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Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive inflammation and fibrosis of the biliary tree, characterized by the obstruction of bile flow led to liver failure, scarring and cirrhosis. This study aimed to explore the elusive etiology of BA by conducting whole exome sequencing (WES) for 41 children with BA and their parents (35 trios, including one family with two BA diagnosed children and five child-mother cases). We exclusively identified and validated a total of 28 variants (17 X-linked, six de novo and five homozygous) in 25 candidate genes from our BA cohort. These variants were among the 10% most deleterious and having a low minor allele frequency against three employed databases: Kinh Vietnamese (KHV), gnomad and 1000 Genome project. Interestingly, AMER1, INVS and OCRL variants were repeatedly found in unrelated probands, and were firstly reported in a BA cohort. Liver specimens and blood samples showed identical variants, suggesting that somatic mutations were unlikely to occur during the morphogenesis. In agreement with earlier attempts, this study implicated a genetical heterogeneity and non-Mendelian inheritance of BA.

Large scale human genome projects have created tremendous human genome databases for some well-studied populations. Vietnam has about 95 million people (the 14th largest country by population in the world) of which more than 86% are Kinh people. To date, genetic studies for Vietnamese people mostly rely on genetic information from other populations. Building a Vietnamese human genetic variation database is a must for properly interpreting Vietnamese genetic variants. To this end, we sequenced 105 whole genomes and 200 whole exomes of 305 unrelated Kinh Vietnamese (KHV) people. We also included 101 other previously published KHV genomes to build a Vietnamese human genetic variation database of 406 KHV people. The KHV database contains 24.81 million variants (22.47 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 2.34 million indels) of which 0.71 million variants are novel. It includes more than 99.3% of variants with a frequency of >1% in the KHV population. Noticeably, the KHV database revealed 107 variants reported in the human genome mutation database as pathological mutations with a frequency above 1% in the KHV population. The KHV database (available at https://genomes.vn) would be beneficial for genetic studies and medical applications not only for the Vietnamese population but also for other closely related populations.

The evolutionary processes vary among sites of an alignment that strongly affect the accuracy of phylogenetic tree reconstruction. Partitioning an alignment into sub-alignments of sites such that the evolutionary processes at sites in the same sub-alignment are highly similar is a proper strategy. Gene features might be used as reasonable indicators to partition an alignment. However, the gene feature information is not always available or efficient Computational partitioning methods like iterative k-means has been proposed to automatically partition sites into groups based on the similarity of evolutionary rates of sites. Despite obtaining compelling results in terms of AICc and BIC measurements, the k-means method forms a group of all and only invariant sites that results in bias/wrong phylogenetic trees. In this paper, we improve the k-means algorithm by re-classifying invariant sites into different sub-alignments based on their likelihood values. Experimental results on simulated and empirical DNA datasets showed that the new method, called iK-means, overcame the pitfall of the K-means method, consequently, helps improve the quality of the partitioning sub-alignments. We recommend using the iK-means method to level up the accuracy in inferring phylogenetic trees.

Phylogenetic trees inferred from protein sequences are strongly affected by amino acid evolutionary models. Choosing proper models are needed to account for the heterogeneity in evolutionary patterns across sites, especially when analyzing multiple genes or whole genome datasets. Partitioning is a prominent approach to combine sites undergone similar evolutionary processes into separated groups with proper models. The partitioning scheme can be defined by using structural features of the sequences, however, determining structural features of protein sequences is not always practical. Recently, methods have been proposed to automatically cluster sites into groups based on the rates of sites. The rate of sites is a good indicator; however, it is unable to properly reflex the complex evolutionary processes of sites along the protein sequence. In this paper, we present a new algorithm to automatically determine a partitioning scheme based on the best-fit model of sites, i.e., sites belong to the same model will be classified into the same group. Comparing our proposed method with current methods on a set of empirical protein datasets showed that our method helped to build better trees than other methods tested. Our method will significantly improve protein phylogenetic inference from multiple gene or whole genome datasets.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder with an unclear aetiology and an estimated global prevalence of 1%. However, studies of ASD in the Vietnamese population are limited. Here, we first conducted whole exome sequencing (WES) of 100 children with ASD and their unaffected parents. Our stringent analysis pipeline was able to detect 18 unique variants (8 de novo and 10 ×-linked, all validated), including 12 newly discovered variants. Interestingly, a notable number of X-linked variants were detected (56%), and all of them were found in affected males but not in affected females. We uncovered 17 genes from our ASD cohort in which CHD8, DYRK1A, GRIN2B, SCN2A, OFD1 and MDB5 have been previously identified as ASD risk genes, suggesting the universal aetiology of ASD for these genes. In addition, we identified six genes that have not been previously reported in any autism database: CHM, ENPP1, IGF1, LAS1L, SYP and TBX22. Gene ontology and phenotype-genotype analysis suggested that variants in IGF1, SYP and LAS1L could plausibly confer risk for ASD. Taken together, this study adds to the genetic heterogeneity of ASD and is the first report elucidating the genetic landscape of ASD in Vietnamese children.

Background - Amino acid substitution models play an essential role in inferring phylogenies from mitochondrial protein data. However, only few empirical models have been estimated from restricted mitochondrial protein data of a hundred species. The existing models are unlikely to represent appropriately the amino acid substitutions from hundred thousands metazoan mitochondrial protein sequences.Results - We selected 125,935 mitochondrial protein sequences from 34,448 species in the metazoan kingdom to estimate new amino acid substitution models targeting metazoa, vertebrates and invertebrate groups. The new models help to find significantly better likelihood phylogenies in comparison with the existing models. We noted remarkable distances from phylogenies with the existing models to the maximum likelihood phylogenies that indicate a considerable number of incorrect bipartitions in phylogenies with the existing models. Finally, we used the new models and mitochondrial protein data to certify that Testudines, Aves, and Crocodylia form one separated clade within amniotes.Conclusions - We introduced new mitochondrial amino acid substitution models for metazoan mitochondrial proteins. The new models outperform the existing models in inferring phylogenies from metazoan mitochondrial protein data. We strongly recommend researchers to use the new models in analysing metazoan mitochondrial protein data.

This letter is a response to the commentary by Jonson & Do (Johnson and Do 2020) on our paper, entitled “A Vietnamese human genetic variation database” (Vinh et al. 2019). The commentators concerned about two issues: Firstly, the relation of Southeast Asian (SEA) and East Asian (EA) groups to African and European groups; Secondly, the history of migration and settlement in Southeast Asia. Our responses will clarify both concerns from the commentators.

Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is caused by defects in the LAMA2 gene. Patients with MDC1A exhibit severe symptoms, including congenital hypotonia, delayed motor development and contractures. The present case report describes a Vietnamese male child with clinical manifestations of delayed motor development, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, severe scoliosis and white matter abnormality in the brain. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed with subsequent validation using Sanger sequencing, and a de novo missense variant (NM_000426.3:c.1964T>C, p.Leu655Pro) and a splice site variant (NG_008678.1:c.3556-13T>A) in the LAMA2 gene of the proband was detected. The missense variant located in exon 14 and has not been reported previously, to the best of our knowledge; whereas the splice site variant has been previously reported to cause premature termination of transcription in patients with MDC1A. In silico tools predicted that the missense variant was damaging. Phenotype-genotype analysis suggested that this proband was associated with classical early onset MDC1A. The co-existence of a de novo and a heterozygous variant in the LAMA2 gene suggested that the de novo variant contributed to the autosomal recessive manner of the disease. Careful consideration of this event by clinical confirmation of parental carrier status may help to accurately determine the risk of occurrence of this disease in future offspring. Additionally, WES is recommended as a powerful tool to assist in identifying potentially causative variants for heterogeneous diseases such as MDC1A.

Phylogenetic trees inferred from protein sequences are strongly affected by amino acid substitution models. Although different amino acid substitution models have been proposed, only a few were estimated for specific species such as the FLU model for influenza viruses. Among the most dangerous viruses for human health, dengue is always on top and the cause of dengue fever up to 100 million people per year. In this study, we built a specific amino acid substitution model for dengue protein sequences, called DEN. The dengue protein sequences were obtained from the NCBI dengue database and the model was estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Experiments showed that the new model DEN helped to build better phylogenetic trees than other existing models. We strongly recommend researchers to use the DEN model for analyzing dengue protein data.

The standard bootstrap (SBS), despite being computationally intensive, is widely used in maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses. We recently proposed the ultrafast bootstrap approximation (UFBoot) to reduce computing time while achieving more unbiased branch supports than SBS under mild model violations. UFBoot has been steadily adopted as an efficient alternative to SBS and other bootstrap approaches.Here, we present UFBoot2, which substantially accelerates UFBoot and reduces the risk of overestimating branch supports due to polytomies or severe model violations. Additionally, UFBoot2 provides suitable bootstrap resampling strategies for phylogenomic data. UFBoot2 is 778 and 8.4 times (median) faster than SBS and RAxML rapid bootstrap on tested datasets, respectively. UFBoot2 is implemented in the IQ-TREE software package version 1.6 and freely available at http://www.iqtree.org.

We propose a heuristic algorithm, called ARG4WG, to build plausible ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) from thousands of whole genome samples. By using the longest shared end for recombination inference, ARG4WG constructs ARGs with small numbers of recombination events that perform well in association mapping on genome-wide association studies.

Summary: Amino acid replacement rate matrices are an essential basis of protein studies (e.g. in phylogenetics and alignment). A number of general purpose matrices have been proposed (e.g. JTT, WAG, LG) since the seminal work of Margaret Dayhoff and co-workers. However, it has been shown that matrices specific to certain protein groups (e.g. mitochondrial) or life domains (e.g. viruses) differ significantly from general average matrices, and thus perform better when applied to the data to which they are dedicated. This Web server implements the maximum-likelihood estimation procedure that was used to estimate LG, and provides a number of tools and facilities. Users upload a set of multiple protein alignments from their domain of interest and receive the resulting matrix by email, along with statistics and comparisons with other matrices. A non-parametric bootstrap is performed optionally to assess the variability of replacement rate estimates. Maximum-likelihood trees, inferred using the estimated rate matrix, are also computed optionally for each input alignment. Finely tuned procedures and up-to-date ML software (PhyML 3.0, XRATE) are combined to perform all these heavy calculations on our clusters. Availability: http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/ReplacementMatrix/ Contact: olivier.gascuel@lirmm.fr Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/ReplacementMatrix/

International audience; BackgroundAmino acid replacement rate matrices are a crucial component of many protein analysis systems such as sequence similarity search, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic inference. Ideally, the rate matrix reflects the mutational behavior of the actual data under study; however, estimating amino acid replacement rate matrices requires large protein alignments and is computationally expensive and complex. As a compromise, sub-optimal pre-calculated generic matrices are typically used for protein-based phylogeny. Sequence availability has now grown to a point where problem-specific rate matrices can often be calculated if the computational cost can be controlled.ResultsThe most time consuming step in estimating rate matrices by maximum likelihood is building maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees from protein alignments. We propose a new procedure, called FastMG, to overcome this obstacle. The key innovation is the alignment-splitting algorithm that splits alignments with many sequences into non-overlapping sub-alignments prior to estimating amino acid replacement rates. Experiments with different large data sets showed that the FastMG procedure was an order of magnitude faster than without splitting. Importantly, there was no apparent loss in matrix quality if an appropriate splitting procedure is used.ConclusionsFastMG is a simple, fast and accurate procedure to estimate amino acid replacement rate matrices from large data sets. It enables researchers to study the evolutionary relationships for specific groups of proteins or taxa with optimized, data-specific amino acid replacement rate matrices. The programs, data sets, and the new mammalian mitochondrial protein rate matrix are available at http://fastmg.codeplex.com webcite.

Background More effective mosquito control strategies are urgently required due to the increasing prevalence of insecticide resistance. The sterile insect technique (SIT) and the release of insects carrying a dominant lethal allele (RIDL) are two proposed methods for environmentally-friendly, species-targeted population control. These methods may be more suitable for developing countries if producers reduce the cost of rearing insects. The cost of control programs could be reduced by producing all-male mosquito populations to circumvent the isolation of females before release without reducing male mating competitiveness caused by transgenes. Results An RNAi construct targeting the RNA recognition motif of the Aedes aegypti transformer-2 (tra-2) gene does not trigger female-to-male sex conversion as commonly observed among dipterous insects. Instead, homozygous insects show greater mortality among m-chromosome-bearing sperm and mm zygotes, yielding up to 100 % males in the subsequent generations. The performance of transgenic males was not significantly different to wild-type males in narrow-cage competitive mating experiments. Conclusion Our data provide preliminary evidence that the knockdown of Ae. aegypti tra-2 gene expression causes segregation distortion acting at the level of gametic function, which is reinforced by sex-specific zygotic lethality. This finding could promote the development of new synthetic sex distorter systems for the production of genetic sexing mosquito strains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1331-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background The amino acid substitution model is the core component of many protein analysis systems such as sequence similarity search, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic inference. Although several general amino acid substitution models have been estimated from large and diverse protein databases, they remain inappropriate for analyzing specific species, e.g., viruses. Emerging epidemics of influenza viruses raise the need for comprehensive studies of these dangerous viruses. We propose an influenza-specific amino acid substitution model to enhance the understanding of the evolution of influenza viruses. Results A maximum likelihood approach was applied to estimate an amino acid substitution model (FLU) from ~113, 000 influenza protein sequences, consisting of ~20 million residues. FLU outperforms 14 widely used models in constructing maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees for the majority of influenza protein alignments. On average, FLU gains ~42 log likelihood points with an alignment of 300 sites. Moreover, topologies of trees constructed using FLU and other models are frequently different. FLU does indeed have an impact on likelihood improvement as well as tree topologies. It was implemented in PhyML and can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.sanger.ac.uk/pub/1000genomes/lsq/FLU or included in PhyML 3.0 server at http://www.atgc-montpellier.fr/phyml/. Conclusions FLU should be useful for any influenza protein analysis system which requires an accurate description of amino acid substitutions.