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Introduction: Though online teaching-learning methodology is not a new way of transferring knowledge and skill, however pandemic of COVID-19 has made it more relevant to all fields. Medical education is majorly dependent on patients and related resources. However, the current pandemic has pushed the medical fraternity to use online methods. Understanding the perception of end-users (medical students) may help get the best out of this methodology. Hence, we planned this study to know medical students' perception of the online teaching-learning methodology. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was executed among the undergraduate medical students, from the first year to final year, of Bhagat Phool Singh, Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat of Haryana state, India. The data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire sent to all students as a link to Google form. The study sample was selected through stratified random sampling. We assumed every batch of students as a stratum and randomly selected 25 students from each batch; hence, data analysis from 100 students was conducted. Results: Most participants found the online teaching-learning methodology comfortable, time and money-saving. However, almost all of them refuted online methods for clinical or bedside teaching. Family distractions, internet connectivity, physical discomfort, isolated feeling, and poor interaction among peers were reported as barriers to online methods. Conclusions:Selective use of online teaching-learning methodology with inbuilt peer interaction has enormous potential in medical education.

The Z-test is a hypothesis testing tool that can be used to detect whether a mean result for large population is statistically significant the population is normal distribution. It is a statistic based approach which is used to identify whether we canapproximated the given distribution by a distribution which isnormal. It is used to identify whether means of twosamples are approximately the identical or different. It is useful when the size of the sample is large (should be >= 30).In this paper we apply Z- test on large covid-19 infected population for Indore city. From the large population covid-19 infected population it is difficult to check and identify that how many male and how many female persons are infected. Large numbers of tests are conducted for suspected male and female person for covid-19. There are so many statistical tools are available to analysis the data set but it is difficult to select tool. Using Z test we want check that Male persons did slightly more infected than female Persons with Covid-19. We calculate test statistics and values of Z and compare it with standard normal distribution for Z value. We used random sample size for both male and female persons.

Multicollinearity appears when there are more than two independent variables are very much associated with each other in a regression model. It is big problem for analysis data and developing a regression model because due to this problem we cannot identify individual effects of each independent variable on the dependent variable. This paper we used a real-life data set form DNS hospital Indore to analysis this problem. We calculate correlation matrix for given data set, this matrix shows correlation between the feature present in the data set. We used VIF (Variable Inflation Factors) to identify the amount and strength of the correlation for each attribute especially between independent features. We used R language for implementation after implementation we found value of correlation which is very high between Weight, BSA and BP. We also check the value of VIF for all found that the independent attribute BSA is highly correlated with BP and weight. We create a LM model and find the value VIF is also not clearly shown the effect of each independent features. The purpose of this work is not only found problem but also provides the way, which attribute we need remove. We remove the attribute BSA and check the VIF value which clearly indicate that due to BSA other features are not show their effect for prediction. We have created a modal with real life data set which is free from problem of Multicollinearity.

To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile and circulating strains of rotavirus among children less than 5 y of age hospitalized for diarrhea in a tertiary care center of western Rajasthan. Children

In this paper we discuss the role of anharmonicity of lattice waves in electronic specific heat of metals and insulators at very low temperatures. Previous researchers have revealed the anharmonicity of the lattice waves to cause deviation in specific heat from Debye T3law. Different researchers have given different concepts of anharmonicity in electronic specific heat of metals at very low temperatures. The energy spectrum of phonons can not be fully described by the Debye law. On the whole all reports dilute the contention of the electronic contribution to be responsible for linear temperature dependent component of specific heat of metals at very low temperatures. For anharmonicity of lattice waves this contribution must be expected for metals and insulators also.

The relative metallic character of noble metals, Cu, Ag & Au has been suggested by their physical and chemical properties. Their position in the metallic series is in the neighborhood of that of Li, Mg and Zn. These Metals are inferior of Li, Mg, Zn, Fe, Co and Ni in metallic character. Li, Mg, Zn, Fe, Co and Ni are inferior to Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Ba and Sr. The noble metals have simple metallic character in physical properties at normal temperatures.

This research examines a torquer system for satellite attitude control which requires low energy, or average power, to control its moment. The magnetic torquer consists of an LR component, source and switching pulse. A mathematical model and design equations are presented for the magnetic torquer. A technique of using torquer system to do 3-axis spacecraft attitude control has been presented. The main goal of this system is to attain specific current control in the torquer system by means of CCII action. CCII is used since the full operation is performed in high frequency system. The closed loop control action of the controller, the triangular wave generator, CCII and torquer system are specific parameters used in this research. This scheme’s performance has been considered via analysis and simulation model. The resulting closed-loop systems are robust with respect to parametric modeling ambiguity. The result attained by OrCAD PSPICE, belonging to Cadence design systems with respect to desired amount of current value proves the efficiency of the proposed research method.

Fish blood is being used for assessing the health of the fish to changing environmental conditions due to heavy metals which are regularly released by anthropogenic activities. This study assesses the effects of lead (Pb) on the Differential Leucocyte Counts (DLC) of fresh water teleost Heteropneustes fossilis. The acclimatized fish were exposed to different concentrations of lead [2.25ppm (Group B), 2.65ppm (Group C), and 2.85ppm (Group D)] and the values were compared with the control (Group A). The time interval of examination was 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post exposure. DLC showed changes in small lymphocytes resulting in the fall of 41% to 31% at 2.65 ppm of Pb during 28 days of exposure period. The large lymphocyte counts also decreased of 39% to 27% at maximum concentration and maximum exposure period (2.85 ppm Pb; 28 days). The neutrophils increased (14%) to maximum (26%) at 2.65 ppm of Pb during 28 days exposure period. The monocyte counts increased 3% to 7% during 7 and 28 days exposure period at 2.65 ppm of Pb. The counts of eosinophils increased against the toxicity of lead from 2% to 6% at maximum concentration (2.85 ppm) during 14 and 28 days exposure period. Basophils increased (1%) to 3% at 2.65 ppm of Pb at 28 days exposure period. Our studies indicated that exposure to lead results in altered leucocyte counts.

This article presents a second generation current conveyor (CCII) based PID controller that has been optimally designed using a crossover improved genetic algorithm (CIGA). PID controller is widely adopted in practical industrial applications and the current conveyors are being favored because of their enhanced characteristics. Thus, designing a PID controller using the current conveyors would augment its performance. Another unique aspect of the reported research work is the utilization of a crossover improved genetic algorithm for finding the controller’s transfer function. The controller has been optimally designed taking into consideration the unit step response characteristics. Subsequently, AD844 IC was used for practical implementation of the controller and the experimental observations are reported, which are found to be in good agreement with simulation as well as theoretical results.

Terahertz metamaterial absorbers are the latest developments that have tremendous applications in terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging. Especially, the research progressed in the direction of designing multiband absorbers. In this work, a polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber capable of offering absorption in eight bands is proposed. The unit cell of the absorber consists of two orthogonal elliptical ring resonators (ERRs) that are optimally designed to offer maximum absorption in eight bands. The absorption percentage provided by the structure are 89.46% at 0.63 THz, 99.22% at 1.55 THz, 78.02% at 1.89 THz, 99.27% at 2.33 THz, 99.67% at 2.65 THz, 98.67% at 2.91 THz, 99.64% at 3.22 THz, and 88.02% at 3.42 THz. The absorption characteristics were independent of the polarization angle and thus, the structure is insensitive to variations in polarization angle. This is the first work that reports the design of an octaband terahertz absorber and can find significant use in practical devices.

This paper presents an optimized algorithm for event-triggered control (ETC) of networked control systems (NCS). Initially, the traditional backstepping controller is designed for a generalized nonlinear plant in strict-feedback form that is subsequently extended to the ETC. In the NCS, the controller and the plant communicate with each other using a communication network. In order to minimize the bandwidth required, the number of samples to be sent over the communication channel should be reduced. This can be achieved using the non-uniform sampling of data. However, the implementation of non-uniform sampling without a proper event triggering rule might lead the closed-loop system towards instability. Therefore, an optimized event triggering algorithm has been designed such that the system states are always forced to remain in stable trajectory. Additionally, the effect of ETC on the stability of backstepping control has been analyzed using the Lyapunov stability theory. Two case studies on an inverted pendulum system and single-link robot system have been carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ETC in terms of system states, control effort and inter-event execution time.

In this article a new active control driver circuit is designed using the second-generation current conveyor for the satellite’s torquer system. The torquer plays an important role in the attitude control of the satellite. Based on the magneto-meter data, the satellite’s microprocessor calculates the required current for the torque and sends a reference command. A close loop control system is designed, which generates the desired output current. The parameters of the controller are optimized using a variant of the well-known evolutionary algorithm, the genetic algorithm (GA). This variant is known as the segmented GA. The controller is experimentally implemented using the commercially available integrated circuit, the AD844. The error between the experimental and simulation results has RMS values in range of 0.01–0.16 A for the output current and 0.41–0.6 V for the output voltage. It has mean value of 0.01 A for the output current and has mean values in the range of 0.33–0.48 V for the output voltage. It has standard deviation of 0.01 A for the output current and standard deviations in the range of 0.24–0.35 V for the output voltage. Thus, there is a close match between the simulation and experimental results, validating the design approach. These designs have many practical applications, particularly for nanosatellites powered by photovoltaic panels.

To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile and circulating strains of rotavirus among children less than 5 y of age hospitalized for diarrhea in a tertiary care center of western Rajasthan.Children 5 y of age admitted for acute gastroenteritis were recruited in this hospital-based surveillance study. Detailed clinical history and sociodemographic information was collected for all enrolled children. Severity of the gastroenteritis was assessed using the 20-point Vesikari Clinical Severity Scoring System. Rotavirus positivity was tested in the stool samples collected from children by commercially available techniques and further molecular characterization done as per defined protocol.Out of 1055 enrolled children, overall positivity rate of typable rotavirus was 18.95% (169/892). Among children who were less than 24 mo of age, positivity due to rotavirus diarrhea was maximum (24.4%). Distinct seasonality was observed as maximum cases of rotavirus diarrhea were detected in the months of December to February. Commonest G type was G3 (54%) followed by G1 (19%) while predominant P type was P[8] (77%) followed by P[4] (11%). G3P[8] (51.83%) was the commonest genotype observed in the study region.The current study found positivity of rotavirus to be 18.95% among children aged 0-59 mo admitted due to acute gastroenteritis is a tertiary care setting in northern part of India. Emergence of newer predominant strains emphasizes the need of continued surveillance to determine the changing trends.

Machine learning (ML) based prediction models proved to be fast, accurate, and free from human errors with capabilities to address pressing problems in healthcare. Being progressive in nature, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) patients require frequent hospital readmission. Frequent hospital readmission, may be preventable, is a patient-centric approach which result in expensive health services and poor utilization of overly-burdened medical resources in recent times. In this research study, we envisaged a ML-based model to predict hospital readmission in 30-day by analyzing daily physical activity (PA) data with an accelerometer-based wrist-worn device. Prediction models based on logistic regression, lasso regularization, and MLP deep neural network have been used for training and testing PA data. For analysis, 70% of PA data used for training and 30% for testing and predicting readmission. Readmission predicted with sensitivity 0.88, positive predictive value 0.75, false positive 0.25 and area under ROC curve 0.50. The novelty our approach is to predict hospital readmission by monitoring health condition with accelerometer-based wrist-worn device which generate PA data electronic in nature, can be readily employed with various e-healthcare services. Therefore, we propose to develop a cloud-based system, coordinated & aligned with local-health services and e-healthcare, to provide better patient care system and alarming notifications; and to reduce preventable hospital readmission to cut medical expenses and conserve medical resources for better patient care and readily available medical services for all.

The emerging current mode devices are being familiar because of their absolute linearity and larger constant bandwidth as compared to the presently available voltage mode devices. This paper emphasizes the designing of a two-stage differential amplifier of which the high gain stage constitutes a current mirror converting the differential current wisely to an output current which is single ended. The advantage of having higher output impedances in filter with active current mode elements can facilitate easier cascading of additional filters. These cascading on outputs of active devices can indeed improve filter responses to a greater extend which is not possible while using passive elements. The idea of designing a differential amplifier using active current conveyor blocks is pronounced widely because of their low component count, lower output impedances, higher input impedances, higher bandwidth, gain, and accuracy. Moreover, this differential amplifier with current mode devices exhibits greater reduced voltage excursion in sensitive nodes, lesser power usage, better accuracy and bandwidths, lower harmonic distortions, and excellent phase matching output gains. The simulations here are carried out using Cadence/PSpice.

This paper suggests a simple approach to design a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for regulating the turbine speed of the oscillation water column (OWC) system. The objective of PID controller is to achieve the maximum wave energy extraction from OWC. The first prerequisite for PID controller development is to reduce and linearize the OWC plant because the plant dynamics are highly complicated and nonlinear in nature. The reduced OWC plant model is therefore developed and compared to the nonlinear OWC plant model. Afterwards, the linear OWC plant model is derived and the closed loop transfer function of the OWC plant with the PID control is obtained which is followed by the determination of the unknown PID variables by pole placement. Simulations are performed to create an open and closed loop response of the linear OWC plant model to verify the performance of the PID controller. The efficiency of the PID controller on a JONSWAP irregular wave model for a nonlinear OWC plant is also validated. Lastly, for regulated and unregulated OWC plants, essential parameters such as turbine flow coefficient and turbine output power are evaluated. The PID controller functions very well for the nonlinear OWC model as well.

This paper presents a simple multi-band metamaterial absorber for terahertz applications. The unit cell of the proposed structure consists of a single square ring having gaps at the centers on three of its sides. The proposed absorber produces three absorption bands for all polarizations and hence the design can be considered as insensitive to polarization variation. It provides an average absorption of 96.92% for the TE polarization with a peak absorption of 99.44% at 3.87 THz and for the TM polarization, it provides an average absorption of 98.4% with a peak absorption of 99.86% at 3.87 THz. An additional absorption peak is observed for the TE polarization at 1.055 THz that gradually diminishes with the increase in polarization angle and completely vanishes for the TM polarization. Thus, the structure displays a hybrid polarization response with polarization insensitivity in three bands and polarization sensitivity in one band. Parametric analysis has been carried out validating the optimal selection of the design parameters. The simplicity of the design and its combined polarization sensitive and polarization insensitive absorption characteristics can find tremendous applications in the field of terahertz imaging and sensing.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) claimed 3.0 million lives in 2016 and ranked 3rd among the top 10 global causes of death. Moreover, once diagnosed and discharged from the hospital, the 30-day readmission risk in COPD patients is found to be the highest among all chronic diseases. The existing diagnosis methods, such as Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2019, Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise (BODE) index, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC), COPD assessment test (CAT), 6-minute walking distance, which are adopted currently by physicians cannot predict the potential readmission of COPD patients, especially within the 30 days after discharge from the hospital. In this paper, a statistical model was proposed to predict the readmission risk of COPD patients within 30-days by monitoring their physical activity (PA) in daily living with accelerometer-based wrist-worn wearable devices. This proposed model was based on our previously reported PA models for activity index (AI) and regularity index (RI) and it introduced a new parameter, quality of activity (QoA), which incorporates previously proposed parameters, such as AI and RI, with other activity-based indices to predict the readmission risk. Data were collected from continuous PA monitoring of 16 COPD patients after hospital discharge as test subjects and readmission prediction criteria were proposed, with a 63% sensitivity and a 37.78% positive prediction rate. Compared to other clinical assessment, diagnosis, and prevention methods, the proposed model showed significant improvement in predicting the 30-day readmission risk.

Current mode circuits are receiving considerable interest from engineering community due to their unique characteristics that are not found in their voltage mode counterparts. This paper presents a series method based design of a current conveyor active control circuit. An algorithm based on the principle of the series expansion of the pulse transfer function is employed for obtaining the transfer function of the controller. The controller is subsequently realized using the second generation current conveyors. The proposed methodology is used to design a CCII controller for a practical system, which is subsequently simulated using the AD844 IC’s in the NI’s Multisim simulation tool. Subsequently, the controller was designed and the comparisons are drawn between the experimental and simulation results in order to validate the approach.

Current mode circuits have attracted the attention of the design engineers due to their unique characteristics that are not found in their voltage mode counterparts. This article presents a series expansion method based design of current mode circuits for the control of a two input two output (TITO) system. The unique contribution of this work is the realization of the TITO controller using the second generation current conveyor circuits. The controller was practically implemented using AD844 integrated circuits. Simulation and the experimental results are presented for a pragmatic case study to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed design methodology.

Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Prefabricated low energy houses are becoming increasingly popular thanks to their low cost and high energy performance. Heating systems installed in these houses should be optimally designed and controlled, to ensure thermal comfort for the whole heating season. This study presents the on-site monitoring and dynamic simulation of a low energy house heated by a pellet boiler via a floor heating system. The house combines a lightweight envelope, a heat distribution system with a high thermal inertia and a biomass-based heat supply. The one-year monitoring campaign allowed to closely investigate the system's response to the heat demand. Moreover, a coupled simulation of the house and its heating and hot water supply system was set-up, calibrated, and validated against measured indoor temperature profiles and energy consumptions. Root mean square deviations between simulated and measured indoor temperature were in the range 0.4–0.8 K, while simulated energy consumptions fulfilled the criteria of the ASHRAE 14-2002 Guideline. As monitoring data evidenced the importance of better managing the high thermal inertia of the floor heating system, two improved control strategies were tested in the simulation environment and evaluated in terms of thermal comfort, pellet consumption and efficiency of the pellet boiler.

Background: Diabetes is a serious public health problem that threatens the quality of life. Studies have shown that its prevalence is rapidly increasing. In India many studies have been done on diabetes and its complications but most of the studies have been done in urban area. There is limited data on diabetes from rural area. Our study is an attempt to provide data on diabetes in rural area that will guide health care professionals in managing the disease appropriately. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of chronic complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients from rural area of western Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods: The study was conducted on 306 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Each patient was screened for diabetic complications, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and body mass index. Standard protocols were used to make the diagnosis of retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy. Results: There were 174 males and 132 females. Majority were less than 60 years of age. 20.26% of patients had neuropathy 15.36%, retinopathy and 5.56%, nephropathy. Risk factors of macro-vascular complication such as hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia were observed in 38.9, 55.9%, and 54.6% of patients respectively. Coronary artery disease was noticed in 9.15%. Conclusions: Present study shows that high prevalence of micro vascular complications was present at diagnosis along with cardiovascular risk factors among T2DM patient from rural area of western Uttar Pradesh, India.

This paper addresses a digital controller for a real time magnetic levitation system using series expansion of pulse transfer function, which achieves desired closed loop response. The proposed digital controller designed, based on series expansion of pulse transfer function by solving a linear equation using the method of least squares, which improves the transient performance and step tracking capability of the compensated system. The designed algorithm used for the control input is not iterative, so the calculation is very fast. The proposed control scheme has successfully applied on maglev system and also validated through the simulation and hardware experimental results.

Background: Hair dye poisoning is not rare but is an emerging poisoning in India. The main component of hair dye causing toxicity is para phenylene diamine (PPD). Due to its easy availability and low cost, it is becoming a common mode of self-poisoning in rural area. A prospective study was planned to assess the clinical profile and outcome in patients with hair dye poisoning. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted on 260 patients of para-phenylene-diamine (hair dye) poisoning, hospitalized in the medical unit of UP Rural Institute of Medical Science and Research, Saifai from January 2011-2014 over a period of 4 years. The diagnosis of PPD poisoning was based on history of ingestion and clinical manifestations. All cases were thoroughly evaluated for different complications and were treated accordingly. Results: Out of 260 cases enrolled, majority were females and were in the age group of 21-30 years. The intent of poisoning was suicidal in 100% cases. Cervico-facial edema was the most common presentation followed by respiratory distress, hypotension and generalised bodyache. Nephro-toxicity was observed in 58.46% cases. Myocarditis was observed in 11.53% cases. Mortality in PPD poisoning was high (21.53%) due to cardiotoxicity and renal failure Conclusions: Hair dye (PPD) poisoning is hepato-nephro as well as myo and cardiotoxic.

The variety of available technical building equipment leads to increasingly complex heating systems with various requirements for efficient operation. Furthermore, in existing buildings the heating system is often historically evolved and contains parts having different ages. Those systems have limited capacity to suit the requirements of replaced components. This paper investigates the operational behavior of small-scale pellet heating systems in Austria and Germany, considering installations in new buildings and boiler replacements in existing buildings and how they are influencing the customer satisfaction. This investigation was carried out by means of a comprehensive survey for residential customers using pellet fired heating systems. More than 2500 questionnaires were distributed between 2011 and 2013 in Austria, Germany, Greece, Spain and the United Kingdom. In total 293 returned questionnaires were evaluated. The efficiency of the monitored heating systems was estimated using surveyed boiler parameters. Successively, the influence of different operational parameters on the boilers efficiency was evaluated with a statistical analysis, using Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation. Results showed that the correct installation of the monitored pellet heating system is easier for new buildings compared to the replacement of old fossil boilers in existing buildings. Optimal operating conditions are characterized by less frequent ignitions and by higher operational loads. Pellet systems operated with a high efficiency in both building types, but for new buildings it is more likely to occur. More than 87% of the participating customers stated that they are highly satisfied with their pellet boiler.

Background: Aim of this study was to validate thoracic trauma severity score (TTSS) in assessing the requirement of mechanical ventilation, mortality, and predicting prognosis in chest injury patients.Methods: This study was conducted in department of general surgery, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, from December 2018 to September 2019. This was a single centred, prospective, observational study, conducted in 110 patients, aged >18 years, of isolated chest injury, excluding polytrauma patients. Data was summarized in the form of proportions, histograms and tables to show relationships of parameters with results. Data was presented as mean±SD and proportions as appropriate. Chi square test, z test or t tests were used wherever necessary for association analysis between categorical variables. Diagnostic test characteristics for mortality and complications was calculated from the ROC curves. A two sided of p values of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Most common mode of chest injury was blunt trauma and most common age group affected was 42-54 years. Maximum mortality was seen in TTSS between 16-20, shows higher the TTSS more the mortality. Ventilator requirement was more in high TTSS. Patients with higher TTSS had longer hospital stay as compared to patients with lower TTSS.Conclusions: On application of TTSS on admission, TTSS had direct correlation with need for oxygenation, ventilator need, duration of hospital stay, mortality or outcome in chest trauma patients. Thus we recommend TTSS as a good useful score for evaluation of prognosis, outcome and mortality in chest trauma patients.

Introduction: Chest injuries constitute an important aspect of trauma. Despite high mortality rates, but the majority of patients with thoracic injuries can be managed by a simple intervention like tube thoracostomy. Aims and Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the epidemiological pattern of chest injury and assess the outcome at our institute. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study done at a tertiary care center of north India from July 2015 to December 2016, including 200 patients. Results: Road traffic accident was the most common cause of chest trauma (61%) followed by fall from height (23%). We observed rib fracture in 78% of patients, surgical emphysema in 31%, hemopneumothorax in 31.5%, hemothorax in 25%, and pneumothorax in 8.5% patients. Twenty-four percent (48/200) patients were managed conservatively, whereas 72.5% (145/200) patients were managed by chest tube drainage. Only seven (3.5%) patients underwent surgical procedures for chest injury in terms of thoracotomy or laparotomy. The mortality rate in our study was 6.5%, whereas 9.5% of patients required ventilator support. Conclusion: In our study, most of the patients were managed conservatively or simply by chest tube drainage. The overall prognosis depends more on associated injuries and morbidity. Associated head injury is the major factor behind need of ventilator and intensive care unit support and led to death in the majority of patients.

Printable electronics based electromagnetic absorbers are receiving increasing attention of the electromagnetic community because of their unprecedented advantages. This paper presents the design of printable electromagnetic absorbers for the X band. The design of the absorber is optimized using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to enhance the absorptivity and the absorption bandwidth. The design involves the placement of several square-shaped conductive ink at optimal locations on the paper substrate such that desired absorption characteristics are obtained. Simulations are carried out using the HFSS simulation software. The optimized structure offers an absorptivity of more than 90% in the X band thereby proving to be a viable solution for stealth applications.

This study condenses huge amount of raw data measured from a MEMS accelerometer-based, wrist-worn device on different levels of physical activities (PAs) for subjects wearing the device 24 h a day continuously. In this study, we have employed the device to build up assessment models for quantifying activities, to develop an algorithm for sleep duration detection and to assess the regularity of activity of daily living (ADL) quantitatively. A new parameter, the activity index (AI), has been proposed to represent the quantity of activities and can be used to categorize different PAs into 5 levels, namely, rest/sleep, sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activity states. Another new parameter, the regularity index (RI), was calculated to represent the degree of regularity for ADL. The methods proposed in this study have been used to monitor a subject&rsquo, s daily PA status and to access sleep quality, along with the quantitative assessment of the regularity of activity of daily living (ADL) with the 24-h continuously recorded data over several months to develop activity-based evaluation models for different medical-care applications. This work provides simple models for activity monitoring based on the accelerometer-based, wrist-worn device without trying to identify the details of types of activity and that are suitable for further applications combined with cloud computing services.

A conventional DC motor has remained the area of interest for a wide range of applications. With the invention of BLDC motor which has many advantages over conventional DC motor, it has found it application in almost all the application by replacing conventional DC motor. Here, in this paper, we analyze the performance of BLDC motor using PID controller. To design the PID controller we have used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based algorithm. The seminal work of this paper is to realize the controller circuit using only one second generation Current Conveyer (CCII) circuit. The performance has been validated using simulation with handy CCII IC AD844 in Multisim. Since, the transient behavior of a motor is of main concern, so this will be worthy to mention that the paper gives results in time domain. Moreover, the paper is not restricted up to only transient response, however, it also gives various steady state parameter like error in the output when transient dies out which is usually considered after 5τ sec in the literature.

Analog circuits are readily being replaced by current mode devices. This paper aims to design the current mode design of PID controller to control of blood glucose level. A well-known optimization algorithm, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to obtain the transfer function and is implemented using a single second generation Current Conveyor (CCII). The CCII circuit is realized using AD488 IC and the simulation results are presented.

This article presents the Genetic Algorithm (GA) based design of a PID controller for the speed control of a BLDC motor. The controller is realized using a second generation current conveyor (CCII) circuit. The uniqueness of the proposed approach is that the controller is realized using a single CCII circuit. To validate the design, simulations are performed using the AD844 IC and the results in the time domain are presented.

Nowadays dynamic building simulation is an essential tool for the design of heating systems for residential buildings. The simulation of buildings heated by biomass systems, first of all needs detailed boiler models, capable of simulating the boiler both as a stand-alone appliance and as a system component. This paper presents the calibration and validation of a boiler model by means of laboratory tests. The chosen model, i.e. TRNSYS “Type 869”, has been validated for two commercially available pellet boilers of 6 and 12 kW nominal capacities. Two test methods have been applied: the first is a steady state test at nominal load and the second is a load cycle test including stationary operation at different loads as well as transient operation. The load cycle test is representative of the boiler operation in the field and characterises the boiler’s stationary and dynamic behaviour. The model had been calibrated based on laboratory data registered during stationary operation at different loads and afterwards it was validated by simulating both the stationary and the dynamic tests. Selected parameters for the validation were the heat transfer rates to water and the water temperature profiles inside the boiler and at the boiler outlet. Modelling results showed better agreement with experimental data during stationary operation rather than during dynamic operation. Heat transfer rates to water were predicted with a maximum deviation of 10% during the stationary operation, and a maximum deviation of 30% during the dynamic load cycle. However, for both operational regimes the fuel consumption was predicted within a 10% deviation from the experimental values.