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Micropora mikesmithi n. sp. (Fig. 1) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4A53195C-D71D-42E2-838B-8FA0C06D4EB4 TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. NHMUK PI BZ 8809, Aubeterre Fm, Archiac, Charente-Maritime (France). — Paratypes. NHMUK PI BZ 8363, Aubeterre Fm, rock face behind car-park, Aubeterre-sur-Dronne, Charente (France); NHMUK PI BZ 8655, Aubeterre Fm, roadcutting at junction of D5 and C18, east of Saint-Privat-des-Prés, Dordogne (France); SU.2021.1.1.0, Aubeterre Fm, roadcutting along the freeway RN10, Pont-du-Noble, Reignac, Charente (France). TYPE LOCALITY. — Aubeterre Fm, Archiac, Charente-Maritime (France). ETYMOLOGY. — Named for Mike Smith, enthusiastic volunteer at the NHMUK, who helped during fieldwork in the Campanian of SW France. OCCURRENCE. — Upper Campanian, Barbezieux and Aubeterre formations. DESCRIPTION Colony encrusting, multiserial, sheet-like, unilamellar. Autozooids longer than wide, ZL 354-597 μm (N colonies 4; N zooids 26; mean 446; SD 58 μm), ZW 231-355 μm (N colonies 4; N zooids 26; mean 288; SD 30 μm), the proximolateral margins typically concave and the distolateral margins convex with well-rounded distal ends. Frontal wall entirely lacking gymnocyst; cryptocyst forming most of the frontal surface, gently convex, depressed beneath the raised rims outlining the zooids, lacking paired tubercles at the distolateral corners, texture granular; cryptocystal pores not evident (quite possibly obscured by diagenetic neomorphism of the skeleton); opesiules located adjacent to the raised zooidal rim in the distal half of the zooid, long and narrow, curved, either a single pair or two pairs in which case the more proximal opesiules are shorter in length. Orifice semielliptical, wider than long, OL 44-52 μm (N colonies 2; N zooids 10; mean 47 μm; SD 3 μm), OW 89-109 μm (N colonies 2; N zooids 10; mean 97 μm; SD 7 μm), the proximal edge straight or slightly concave. Ovicells small, moderately raised, the ooecium rounded rectangular, wider than long, 84-97 µm long by 168-181 µm wide, calcification continuous with the cryptocyst of the distal zooid; orifices of ovicellate zooids significantly wider than those of non-ovicellate zooids, about 90 µm long by 175 µm wide. Avicularia absent in ovicellate zooids but present in all non-ovicellate zooids, located immediately distal of the orifice, oriented transversely, small, about 100-104 µm long by 64-89 µm wide, the opesia round and the rostrum rounded triangular in shape; presence of condyles or a pivotal bar uncertain. Ancestrula and early astogenetic stages not observed. REMARKS As mentioned above, the lack of modern descriptions of species of putative Micropora from the Late Cretaceous makes comparisons with the new species difficult. However, the Maastrichtian species Micropora biforis (Marsson, 1887) from Germany and the Netherlands has a pair of rounded opesiules close to mid-length, whereas the opesiules of M. mikesmithi are more slit-shaped, located further distally and consist of two pairs. In both Marsson’s species and Micropora multicrescens Brydone, 1936, there is no indication of the presence of avicularia distal to the autozooids. Micropora mohli (Hagenow, 1851) resembles the new species but the avicularia are directed almost distally in contrast to the transverse orientation seen in M. mikesmithi. Colonies of M. mikesmithi encrust shells of the bivalve Pycnodonte vesiculare (Lamarck, 1806).

Genus Micropora Gray, 1848 TYPE SPECIES. — Flustra coriacea Johnston, 1847 (non Esper, 1791), by monotypy; Recent, British Isles. REMARKS Gordon (1984) listed the key features of Micropora as its encrusting colony-form, raised lateral walls, granular cryptocyst that is minutely perforated and penetrated by opesiules close to the orifice, and basal pore chambers. Oral spines are rare, and ovicells are recumbent or immersed. In addition, the orifice is typically semielliptical in shape, and there is an avicularium located immediately distally of the orifice in most species. Micropora is a speciose genus distributed pan-globally at the present-day. Bock (http://www.bryozoa.net/cheilostomata/ microporidae/micropora.html, accessed 5/7/2020) listed a total of 70 species living and fossil, including 16 species from the Cretaceous. According to Voigt (1981: p. 450) the genus is recorded as far back as the Early or Middle Cenomanian but this needs to be confirmed. Putative Cretaceous species of Micropora have not been adequately described or illustrated, and at least some are probably not congeneric with the type species. None of the multitude of French Cretaceous bryozoans described by Alcide d’Orbigny were assigned by him to Micropora. A species originally assigned to Vincularia by d’Orbigny (1851: 78, pl. 657, figs 7-9) was later transferred to Micropora by Voigt (1968) but this species, M. transversa from the Maastrichtian of Cotentin, Manche, has an erect colony-form with narrow branches and would fall outside the definition of Micropora given by Gordon (1984) who restricted the genus to species that have encrusting colonies. Although Voigt’s illustrations (1968: pl. 7, figs 9-12) of this species comprise photographs of poorly preserved branches, there are clear similarities with Dimorphomicropora crestulata (Ducasse, 1958) described below. The lectotype of M. transversa (MNHN.F. R61499) is also poorly preserved but is consistent with possible synonymy between this species and D. crestulata (see below)., Published as part of Taylor, Paul D. & Villier, Loïc, 2022, Cretaceous microporid cheilostome bryozoans from the Campanian historical stratotype of southwest France, pp. 515-525 in Geodiversitas 44 (18) on page 517, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a18, http://zenodo.org/record/6564669, {"references":["GRAY J. E. 1848. - List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum. Part 1. Centroniae or Radiated Animals. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 173 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1582","JOHNSTON G. 1847. - A History of the British Zoophytes. 2 nd ed. John van Voorst, London, 488 p. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 19627","ESPER E. J. C. 1791 - 1797. - Forsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet hebst Beschreibungen Vol. Theil 1. Nurnberg, 230 p.","GORDON D. P. 1984. - The marine fauna of New Zealand: Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata from the Kermadec Ridge. New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 91: 1 - 198.","VOIGT E. 1981. - Repartition et utilisation stratigraphique des bryozoaires due Cretace Moyen (Aptien-Coniacien). Cretaceous Research 2: 439 - 462. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0195 - 6671 (81) 90033 - 1","VOIGT E. 1968. - On the Cretaceous age of the so-called Jurassic cheilostomatous Polyzoa (Bryozoa). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Geology Series) 17: 1 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 314178","DUCASSE J. 1958. - Les Bryozoaires maestrichtiens et campaniens de la Saintonge et du Perigord occidental, repartition et valeur stratigraphique. Travaux scientifiques du Centre de Geologie Approfondie, Universite de Bordeaux, 168 p."]}

Genus Platelinella n. gen. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 676DF442-6C36-45F2-B7F9-DC9324062B8E TYPE SPECIES. — Platelinella solea n. sp. DIAGNOSIS. — Microporid with encrusting colonies; autozooids with narrow marginal gymnocyst surrounding concave cryptocyst pierced by 8-10 opesiules distributed in a horseshoe-shaped crescent; orifice semielliptical with a thin opercular shelf; no spines or tubercles; ovicells and avicularia unknown. ETYMOLOGY. — Named for Jean-Pierre Platel in honour of his seminal contributions to Campanian stratigraphy in SW France. REMARKS This new genus can be compared with Metamicropora, introduced by Arakawa (2016) for a Japanese Miocene-Recent species originally attributed to Verminaria, characterised by having opesiules with internal cribrate openings. Cribrate openings have not been observed in Platelinella, although this may possibly reflect preservational limitations. However, Platelinella lacks tubercles located at the distolateral corners of the autozooids, and avicularia have not been seen in the studied colonies all of which are moderately large. The radial elongation of the opesiules in Platelinella is another difference from Metamicropora., Published as part of Taylor, Paul D. & Villier, Loïc, 2022, Cretaceous microporid cheilostome bryozoans from the Campanian historical stratotype of southwest France, pp. 515-525 in Geodiversitas 44 (18) on page 519, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a18, http://zenodo.org/record/6564669, {"references":["ARAKAWA S. 2016. - Taxonomy of some microporids (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Pacific Coast of Japan. Species Diversity 21: 9 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / sd. 21.1.009"]}

Platelinella solea n. sp. (Fig. 2) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C7F91F73-DC14-4EBE-8C5D-63868421C8FD ETYMOLOGY. — “ solea ”, meaning horseshoe in Latin, refers to the opesiules arranged in a horseshoe shaped row. TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype. NHMUK PI BZ 8564, Biron Fm, Le Caillaud (north side of cliff), Talmont, Charente-Maritime (France). — Paratype. NHMUK PI BZ 8848, Biron Fm, top benthic foram zone CIVb, Le Caillaud (south side of cliff), Talmont, Charente-Maritime (France). TYPE LOCALITY. — Biron Fm, Le Caillaud (north side of cliff), Talmont, Charente-Maritime (France). OCCURRENCE. — Upper Campanian, Biron Formation. DESCRIPTION Colony encrusting, multiserial, sheet-like, unilamellar. Autozooids slightly longer than wide, ZL 435-611 µm (N colonies 2; N zooids 10; mean 484 µm; SD 58 µm), ZW 353-412 µm (N colonies 2; N zooids 10; mean 388 µm; SD 20 µm), wellrounded distally. Frontal wall with cryptocyst finely granular, forming most of the frontal surface, a narrow raised, convex gymnocystal rim surrounding an extensive flat to slightly concave central cryptocystal region; occasional cryptocystal pores; 8-10 opesiules distributed evenly in a horseshoe shaped row at the outer edge of the central part of the cryptocyst, decreasing in size proximally, not clearly paired, oval, elongated radially, countersunk. Orifice semielliptical, wider than long, OL 106- 118 μm (N colonies 2; N zooids 10; mean 109 μm; SD 10 μm), OW 118- 153μm (N colonies 2; N zooids 10; mean 136 μm; SD 11 μm), the proximal edge gently convex, a narrow opercular shelf around the distal edge. Ovicells not observed; occasional zooids with slightly larger orifices (OL 115 μm, OW 170 μm) may perhaps have been brooding zooids. Avicularia absent. Ancestrula and early astogenetic stages not observed. Pore chambers lacking; a pair of septular pores visible in the distal vertical walls and a pair in the distolateral vertical walls. REMARKS Compared with the type and only previously described species of the most similar genus, Metamicropora, P. solea has radially rather than longitudinally elongate opesiules, which number 10-12 (12-18 in M. areolae), autozooids bordered by a narrow gymnocyst rather than the granular raised edge of the cryptocyst, and an opercular shelf along the distal edge of the orifice. It is readily distinguished from other microporid species recorded in the Campanian of SW France by the large number of opesiules which are distributed all around the lateral and proximal margins of the cryptocyst., Published as part of Taylor, Paul D. & Villier, Loïc, 2022, Cretaceous microporid cheilostome bryozoans from the Campanian historical stratotype of southwest France, pp. 515-525 in Geodiversitas 44 (18) on pages 519-521, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a18, http://zenodo.org/record/6564669

Dimorphomicropora crestulata (Ducasse, 1958) (Fig. 4) MATERIAL. — Holotype: UB C.B.917, Ducasse Collection (Ducasse 1958: pl. 7, fig. 3), probably Barbezieux Fm (foram biozone CVI), RN 730, close to police station, Mirambeau, Charente-Maritime. Other material: NHMUK PI BZ 8271, 8272, Aubeterre Fm, cliff north of town, Meschers, Charente-Maritime. OCCURRENCE. — Upper Campanian, Barbezieux and Aubeterre formations. DESCRIPTION Colony erect, consisting of cylindrical branches, complete bifurcations not observed, probably articulated during life. Branches 8- to 10-serial, longest observed branch 2.4 mm, branch width 0.42-0.61 mm wide increasing to about 1 mm when fertile zooids are present. Colony base unknown. Autozooids longer than wide, ZL 395-526 µm (N colonies 2; N zooids 8; mean 439 µm; SD 43 µm), ZW 184-211 µm (N colonies 2; N zooids 8; mean 194 µm; SD 14 µm), elongate hexagonal. Frontal wall cryptocystal, margins raised, centre depressed, smooth textured; cryptocystal pores lacking; single pair of opesiules located proximolaterally of orifice within depressed central part of cryptocyst, longitudinally elliptical, some with a transverse bar subdividing the opening internally. Orifice subcircular, 94-118 µm in diameter, sometimes with a slight proximal embayment, rim salient. Fertile autozooids clustered, ooecia helmet shaped, about 220 µm long by 200-240 µm wide, calcification smooth, continuous with the cryptocyst of the distal zooid, orifice of ovicellate zooids round, slightly larger than those of non-ovicellate zooids, about 120-150 µm long by 140-160 µm wide. Mandibulate polymorphs unknown. REMARKS This species was introduced by Ducasse (1958) in her thesis as Micropora crestulata. Although it is clearly congeneric with Dimorphomicropora, it was not mentioned in the publication of Ducasse & Vigneaux (1960) when introducing this genus. Most specimens of D. crestulata come from the Aubeterre Formation in coastal localities south of Royan where D. voigti also occurs. However, the type specimen is slightly older having been collected by Ducasse (1958) from an inland site at Mirambeau which exposes the Barbezieux Formation. The subcircular orifice of D. crestulata allows this species to be distinguished from D. voigti. Scanning electron micrographs of D. rugica kindly provided by Oliver Kesselhut (Aachen) show similarities with D. crestulata; however, this Maastrichtian species sometimes has a lip extending over the proximal edge of the orifice, a feature not seen in D. crustulenta. The poorly preserved lectotype of Micropora transversa (d’Orbigny, 1851) from the Upper Maastrichtian of Contentin is possibly a senior synonym of either D. crestulata or D. rugica, but better material of M. transversa is needed before either of these synonymies can be accepted., Published as part of Taylor, Paul D. & Villier, Loïc, 2022, Cretaceous microporid cheilostome bryozoans from the Campanian historical stratotype of southwest France, pp. 515-525 in Geodiversitas 44 (18) on pages 522-523, DOI: 10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a18, http://zenodo.org/record/6564669, {"references":["DUCASSE J. 1958. - Les Bryozoaires maestrichtiens et campaniens de la Saintonge et du Perigord occidental, repartition et valeur stratigraphique. Travaux scientifiques du Centre de Geologie Approfondie, Universite de Bordeaux, 168 p.","DUCASSE J. & VIGNEAUX M. 1960. - Dimorphomicropora: nouveau genre de bryozoaire cheilostome du Maestrichtien du bassin aquitain. Compte Rendu de la Societe geologique de France 6: 155 - 157."]}

International audience

International audience

International audience

International audience; Wine producers and wine businesses utilise geological information in different ways and geological terms, fossil names, or illustrations, often appear on wine labels. Browsing the commercial database Vivino®, we analysed 9,204 different French wines that mention geological terms either in appellation, estate/brand, or vintage names. This means that, in France, at least five percent of commercial wine products mention geologic provenance. The references to geology are first linked to soil (82.8%), secondarily to rock substrates (lithology, 14%) and more marginally to other elements taken from geological maps (fossils, geological processes, geological ages, minerals). The terms used to illustrate soil properties are usually not extracted from scientific data but rather from century old toponyms and traditional descriptions of soils by farmers. The words may vary among regions to describe similar things. As an example, pebbles and rock fragments of the soils may be named “perruches” in the Loire Valley, “grès” in Languedoc, “galets” in the Rhône Valley, “cailles”,“chaillots”, “cras” in Burgundy, etc. This reflects past rural tradition and inheritance of local languages, which remains informal geology. References to geology have been integrated since the settlement of the appellation system in 1936. The centuries old, complex partitioning of vineyards into small production units have been transcribed in the appellation system. These can be found in Burgundy, here “Climats” are named after soil properties and are found in the names of several 1er Cru and one Grand Cru. A major appellation of Bordeaux is named “Graves” after the alluvial deposits of the Garonne banks. There are very few appellation named after geological substrates (IGP Landes - Sables Fauves, IGP Landes - Sables de l’Océan, IGP Sables-de-Camargue). The names or ages of geological formations are occasionally used by wine producers on the labels and in their marketing, though this is not mandatory. As an example, several producers of Muscadet area connect their vintage to local rock substrates (amphibolite, gabbro, gneiss, granite, orthogneiss,schists). The use of substrate lithology, interval of the geological time scale, geological processes, or fossil organisms is always relevant to local geology. The geological information is often taken from geological maps or other scientific resources. It is used by producers to emphasize the identity of their wine and the link between the wine and the local environment. The way wine producers consider geological information varies highly from one region to another. The regions with a very strong reputation like Bordeaux and Bourgogne ascribe long-term traditions into wine nomenclature, including many references to soils. The Champagne region does not often promote local geology in the differentiation of their products, although Champagne is often associated with chalk. Less prestigious regions (Languedoc-Roussillon, Jura, Loire) are more likely to utilize references to local geology for promotion of the products as they search for identity and added commercial value.; Des références à la géologie apparaissent à différentes étapes de la production vinicole ou du commerce du vin. Les bouteilles de vin font souvent mention de termes géologiques, des noms de fossiles ou des illustrations sur les étiquettes. Des requêtes de la base de données commerciale Vivino® ont permis de récolter et d’analyser des informations sur 9 204 vins différents faisant référence à des termes géologiques dans le nom de l’appellation, du producteur ou de la cuvée. Cela implique qu’en France, au moins 5 % des vins disponibles dans le commerce ont quelque chose à voir avec la géologie. Dans l’ordre d’importance, les références à la géologie concernent avant tout les sols (82,8 %), puis la nature du substratum (lithologie, 14 %) et plus rarement d’autres éléments tirés des cartes géologiques (fossiles, processus géologiques, âges, minéralogie). Les termes utilisés pour caractériser les sols ne sont que rarement dérivés de données scientifiques, mais plutôt de toponymes centenaires, ou des langages traditionnels utilisés par les agriculteurs pour décrire leurs sols. Les mots peuvent ainsi varier d’une région à une autre pour décrire les mêmes objets. Par exemple,les galets ou les cailloux du sol sont communément nommés « perruches » dans la vallée de la Loire, « grès » dans le Languedoc, « galets » dans la vallée du Rhône, « cailles », « chaillots », « cras », ou autres en Bourgogne. Ces différences reflètent les traditions rurales passées ou l’héritage de termes des dialectes locaux, ce qui reste une géologie très informelle. Des références à la géologie ont été intégrées lors de la mise en place du système des appellations à partir de 1936. La tradition centenaire du découpage des vignobles en petites unités de production, les climats, que l’on trouve en Bourgogne, a été transcrite dans le système actuel des appellations d’origine. Ainsi les noms de nombreux climats traduisent des propriétés de leurs sols. Une importante appellation de Bordeaux est nommée « Graves » d’après la nature des dépôts alluviaux des rives de la Garonne. Quelques appellations ont été nommées en référence au substratum géologique (IGP Landes - Sables Fauves, IGP Landes - Sables de l’Océan, IGP Sables de Camargue). Le nom ou l’âge de formations géologiques sont occasionnellement indiqués sur les étiquettes ou les médias promotionnels par des producteurs de vin, même si cela n’a rien de d’obligatoire. Par exemple, différents producteurs de la région du Muscadet nomment leurs cuvées en référence à des types de roches locales (amphibolite, gabbro, gneiss, granite, orthogneiss, schistes). Les mentions de la lithologiedu substratum, d’un intervalle du calendrier des temps géologiques, d’un processus géologique, ou d’un organisme fossile sont toujours reliées à la géologie locale. Les données géologiques sont souvent extraites des cartes géologiques ou d’autres sources scientifiques. Elles sont utilisées par les producteurs pour justifier l’identité de leurs vins et le lien entre les caractéristiques du vin et l’environnement local. La manière dont les producteurs considèrent les données géologiques varie fortement entre régions de production. Les régions avec une importante renommée historique, comme Bordeaux ou la Bourgogne, ont intégré des termes traditionnels dans la omenclature de leurs vins, en particulier les termes liés à la description des sols. La région Champagne, en revanche, ne promeut que rarement la géologie locale pour la différentiation de ses produits, bien que le Champagne soit souvent associé à la craie. Des références à des données scientifiques plus modernes sont plus commune dans les régions moins prestigieuses qui sont souvent à la recherche d’une identité ou d’une plus-value commerciale et qui utilisent la géologie locale pour promouvoir leurs produits (Languedoc-Roussillon, Jura, Loire).

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Forcipulatacea is one of the three major groups of extant sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata), composed of 400 extant species, but only known from fewer than 25 fossil species. Despite unequivocal members being recognized in the early Jurassic, the evolutionary history of this group is still the subject of debate. Thus, the identification of any new fossil representatives is significant. We here reappraise Ophidiaster davidsoni de Loriol and Pellat 1874 from the Tithonian of Boulogne, France, which was assigned to another major extant group, the Valvatacea, and reassign it within a new forcipulatacean genus, Psammaster gen. nov. Psammaster davidsoni gen. nov. possess key Forcipulatacea synapomorphies including compressed ambulacrals and adambulacrals and typical organization of the body wall and arm ossicles. A phylogenetic analysis including Psammaster davidsoni gen. nov. does not place it within any existing forcipulatacean family. Instead, Psammaster davidsoni gen. nov. exhibits a mix of plesiomorphic and derived characters and is resolved as a sister clade to a large group including the Asteriidae, Stichasteridae, and Heliasteridae. Removal of this species from the Ophidiasteridae means their oldest fossil representative now dates from the Santonian, Upper Cretaceous.