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1. High Prevalence of West Nile Virus in Domestic Birds and Detection in 2 New Mosquito Species in Madagascar.

Author

Marianne Maquart, Sébastien Boyer, Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome, Julie Ravaomanana, Michael Luciano Tantely, Jean-Michel Heraud, and Eric Cardinale

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne zoonosis transmitted by a large number of mosquito species, and birds play a key role as reservoir of the virus. Its distribution is largely widespread over Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. Since 1978, it has frequently been reported in Madagascar. Studies described a high seroprevalence level of the virus in humans in different areas of the island and a human fatal case of WNV infection was reported in 2011. Despite these reports, the epidemiology of WNV in Madagascar, in particular, viral circulation remains unclear. To explore the transmission of WNV in two rural human populations of Madagascar, we investigated local mosquitoes and poultry for evidence of current infections, and determined seroprevalence of candidate sentinel species among the local poultry. These 2 areas are close to lakes where domestic birds, migratory wild birds and humans coexist. Serological analysis revealed WNV antibodies in domestic birds (duck, chicken, goose, turkey and guinea fowl) sampled in both districts (Antsalova 29.4% and Mitsinjo 16.7%). West Nile virus nucleic acid was detected in one chicken and in 8 pools of mosquitoes including 2 mosquito species (Aedeomyia madagascarica and Anopheles pauliani) that have not been previously described as candidate vectors for WNV. Molecular analysis of WNV isolates showed that all viruses detected were part of the lineage 2 that is mainly distributed in Africa, and were most closely matched by the previous Malagasy strains isolated in 1988. Our study showed that WNV circulates in Madagascar amongst domestic birds and mosquitoes, and highlights the utility of poultry as a surveillance tool to detect WNV transmission in a peri-domestic setting.

Published
2016
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2. West Nile virus infection in horses, Indian ocean

Author

Mahmad Reshad Jaumally, Camille Bernard, M. Roger, Marie-Marie Olive, Julie Ravaomanana, Catherine Cetre-Sossah, Stéphan Zientara, Sylvie Lecollinet, Jimmie Melanie, Eric Cardinale, Deodass Meenowa, Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome, Jean-Michel Heraud, Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Ministère de l'Agriculture, l'Elevage, la Pêche, Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural, Ministère des Agro-Industries, Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources Marines, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), This study was conducted in connection with AnimalRisk/TROI, a research program on emerging animal diseases in the Indian Ocean, funded by FEDER POCT (European Union, Regional Council of Reunion and French government) under the DP One Health-OI., École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), and Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA)

Subjects
Antibody prevalence, Veterinary medicine, viruses, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, Viral, L73 - Maladies des animaux, 0403 veterinary science, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Immunology and Allergy, Indian Ocean, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, biology, Transmission (medicine), virus diseases, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Épidémiologie, Flavivirus, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, West Nile virus, geographic locations, Genre humain, 040301 veterinary sciences, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Microbiology, Virus des animaux, Sérologie, 03 medical and health sciences, Neutralization Tests, biology.animal, medicine, Seroprevalence, Animals, Humans, Horses, Transmission des maladies, West Nile Virus Infection, General Veterinary, Animal, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Equidae, Morbidité, biology.organism_classification, nervous system diseases, Indian ocean, Enquête pathologique, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Horse Diseases, West Nile Fever, Cheval
Abstract

International audience; The circulation of West Nile virus (WNV) in horses was investigated in the Southwest Indian ocean. In 2010, blood samples were collected from a total of 303 horses originating from Madagascar, Mauritius, Reunion and the Seychelles and tested for WNV-specific antibodies. An overall seroprevalence of 27.39% was detected in the Indian Ocean with the highest WNV antibody prevalence of 46.22% (95% CI: [37.4–55.2%]) in Madagascar. The age and origin of the horses were found to be associated with the WNV infection risk. This paper presents the first seroprevalence study investigating WN fever in horses in the Southwest Indian Ocean area and indicates a potential risk of infection for humans and animals. In order to gain a better understanding of WN transmission cycles, WNV surveillance needs to be implemented in each of the countries.

Published
2017
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3. High prevalence of West Nile Virus in domestic birds and detection in 2 new mosquito species in Madagascar

Author

Eric Cardinale, Michaël Luciano Tantely, Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome, Jean-Michel Heraud, Sébastien Boyer, Marianne Maquart, Julie Ravaomanana, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Ministère de l’Elevage, Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), and This study was conducted in the framework of AnimalRisk-OI, a research program on emerging animal diseases in the Indian Ocean, funded by FEDER POCT (European Union, Regional Council of Reunion and the French government). The study was also partially funded by the French Embassy of Madagascar.

Subjects
moustique, Veterinary medicine, Epidemiology, madagascar, Poultry, MESH: West Nile Fever/virology, flavivirus, Seroepidemiologic Studies, MESH: Animals, lcsh:Science, animal réservoir, virus du Nil occidental, Zoonosis, Anopheles, virus diseases, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, épidémiologie, Livestock, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, infection humaine, Microbiology, Volaille, Biodiversity and Ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, biology.animal, Genetics, oiseau, Domestic Animals, Domestic Birds, MESH: Prevalence, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Flaviviruses, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, medicine.disease, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, 030104 developmental biology, Fowl, Africa, lcsh:Q, Population Genetics, West Nile Fever, RNA viruses, 0301 basic medicine, MESH: Animals, Domestic/virology, virus west nile, viruses, Biodiversité et Ecologie, lcsh:Medicine, Disease Vectors, MESH: Birds/virology, L73 - Maladies des animaux, séroprévalence, Mosquitoes, Geographical Locations, MESH: Madagascar, MESH: West Nile virus/isolation & purification, Medicine and Health Sciences, Prevalence, West Nile Virus, Gamefowl, Pathology and laboratory medicine, Multidisciplinary, biology, Transmission (medicine), Agriculture, Gene Pool, Medical microbiology, Insects, Detection, Vecteur de maladie, S50 - Santé humaine, Animals, Domestic, Viruses, Vertebrates, Pathogens, Research Article, Arthropoda, Animal Types, Sentinel species, Virus, Virus des animaux, Birds, Goose, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Seroprevalence, Mosquito Species, Transmission des maladies, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, business.industry, Viral pathogens, MESH: Culicidae/virology, biology.organism_classification, Microbial pathogens, Culicidae, Enquête pathologique, People and Places, business, Chickens, Zoology
Abstract

International audience; West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne zoonosis transmitted by a large number of mosquito species, and birds play a key role as reservoir of the virus. Its distribution is largely widespread over Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe. Since 1978, it has frequently been reported in Madagascar. Studies described a high seroprevalence level of the virus in humans in different areas of the island and a human fatal case of WNV infection was reported in 2011. Despite these reports, the epidemiology of WNV in Madagascar, in particular , viral circulation remains unclear. To explore the transmission of WNV in two rural human populations of Madagascar, we investigated local mosquitoes and poultry for evidence of current infections, and determined seroprevalence of candidate sentinel species among the local poultry. These 2 areas are close to lakes where domestic birds, migratory wild birds and humans coexist. Serological analysis revealed WNV antibodies in domestic birds (duck, chicken, goose, turkey and guinea fowl) sampled in both districts (Antsalova 29.4% and Mitsinjo 16.7%). West Nile virus nucleic acid was detected in one chicken and in 8 pools of mosquitoes including 2 mosquito species (Aedeomyia madagascarica and Anopheles pauliani) that have not been previously described as candidate vectors for WNV. Molecular analysis of WNV isolates showed that all viruses detected were part of the line-age 2 that is mainly distributed in Africa, and were most closely matched by the previous Malagasy strains isolated in 1988. Our study showed that WNV circulates in Madagascar amongst domestic birds and mosquitoes, and highlights the utility of poultry as a surveillance tool to detect WNV transmission in a peri-domestic setting.

Published
2016
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4. Towards a better understanding of Rift Valley fever epidemiology in the south-west of the Indian Ocean

Author

Betty Zumbo, Anna-Bella Failloux, Eric Cardinale, Gaelle Nicolas, Matthieu Roger, Thiery Nirina Jean Jose Nipomichene, Thomas Balenghien, Véronique Chevalier, Nohal Elissa, Vincent Michel Rakotoharinome, Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Recherche et de Veille sur les Maladies Émergentes dans l'Océan Indien (CRVOI), Université de La Réunion (UR), Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs - Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Direction de la santé animale et phytosanitaire, Ministère de l'Agriculture de l'Elevage et de la Pêche, Service de lutte anti-vectorielle, Agence de Santé Océan Indien, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (Cirad-Bios-UPR 22 AGIRs), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Arbovirus et Insectes Vecteurs

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, Rift Valley Fever, Range (biology), animal diseases, viruses, Review, L73 - Maladies des animaux, 0302 clinical medicine, Prévention des maladies, Epidemiology, Rift Valley fever, Socioeconomics, 0303 health sciences, biology, Goats, Contrôle de maladies, Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, virus diseases, 3. Good health, Épidémiologie, Vecteur de maladie, Bunyaviridae, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Genre humain, medicine.medical_specialty, Ruminant, Gestion du risque, 030231 tropical medicine, Cattle Diseases, Sheep Diseases, Relation hôte pathogène, Virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift, Arbovirus, 03 medical and health sciences, Indian Ocean Islands, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Surveillance épidémiologique, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, Goat Diseases, Sheep, General Veterinary, Outbreak, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Rift Valley fever virus, veterinary(all), Indian ocean, Culicidae, Phlebovirus, Cattle
Abstract

Rift Valley fever virus (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) is an arbovirus causing intermittent epizootics and sporadic epidemics primarily in East Africa. Infection causes severe and often fatal illness in young sheep, goats and cattle. Domestic animals and humans can be contaminated by close contact with infectious tissues or through mosquito infectious bites. Rift Valley fever virus was historically restricted to sub-Saharan countries. The probability of Rift Valley fever emerging in virgin areas is likely to be increasing. Its geographical range has extended over the past years. As a recent example, autochthonous cases of Rift Valley fever were recorded in 2007–2008 in Mayotte in the Indian Ocean. It has been proposed that a single infected animal that enters a naive country is sufficient to initiate a major outbreak before Rift Valley fever virus would ever be detected. Unless vaccines are available and widely used to limit its expansion, Rift Valley fever will continue to be a critical issue for human and animal health in the region of the Indian Ocean.

Published
2013
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