federica, Vieira, Cristina, Latorre, Amparo, Heddi, Abdelaziz, Charles, Hubert, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Eléments transposables, évolution, populations, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Laboratoire des symbioses tropicales et méditerranéennes (UMR LSTM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Unité de recherche Productions végétales (CRAG ANT PROD V), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputacion (BSC - CNS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Department ofComputationaland Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Universitat de València (UV), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest])-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
[SDV.BIBS] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], fungi, bacteria, food and beverages, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Sitophilus oryzae L, symbiosis
Abstract

International audience; The rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae is a pest insect responsible for great economic losses to the agriculture, particularly in developing countries where the damage can exceed 40% of the cereal production. This pest harbors an endosymbiont, “Candidatus Sodalis pierantonius” (cited Sodalis hereafter) that improves its fitness and invasive power. It has been demonstrated that Sodalis recently replaced the ancestral endosymbiont “Candidatus Nardonella” (cited Nardonella hereafter), which is still conserved in other members of the Dryophthoridae family. This recent acquisition raises several challenges for the host, given that the genome of Sodalis has not experienced a drastic genome size shrinkage when compared to other old-lasting insect’s endosymbionts. While the genomes of Sodalis and several strains of Nardonella are available, the insect’s genome is still needed to perform a full study of the system. To this end, we have sequenced and assembled the full genome of the weevil S. oryzae using a combination of Next Generation Sequencing data. Additionally, we have compared this genome with other available insect genomes. We found that the genome of S. oryzae encodes immune elements similar to those of other holometabolous insects, including those living without endosymbionts. Remarkably, an impressive amount of repeated elements was identified, similar to what was previously described in the Sodalis endosymbiont, suggesting the occurrence of gene rearrangement processes at this early phase of symbiogenesis. We concluded that while Sodalis is completely dependent on its host, the insect can survive without its endosymbiont.

Published
2018

30. The Glossina Genome Cluster: Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Vectors of African Trypanosomes

Author

Attardo, Geoffrey Michael, primary, Abd-Alla, Adly M.M., additional, Acosta-Serrano, Alvaro, additional, Allen, James E, additional, Bateta, Rosemary, additional, Benoit, Joshua, additional, Bourtzis, Kostas, additional, Caers, Jelle, additional, Caljon, Guy, additional, Christensen, Mikkel B., additional, Farrow, David W., additional, Friedrich, Markus, additional, Hua-Van, Aurélie, additional, Jennings, Emily C., additional, Larkin, Denis M, additional, Lawson, Daniel, additional, Lehane, Michael J., additional, Lenis, Vasileios P., additional, Lowy-Gallego, Ernesto, additional, Macharia, Rosaline W., additional, Malacrida, Anna R., additional, Marco, Heather G., additional, Masiga, Daniel, additional, Maslen, Gareth L., additional, Matetovici, Irina, additional, Meisel, Richard P., additional, Meki, Irene, additional, Michalkova, Veronika, additional, Miller, Wolfgang J., additional, Minx, Patrick, additional, Mireji, Paul O., additional, Ometto, Lino, additional, Parker, Andrew G., additional, Rio, Rita, additional, Rose, Clair, additional, Rosendale, Andrew J., additional, Rota Stabelli, Omar, additional, Savini, Grazia, additional, Schoofs, Liliane, additional, Scolari, Francesca, additional, Swain, Martin T., additional, Takáč, Peter, additional, Tomlinson, Chad, additional, Tsiamis, George, additional, Van Den Abbeele, Jan, additional, Vigneron, Aurélien, additional, Wang, Jingwen, additional, Warren, Wesley C., additional, Waterhouse, Robert M., additional, Weirauch, Matthew T., additional, Weiss, Brian L., additional, Wilson, Richard K., additional, Zhao, Xin, additional, and Aksoy, Serap, additional

Published
2019
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36. Bacteriome local immune response protects endosymbionts against pathogens in insect symbiosis

Author

Vincent-Monégat, Carole, MASSON, Florent, Vallier, Agnès, Balmand, Séverine, Vigneron, Aurélien, Zaidman-Remy, Anna, Heddi, Abdelaziz, ProdInra, Migration, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Dijon, FRA. Université de Bourgogne (UB).

Subjects
[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
2014

37. Régulation immunitaire et contrôle des bactéries endosymbiotiques du charançon Sitophilus

Author

Vigneron, Aurélien, Login, Frédéric, Balmand, Séverine, Vallier, Agnès, Vincent-Monégat, Carole, Heddi, Abdelaziz, ProdInra, Migration, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD). UMR5244 Laboratoire Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions, Perpignan, FRA. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).

Subjects
[SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

National audience

Published
2012

38. The French touch in entomological biology : synthesis of the '16th Colloque Biologie de l'Insecte'

Author

Chardonnet, Floriane, Delava, Emilie, Foray, Vincent, Cécilia, Multeau, Vigneron, Aurélien, Mondy, Nathalie, Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation (LEGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biotop, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Écophysiologie, Comportement, Conservation, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Université de Lyon (COMUE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Équipe 4 - Écophysiologie, Comportement, Conservation (E2C)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], VIRUS, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; The present paper represents a synthesis of communications collected in the “16e Colloque Biologie de l’Insecte” which gathered about 160 researchers from France and other European countries at Lyon in October 2010 (on-line reports of the symposium http://www.insavalor.fr/CBI2010). Because insects are some of the most familiar organisms of global ecosystems and because of their diversity, they are suitable models to investigate a broad spectrum of questions, in genetics and ecology as well as on populations and physiological responses to environmental changes. Molecular ecology approaches, spurred on by the recent advances in genomics, were omnipresent during this congress and revealed their relevance for the study of specifi c proximal mechanisms. As a consequence, most of presentations were focused on functional and mechanistic biology rather than conceptual approaches, following several of the recent trends outlined below.

Published
2011

40. Weevil endosymbiont dynamics is associated with a clamping of immunity

Author

Masson, Florent, primary, Moné, Yves, additional, Vigneron, Aurélien, additional, Vallier, Agnès, additional, Parisot, Nicolas, additional, Vincent-Monégat, Carole, additional, Balmand, Séverine, additional, Carpentier, Marie-Christine, additional, Zaidman-Rémy, Anna, additional, and Heddi, Abdelaziz, additional

Published
2015
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41. Molecular and immune particularities of the weevil's bacteriome

Author

Vigneron, Aurélien, Heddi, Abdelaziz, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Laboratoire Bf2i, Insa

Subjects
[SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Published
2009

42. COST Action FA0701: Arthropod symbioses: from fundamental studies to pest and disease management - Immunity and Symbiosis Workshop

Author

Vigneron, Aurélien, Vincent-Monégat, Carole, Vallier, Agnès, Anselme, C., Balmand, Séverine, Perrin, J., Fauvarque, M.O., Heddi, Abdelaziz, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation (LEGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Laboratoire Bf2i, Insa

Subjects
[SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Published
2009

43. Particularités moléculaires du bactériome de Sitophilus

Author

Vigneron, Aurélien, Heddi, Abdelaziz, Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions (BF2I), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Laboratoire Bf2i, Insa

Subjects
[SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis
Published
2009

46. Spatio-temporal distribution of Spiroplasma infections in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in northern Uganda

Author

Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, Aksoy, Serap, Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, and Aksoy, Serap

47. Spatio-temporal distribution of Spiroplasma infections in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in northern Uganda

Author

Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, Aksoy, Serap, Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, and Aksoy, Serap

48. Spatio-temporal distribution of Spiroplasma infections in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in northern Uganda

Author

Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, Aksoy, Serap, Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, and Aksoy, Serap

49. Spatio-temporal distribution of Spiroplasma infections in the tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in northern Uganda

Author

Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, Aksoy, Serap, Schneider, Daniela I., Saarman, Norah, Onyango, Maria G., Hyseni, Chaz, Opiro, Robert, Echodu, Richard, O'Neill, Michelle, Bloch, Danielle, Vigneron, Aurélien, Johnson, T. J., Dion, Kirstin, Weiss, Brian L., Opiyo, Elizabeth, Caccone, Adalgisa, and Aksoy, Serap

50. Expression profiling of <italic>Trypanosoma congolense</italic> genes during development in the tsetse fly vector <italic>Glossina morsitans morsitans</italic>.

Author

Awuoche, Erick O., Weiss, Brian L., Mireji, Paul O., Vigneron, Aurélien, Nyambega, Benson, Murilla, Grace, and Aksoy, Serap

Subjects
PROTEIN genetics, TRYPANOSOMA brucei, TSETSE-flies, GENE expression, PARASITES
Abstract

Background: The tsetse transmitted parasitic flagellate Trypanosoma congolense causes animal African trypanosomosis (AAT) across sub-Saharan Africa. AAT negatively impacts agricultural, economic, nutritional and subsequently, health status of the affected populace. The molecular mechanisms that underlie T. congolense's developmental program within tsetse are largely unknown due to considerable challenges with obtaining sufficient parasite cells to perform molecular studies. Methods: In this study, we used RNA-seq to profile T. congolense gene expression during development in two distinct tsetse tissues, the cardia and proboscis. Indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) and confocal laser scanning microscope was used to localize the expression of a putative protein encoded by the hypothetical protein (TcIL3000_0_02370). Results: Consistent with current knowledge, genes coding several variant surface glycoproteins (including metacyclic specific VSGs), and the surface coat protein, congolense epimastigote specific protein, were upregulated in parasites in the proboscis (PB-parasites). Additionally, our results indicate that parasites in tsetse's cardia (C-parasites) and PB employ oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism for energy. Several genes upregulated in C-parasites encoded receptor-type adenylate cyclases, surface carboxylate transporter family proteins (or PADs), transport proteins, RNA-binding proteins and procyclin isoforms. Gene ontology analysis of products of genes upregulated in C-parasites showed enrichment of terms broadly associated with nucleotides, microtubules, cell membrane and its components, cell signaling, quorum sensing and several transport activities, suggesting that the parasites colonizing the cardia may monitor their environment and regulate their density and movement in this tissue. Additionally, cell surface protein (CSP) encoding genes associated with the Fam50 'GARP', 'iii' and 'i' subfamilies were also significantly upregulated in C-parasites, suggesting that they are important for the long non-dividing trypomastigotes to colonize tsetse's cardia. The putative products of genes that were upregulated in PB-parasites were linked to nucleosomes, cytoplasm and membrane-bound organelles, which suggest that parasites in this niche undergo cell division in line with prior findings. Most of the CSPs upregulated in PB-parasites were hypothetical, thus requiring further functional characterization. Expression of one such hypothetical protein (TcIL3000_0_02370) was analyzed using immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy, which together revealed preferential expression of this protein on the entire surface coat of T. congolense parasite stages that colonize G. m. morsitans' proboscis. Conclusion: Collectively, our results provide insight into T. congolense gene expression profiles in distinct niches within the tsetse vector. Our results show that the hypothetical protein TcIL3000_0_02370, is expressed on the entire surface of the trypanosomes inhabiting tsetse's proboscis. We discuss our results in terms of their relevance to disease transmission processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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