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Blood cancer causes a significant increase in the concentration of Leukocytes, which can be broken down through dielectrophoresis and electrochemical procedures. Therefore, the electric field plays an important role in the migration of leukocytes to high voltage areas. This is because different electrode arrangements produce varying electric field distributions. Furthermore, this study applied finite element methods to generate electric fields when electrodes with an AC voltage were applied to blood placed in a chamber. Therefore, in this study, variations of mediums and electrode arrangements were investigated, which led to the recommendation of 3 models. The objective was to investigate electrode arrangements that produce optimal electric field distribution for the three models to exhibit a booster of electric field distribution. The maximum electric field is generated close to the electrode (Z=2 mm and Z=92 mm) for any material (i.e. normal blood, B lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte) with values of 22.6 V/m and 23.47 V/m, 22.85 V/m and 22.97 V/m, and 24.88 V/m and 25.01 V/m. Based on principle, lymphocytes in the blood result in positive dielectrophoresis, since they migrate to a higher electric field close to the electrode, with enough input voltage to turn the electrochemical process on the leukocytes into electric current. Furthermore, this study provides new perspectives and ideas, which have not been revealed in previous studies on blood cancer therapy using the electric field of Ag electrode in blood cancer distribution.Keywords: blood cancer, dielectrophoresis, electric field, voltage, electrochemical, and cancer therapy.

The fabrication of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) thin film electrodes was successfully carried out using the DC sputtering deposition method. These thin film electrodes were able to detect the increase in serum albumin concentration that was used as a prognostic factor for leukemia. The simulation and the optical experimental analysis show that an increase in BSA concentration can increase the absorbance peak observed at a wavelength of 435 nm on hypoalbumin medium and 470 nm on normal concentration of serum albumin medium. The performance of the electrodes was electrochemically tested, in which it was shown that a decrease in oxidation and reduction peaks occurred with respect to an increase in BSA concentration. An oxidation peak was observed at a voltage of 0.5 V for the Ag thin film. For the Au, Au/Ag, and Ag/Au thin films, an oxidation peak was observed at a voltage of 1.0 V. The limits of detection (LODs) of the Ag, Ag/Au, Au, and Au/Ag thin films were 0.56, 0.24, 0.64, and 0.36 g/dL, respectively. Therefore, based on both the electrochemical and optical analysis, the Ag/Au thin film possessed the highest potential for prognosis monitoring of leukemia compared with the other Ag and Au thin films.

The development of silver (Ag) thin films and the fabrication of Ag nanosquare arrays with the use of an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template and leaf extracts were successfully carried out using the DC sputtering and spin coating deposition methods. Ag thin films and Ag nanosquare arrays are developed to monitor cancer prognosis due to the correlation between serum albumin levels and prognostic factors, as well as the binding of serum albumin to the surface of these electrodes. Nanosquare structures were fabricated using AAO templates with varying diameters and a gap distance between adjacent unit cells of 100 nm. The nanosquare array with a diameter of 250 nm and irradiated with electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of around 800 nm possessed the greatest electric field distribution compared to the other variations of diameters and wavelengths. The results of the absorption measurement and simulation showed a greater shift in absorption peak wavelength when carried out using the Ag nanosquare array. The absorption peak wavelengths of the Ag nanosquare array in normal blood and blood with cancer lymphocytes were 700–774 nm and 800–850 nm, respectively. The electrochemical test showed that the sensitivity values of the Ag thin-film electrode deposited using DC sputtering, the Ag thin-film electrode deposited using spin coating, and the Ag nanosquare array in detecting PBS+BSA concentration in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiment were 1.308 µA mM−1cm−2, 0.022 µA mM−1cm−2, and 39.917 µA mM−1cm−2, respectively. Meanwhile, the sensitivity values of the Ag thin film and the Ag nanosquare array in detecting the PBS+BSA concentration in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement were 6593.76 Ohm·cm2/mM and 69,000 Ohm·cm2/mM, respectively. Thus, our analysis of the optical and electrochemical characteristics of Ag thin films and Ag nanosquare arrays showed that both can be used as an alternative biomedical technology to monitor the prognosis of blood cancer based on the concentration of serum albumin in blood.

The protein contained in blood cancer is more than normal blood cells. This can be used as a parameter to determine the refractive index of a cell. The refractive index can affect the value of the magnetic field that can be received or transmitted. A time domain approach using normal blood cells and blood cells was analyzed. In this simulation electrode with difference size is used. The visible light with 200-800 nm wavelength is emitted in electrode surface to study the magnetic field. The results of this study are expected to provide interpretation of blood cancer using the nanostructured Ag sensor.

Non-invasive cancer treatment has the potential to eliminate infection and scar formation associated with surgery to minimize side effects. Light stimulation can use for treatment to increase efficiency, reduce treatment costs, eliminate infection, etc. Magnetic fields can improve blood circulation in tissues and stimulate the body’s metabolism. The magnetic field can induce joule heating and expand the blood vessels of cancerous tumors. These blood vessels increase the possibility of excess oxygen to enter the tumor creating obstacles to the survival of oxygen-rich cancers. In this study, we investigate finite difference times domain (FTDT) simulation of magnetic field in normal and blood cancer. The low frequency with range 10-106 is used in this study. The maximum magnetic field for normal blood and CLL1 is 400 nm and 250 nm in 125 cm electrode size. While for 50 nm electrode size, the maximum magnetic field in normal blood and CLL 1 is 400 nm and 300 nm. But there The maximum magnetic field for normal blood and CLL1 is 400 nm and 250 nm in 125 cm electrode size. While for 50 nm electrode size, the maximum magnetic field in normal blood and CLL 1 is 400 nm and 300 nm. But there is no peak for blood cancer in final stage CLL2.

Above normal concentrations of leukocyte can indicate blood cancer in humans. This study uses a finite difference time domain (FDTD) based on the Ag nanostructure array experiment from previous study. The influence of leukocyte and blood medium and also Ag nanostructures dimensions the on the pattern of electric field distributions in Ag nanostructure arrays was described on this study. The electric field distribution and transmittance of Ag nanostructure arrays using different medium was analysed. The electric field in Ag nanosquare with side size 50 nm irradiated with electromagnetic wave at a wavelength of 350 nm has value 1.78 × 10−5 V/m and has the highest electric field value compared to the other dimensions and wavelengths of electromagnetic wave. The maximum difference value of transmittance Ag nanosquare array between blood and leukocyte is 8.06 a.u. This value is resulted from Ag nanosquare with side size 50 nm irradiated with electromagnetic wave at a wavelength of 250 nm. These result provide an initial interpretation of optimum wavelength of electromagnetic wave and size of Ag nanosquare arrays for therapy and detection of blood cancer.

Blood carrying more leukocytes can induce differences in electrical and magnetic properties. This work describes the effect of leukocyte concentration on the distribution of electric fields. The finite difference time domain approach of electric field distribution using normal blood and leukocyte has been analyzed. The electric field in the blood and leukocytes have the same peak at a wavelength of 400nm. Ag nanosquare with dimensions of 350×350nm2 in blood and leukocyte medium has a different maximum electric field of 7.35 × 10−7V/m with a peak wavelength difference of 0.22nm. The results of this work are beneficial to expected and provide an interpretation of blood cancer detection using an Ag nanosquare arrays sensor.