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• Despite prevalent role of human factors, police-reported pedestrian-involved crash data often have gaps in crash details. • The Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Data Tool (PBCAT) provides an inclusive high-quality database capturing sequence of events. • Unobserved factors (e.g., pedestrian conspicuity or driver riskiness) can have significant influence on pedestrian injuries. • Ordered probit model and its finite mixture version are applied to address unobserved heterogeneity in pedestrian injuries. • Results suggest sufficient heterogeneity in pedestrian injuries and parameters of related factors across two latent groups. Introduction: Human factors are often major contributors to pedestrian crashes. However, police-reported pedestrian-involved crash data often have gaps in crash details. Overcoming this limitation, the Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Data Tool (PBCAT) provides a more comprehensive high-quality database capturing the sequence of events. Methods: In addition to human and roadway environmental factors, there could be unobserved factors (e.g., pedestrian conspicuity, impact speed, or riskiness by a driver) that could be either unavailable or not used in the analysis; however, these unobserved factors could have a significant influence on pedestrian injuries. This study applies finite mixture models to address unobserved heterogeneity in pedestrian injuries which is usually overlooked. As a result, the associations of one or more of the observed factors with pedestrian injuries across different latent (unobserved) classes can be different. Results: Harnessing this unique database for North Carolina reveals that in most (95%) of the crashes (N=24,886) occurring between 2009 and 2019, pedestrians were either killed or injured. Risky behaviors by drivers and pedestrians contributed to 7.91% and 50.59% of these crashes, respectively. Recognition errors (e.g., dash or dart-out) and violations (e.g., failure to yield) by pedestrians contributed to 22.08% and 28.58% of crashes, respectively. Recognition errors and violations by drivers contributed to only 2.12% and 3.11% of crashes respectively each of which is significantly lower than those by pedestrians. Results of the ordered Probit model indicate that the chance of pedestrian fatality is significantly higher if a pedestrian makes recognition errors and violations, a driver makes performance errors, and either the pedestrian or driver is impaired. Conclusions and practical implications: The finite mixture model shows that pedestrians belong to two latent groups across which there is significant heterogeneity in pedestrian injuries and variations in the associations of observed factors with pedestrian injuries. The practical implications are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Facet joint violation by pedicle screws may lead to adjacent-segment disease and postoperative pain. Previous studies have reported the incidence of rostral facet joint violation using various pedicle screw insertion techniques. However, the incidence of facet joint violations with robotic guidance has not been determined. To investigate and compare the incidence of rostral facet joint violation by pedicle screws under robotic guidance and computerized tomography (CT) navigation guidance. Retrospective matched cohort. All patients who underwent robotic-assisted lumbar fusion at a major spine center up until 2023 were retrospectively identified and matched 1:3 to patients undergoing CT navigation guidance based by on age, sex, rostral vertebral level, and length of construct. Inclusion criteria consisted of age greater than 18 years, bilateral pedicle screw fixation, and presence of a postoperative CT scan of the lumbar spine or abdomen/pelvis at any point in the postoperative period. Rostral facet joint violations. Descriptive statistics were used to compare cohorts: frequencies, chi-squared analysis for categorical variables, and t-test for continuous variables. A total of 408 rostral pedicle screws were implanted in 204 patients (Robot: 102; Navigation: 306). Overall, 13 (12.3%) rostral facet joint violations were observed in the robot cohort and 75 (24.5%) in the navigation cohort (p=.01). Specifically, fewer robotic violations were observed at the L2 (3.5% vs 32.1%, p=.003) and L3 levels (3.9% vs 18.1%, p=.08) compared to navigation. No difference was observed at L4 and L5. Bilateral violations are significantly reduced with robotic approaches (5.3% vs 14.4%, p=.03). Lastly, more facet joint violations were observed during open approaches (robot: 18.8%, navigation: 27.3%) than percutaneous approaches (robot: 11.6%, navigation: 7.1%) in both groups (p<.001). The rate of L4 facet violations was 18.8% in the robotic cohort and 27.3% in the navigation cohort. The rate of L5 facet violations was 31.3% in the robotic cohort and 29.2% in the navigation cohort. Use of robotic assistance in lumbar pedicle screws significantly reduced the rate of rostral facet joint violations compared to navigation guidance at L2 and L3 levels, but not at L4 and L5, with facet violations approaching nearly one-third of the patients at L5 screws. Rostral facet violations can play a significant role in adjacent segment degeneration and disease. Technical factors and trajectory issues likely play a role and addressing these components should minimize unintended facet violation and proximal adding on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining a stable residence is a primary requirement of probation compliance. Prior research has spoken to the increase in requirements for people on probation and how they are often tied to financial capability. Using data from in-depth interviews with people on probation and probation staff, our analysis extends extant research by highlighting the unique challenges of finding housing during a historic rise in housing and rental prices in the context of COVID-19. This work furthers research on the role that economic means play in the probation revocation process. Results from the research suggest that housing is a barrier to success on probation, which is further hampered by the lack of employment opportunities available to individuals with felony criminal records. Participants relayed that the lack of affordable housing led to heavy reliance on family members for assistance. Information from staff triangulated their concerns about how compliance was tied to poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research discusses the role of the Election Supervisory Agency in the prosecution of the handling of violations of the 2020 Berau Regency Simultaneous Pilkada. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques from the interview process, observation and documentation. The research focuses on identifying and analysing Bawaslu's role in prosecuting administrative violations and criminal violations of the elections, identifying and analysing obstacles to prosecuting the handling of election violations, and developing a model for prosecuting the handling of election violations. The results showed that Bawaslu's role in enforcing the handling of violations of the 2020 Berau Regency Pilkada has been carried out quite well both in handling administrative violations and handling criminal violations. The obstacles faced by Bawaslu in the efforts to enforce the handling of violations of the 2020 Berau Regency Pilkada are the lack of human resources (HR) in Bawaslu Berau Regency, the lack of public awareness to participate in monitoring Pilkada violations, and the massive practice of money politics. The existing conditions for the handling of election violations through Gakkumundu formed by Bawaslu with interinstitutional collaboration with the Police and the Prosecutor's Office. For the reform model, the researcher proposes a draft model for strengthening Bawaslu's authority in integrated law enforcement by adopting the authority of OTT and TT carried out by the KPK and Cyber Pungli and the design of an Ad Hoc election judicial model for the effectiveness of election dispute resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the issues of legal regulation of administrative liability for offenses that undermine the established order of governance. The authors analyze the peculiarities of normative fixation of administrative offenses provided for in Chapter 15 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and point out the inconsistency of certain provisions of the Code with modern conditions, including wartime. According to the authors, this fosters a sense of impunity among offenders and a sense of helplessness among law enforcement officials in the face of the «letter of the law.» Analyzing the features of administrative offenses that affect established management procedures allows drawing conclusions about the multitude of special subjects for violations within the named group, as well as the diversity of manifestations of the subjective aspect. This is associated with the creation of new institutions (Bureau of Economic Security, State Special Communications Service and Information Protection of Ukraine, among others), as well as the expediency of legal protection of relationships that have emerged relatively recently (such as personal data protection). Despite the importance of applying measures of administrative liability for violations affecting established management procedures, there are numerous shortcomings in the legal regulation of such liability. Among these shortcomings, the following should be highlighted: disproportionality of sanctions to the severity of the offense committed, obsolescence of certain provisions, impossibility of holding accountable individuals who are not citizens of Ukraine; a significant number of offense elements, the qualification of which requires studying special regulatory acts, impossibility of holding minors accountable on general grounds; lack of administrative liability for violations of curfew and failure to observe blackout measures during a state of war, and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims to meticulously analyse the trends and recurrent challenges that emerge from Warning Letters (WLs) issued by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), focusing on current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) voilations. By investigating the organizational, procedural, and systemic factors that precipitate these non-compliances, the research provides a comprehensive overview of the obstacles to cGMP adherence. Methods: The framework for this study involved a detailed statistical analysis of WLs issued from 2019 to 2024, accessible through the USFDA database. Each letter was categorized and analysed according to violation type, frequency, and underlying causes. This approach facilitated a nuanced understanding of the major and minor compliance issues affecting the pharmaceutical industry. Results: The analysis of total 186 WLs reveals a predominance of violations related to cGMP standards and adulteration of drug products, pinpointing these areas as significant compliance. The study further categorizes and discusses minor violations to offer a holistic view of the compliance landscape in pharmaceutical insdustries. Conclusion: The findings from the WLs suggests a critical need for enhanced regulatory vigilance and quality assurance processes within pharmaceutical companies. The recurrent nature of certain violations highlights potential systemic flaws in how cGMP guidelines are implemented and adhered to across the industry. This research advocates for a proactive regulatory strategy by forecasting regulatory trends and identifying cGMP enforcement challenges, aiming to strengthen quality, streamline inspections, reduce compliance discrepancies, and improve public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxila intersection is facing severe traffic issues includingcongestion, delays, increased travel times and inadequate infrastructure. The aim of the study is to highlight the real problems at Taxila intersection related to road users, vehicles and road infrastructure. Traffic data was collected during peak hours through traffic observing video cameras at the unsignalized intersection. Subsequently, traffic violation measurements and their comparisons between morning and evening peak hours, as well as between weekend and week days were developed. The study also identifies the involvement in traffic violations by different drivers, age groups and vehicle types. Comparing morning and evening peak hours reveals variations in traffic patterns and congestion levels throughout the day, helping to create customized plans. Similarly, investigating disparities between weekends and weekdays uncovers unique factors influencing traffic conditions on different days. Results showed that highest percentage of violations at the intersection resulted from 'illegal crossing of road by pedestrian' followed by 'illegal parking' at the intersection. While the lowest percentage of violation observed was 'wrong way driving' at the intersection. In conclusion, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the traffic issues at the Taxila intersection and offers evidence-based strategies to improve traffic flow, mitigate congestion, and enhance road safety in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability of shop floor workers, who are often as the final level of a socio-technical system, has been identified as a crucial factor in complex systems. This study aimed to develop and apply a quantitative and practical method to help safety practitioners manage unsafe behavior in industrial systems. This study is a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional research conducted in an Iranian manufacturing company. A questionnaire containing six primary scales of unsafe behavior was used to evaluate the participants' scores for unsafe behavior. Since the impact of each of the six scales on the occurrence of unsafe behavior varied, the scales were weighted using the best–worst method (BWM). Finally, to quantify the workers' unsafe behavior, the total unsafe behavior index (USBITotal) score was calculated. The mean scores for routine violations (RVs) and exceptional violations (EVs) were 10.68 and 5.09, respectively, indicating the highest and lowest values. The present study introduces an innovative proactive tool to provide safety practitioners with a practical method for predicting cognitive unsafe behavior of shop floor workers. This tool is cost-effective, accessible, and utilizes quantitative measures. The developed method seems to be a suitable tool for measuring the frequency of slips, lapses, and mistakes, as well as various types of violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monetary sanctions are in every part of the criminal legal system. This paper explores monetary sanctions in community supervision (probation and parole). The findings from a mixed-methods, multiple-state research study illustrate how fines and fees are administered, collected, and enforced within community supervision. Supervision officers have little discretion in the number of fines and fees assessed but have more discretion in collecting the payments and punishing or sanctioning nonpayment. The findings in this paper also elucidate how individuals and their social supports experience having to pay monetary sanctions. The burden of financial sanctions is not felt only by the individual on supervision but also extends to the family. The article concludes with recommendations for improving the use of monetary sanctions within community supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective was to examine the various enforcement action (penalties) which were imposed by IRDAI on Life and General insurance industry for violation of various insurance rules and regulations. The research was a fact-finding descriptive research based on historical penalty orders published by IRDAI. After analysing the 67 orders published on IRDAI website, it was found that penalty amounting to Rs 1190 lakhs was imposed on general insurers and Rs 206 lakhs was imposed on life insurers. Total penalty amount combined for life and general insurers was 1396 lakhs. Out of which 607 lakhs (43.48%) was related to uncommon category violation and 789 lakhs (56.52%) was related to common category violation between life and general insurers. Total frequency of violation for general and life insurance industry combined was 127 times, with common category violation was 101 times (79.52%) and uncommon category violation was 26 times (20.48%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Religación: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Religacion: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the attitudes and perceptions of citizens towards human rights violations, massacres, and war crimes committed during the Kosovo War of 1998/99 through empirical research conducted twenty years post-conflict. The study is unique in its endeavor to measure such attitudes and perceptions within a temporal distance of two decades and for its focus on how individual memories of these events have been passed down to generations born post-1999. The study draws data from a survey conducted with 262 Kosovo citizens and content analysis of secondary sources like scholarly literature and reports from international organizations. The results highlight the structural changes in Kosovo citizens' evaluations and perspectives concerning the 1998/99 war events, providing a comprehensive and contextual understanding of their assessments. The implications of this study hold the potential to greatly enrich our understanding of how societies remember, interpret, and transmit their histories of conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identity politics violations are a frequent phenomenon in elections in Indonesia, where ethnic, religious, ethnic, gender, or other social group identities are manipulated or exploited for political gain. The purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and understand more deeply about identity politics violations in elections, as well as their implications for democracy and Indonesian society as a whole. The analysis will be based on the theory of identity politics, multiculturalism, and political participation. The results of the analysis show that political elites and candidates for regional heads tend to use or maintain identity politics for political interests and strengthen power hegemony. As a result, the use of religious issues as political tools in the 2019 Presidential Election is a source of tension and a potential threat to the country's social and political stability. With a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, this research is expected to provide valuable insights for political stakeholders, electoral institutions, and society at large to develop prevention and countermeasures against identity politics violation and strengthen the foundation of an inclusive and equitable democracy in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory inconsistencies at different jurisdictional levels have contributed to the global expansion of the exotic pet trade, with resultant increases in the spread of invasive species and pathogens. Researchers have enumerated multiple limitations and environmental risks posed by international and national rules that govern the exotic pet trade, yet little attention has focused on the regulation of the exotic pet trade within national borders. We reviewed state‐level regulations that apply to the trade of vertebrate animal taxa in the United States. Definitions and classifications for regulating different vertebrate taxa varied greatly across states, and the terms pet and companion animal were poorly defined and inconsistent across states. States implemented regulations that permit trade in exotic vertebrate pets that are banned from import into the United States owing to public health and conservation concerns. Once species have been imported into the United States, inconsistent internal regulations facilitate the movement of animals that pose substantial invasion and disease risks. Violations of state laws were typically listed as misdemeanors, and the median fine for violating state wildlife trade laws was $1000. Inconsistent and incomplete regulation of exotic vertebrate pets across state borders, in conjunction with limited penalties for violating regulations, has facilitated continued possession of exotic pets in states where these animals are banned. Based on our review of regulatory weaknesses, we conclude that a transition to a federally enforced list of vertebrate species that may be traded as pets is needed, with all other vertebrate species banned from the exotic pet trade unless their potential invasion and disease risks have been assessed and demonstrated to be low or nonexistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animated movies guide children, help them recognise issues and adopt positive behaviours. How do animated movies convey messages about children's rights and their violations? We conducted an inductive content analysis of 23 animated movies for children to answer this question. The movies were analysed regarding gender balance, self-awareness representations of children's rights, children's rights made visible and representations of violations of children's rights. The results show that the movies focus on relationships and individual development. The movies also convey messages about the right to dream, play, have fun and grow up in a peaceful family environment. On the other hand, the movies convey messages about violating the prohibition of discrimination against the right to gender equality. The movies associate girls with housework and marriage while portraying boys as powerful villains. In addition, the movies contain some messages that violate the right to grow up in a peaceful family environment and be protected from mistreatment, neglect and abuse. The young protagonists in the movies generally do not have families. Those with families generally have only a mother or a father. Children with parents also have negative behaviours, such as substance abuse, violence and making money off of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Exposure to marketing and promotion of commercial milk formula is associated with an increased likelihood of formula-feeding. In 1981, the International Code (IC) of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes was adopted by the 34th World Health Assembly to restrict the promotion, marketing and advertising of commercial milk formula and protect breastfeeding. Research Aim The current study examines mothers’ exposure to violations of the IC in Newfoundland and Labrador, a province of Canada with low breastfeeding rates. Methods A cross-sectional online survey measured exposure to IC violations (e.g., marketing, advertising and promotion of commercial milk formula) by mothers of infants less than two years old (n = 119). Data were collected on type, frequency, and location of violation. Results Most participants (87%, n = 104/119) reported exposure to at least one IC violation. Of this group (n = 104): 94% received coupons or discount codes for the purchase of commercial milk formula; 88% received free samples of commercial milk formula from manufacturers, and 79% were contacted directly by commercial milk formula companies via email, text message, mail or phone for advertising purposes. One-third (n = 28/104, 27%) observed commercial milk formula promotional materials in health care facilities. The most frequent locations were violations occurred were doctors’ offices (79%), supermarkets(75%), and pharmacies (71%). Conclusion The majority of mothers of young infants were exposed to violations of the IC involving the marketing, advertising and promotion of commercial milk formula. Companies producing commercial milk formula reached out directly to new mothers to offer unsolicited promotions and free samples of commercial milk formula.

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The goal of this study was to determine the profile of the aggressors of intimate partner violence (IPV), who tend to violate protective orders (POs). A cohort of 200 men convicted of IPV (120 violators and 80 non-violators of the POs) was studied. Male perpetrators were more likely to belong to the PO violator group when they had a prior criminal history, they inflicted more severe physical violence, they were drug users, and they had a low education level. Using the risk factors identified here when dealing with males who perpetrate IPV and taking appropriate measures may help to prevent revictimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of effective desk audit in the system of state audit allows establishing a productive use of public funds, and avoiding misuse of the budget. Conditioned upon the spread of Covid and the tightening of quarantine measures, the situation with on-site tax inspections has become more complicated. In modern conditions, the importance of analysing the directions of this type of audit, its evaluation, and identifying the prospects for its development is increasing. The purpose of the article is to assess the current state and directions of development of desk audit in the state audit of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to identify possible problems during this type of tax audit and to find ways to solve them. The scientific article uses the following methods of research: the method of analysis of scientific sources, the method of information retrieval, the method of analytical review, the method of analysing regulatory documents on the subject of conducting a desk audit, the method of functional analysis, the method of analysing the root cause. The international practice of application of desk tax audit is studied. The assessment of the current state of desk audit in the system of state audit of the Republic of Kazakhstan was carried out. The directions of development of desk audit in the system of state audit are determined. The main results of this research can be considered not only the identification of problems during the desk audit, but also the determination of ways to solve them. The directions for improving the organisation of the process of desk audit are determined. The results of this scientific study, including the conclusions formed on their basis, contribute to the study of the problems of desk audit in the Republic of Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous innovations are taking place worldwide to develop solutions for problems encountered by human beings. The prevention of a variety of accidents due to burning, drowning, terrorism, electric shocks, and road traffic is among the important concerns of researchers and solution developers. Specifically, this current study aims to analyse the contributions of different driver behaviours that resulted in road accidents, followed by proposing a viable solution and reducing the road accident frequencies to benefit society at large. This study employed two methods to analyse data. One was through SEM, and the second was through Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The study is descriptive in nature and it used the survey method to collect sample data from 345 drivers from various professional backgrounds. The questionnaire consisted of independent variables, namely slips, errors, mistakes, lapse violations and unintentional violations. To measure the contributions of these variables towards accidents, age was taken as the moderator. The statistical techniques used included reliability, correlation, and normality analyses, in addition to artificial neural networks and regression analyses. Each factor was found to be a significant contributor to road accidents. Moreover, no significant difference was found in drivers' behaviour between males and females, but age was found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between driver behaviours and accidents. Additionally, the rate of accidents decreases with the increases in age and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Migrants in Libya are experiencing the worst form of human rights violations, particularly after the fall of the Gaddafiregime. Post-2014 migrants faced a serious threat of human rights violations in detention centres and became the most vulnerable in Libyan society. The migrants experienced various human rights violations such as murder, torture, rape, enforced disappearance, and forced labour that may amount to crimes against humanity in international criminal law. In light of this situation, European policies aim at returning migrants to the European coasts. This has led to the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral migration agreements with the Libyan government and armed non-state actors. These policies have contributed to the vulnerability of migrants and the legitimization of violations by armed non-state actors. This article examines the violations committed against migrants in detention centres in Libya under the national and international legal framework with the aim of revealing the shortcomings and gaps in the Libyan national legal system and identifying the responsibility of the Libyan government, European Union countries and non-state actors for violations committed against immigrants in Libya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Health Academics / Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Health Academics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aberrant driving behaviors cause accidents; however, there is a lack of understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these behaviors. To address this issue, a task and resting-state functional connectivity was used to predict aberrant driving behavior and associated personality traits. The study included 29 right-handed participants with driving licenses issued for more than 1 year. During the functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, participants first recorded their resting state and then watched a driving video while continuously rating the risk and speed on each block. Functional connectome-based predictive modeling was employed for whole brain tasks and resting-state functional connectivity to predict driving behavior (violation, error, and lapses), sensation-seeking, and impulsivity. Resting state and task-based functional connectivity were found to significantly predict driving violations, with resting state significantly predicting lapses and task-based functional connectivity showing a tendency to predict errors. Conversely, neither impulsivity nor sensation-seeking was associated with functional connectivity. The results suggest a significant association between aberrant driving behavior, but a nonsignificant association between impulsivity and sensation-seeking, and task-based or resting state functional connectivity. This could provide a deeper understanding of the neural processing underlying reckless driving that may ultimately be used to prevent accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banking secrecy is known in many countries in the world that have a bank financial institution. Banking secrecy is one of the most important principles. This is because one bank's development and growth are very dependent on public trust. Confidentiality of information that is born in banking activities is needed for the benefit of the bank and also the interest of the customer itself. This research discussed the function of the banking financial institution in protecting their customers through banking secrecy and the form of the tort of law against banking secrecy in judicial proceedings linked to the case. The method used in this research is juridical normative research. Data are collected by literature and document studies and then analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of this research indicate that to overcome problems with banking secrecy, interference from the authorities in the consumer protection sector in the financial services field is needed that is, the Financial Services Authority institution, in Indonesian, is called Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. The institution is expected to be able to protect customers from financial service businesses that are considered to harm the interests of customers. In the case, the customer sued the bank for violating banking secrecy based on the tort of law that is contrary to the bank’s legal obligations and the law as referred to in Article 40 Paragraph 1 of the Banking Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the patterns of various types of crimes against women in different cities across India and investigates the interrelationships between these crimes. Using secondary data from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) covering 34 cities, the research reveals that Bhopal has reported the highest number of crimes against women, followed by Vishakhapatnam, Faridabad, and Vijayawada from 2016 to 2020. Conversely, cities with the lowest registered cases include Tiruchirappalli, Rajkot, Ranchi, Amritsar, Madurai, and Mallapuram. Additionally, a Spearman correlation analysis shows a significant positive relationship between rape, dowry deaths, cruelty by husbands, and the kidnapping and abduction of women. These findings highlight the alarming prevalence of crimes against women in India, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive efforts to address these issues and promote gender equality and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the management of election violations abroad, a crucial factor in the quality of Indonesia's elections. The rise in such cases during the 2019 general election highlights the need for a robust framework to address these issues in the upcoming 2024 elections. Unlike previous studies, this research focuses on creating an effective design for managing election violations. The findings emphasize the urgent need for effective oversight to ensure order, protect citizens' constitutional rights, and uphold justice. To achieve this, the study recommends increasing the Overseas General Elections Supervisory Committee's membership from three to five, amending key legal provisions, and shifting the law enforcement paradigm from compliance to the internalization of legal compliance. These measures aim to enhance the integrity and effectiveness of Indonesia's electoral process.

This study investigates the driver behavior of a certain number of drivers using a questionnaire method. The questionnaire contains a part of drivers' demographics, including age, gender, and the type of transportation most used by the drivers. It was divided into three parts. Each part deals with a specific type of road in Baghdad City: multi-lane, two-lane, and local. The questions were about the number of times they drove the vehicle on each type of road, the speed at which they drove the vehicle and did not cause accidents, the distance traveled during the last week on each type of road, and the number of times the speed limit was exceeded. The most prominent reasons for increasing the speed of drivers were also indicated, and solutions were suggested to reduce the speed of drivers. The results show that the driver's age was considered an important factor in the driver’s behavior. It was found that the older the driver, the more committed he was to the proposed speed limits for each type of road. In addition, spreading public awareness about speed reduction to reduce violations and accidents is vital.

There has been a wealth of research that has examined the nature of rework in construction. Progress toward addressing the rework problem has been limited—it still plagues practice, adversely impacting a project’s performance. Almost all rework studies have focused on determining its proximal or root causes and therefore have overlooked the conditions that result from its manifestation. In filling this void, this paper draws upon our previous empirical studies, amongst others, to provide a much-needed theoretical framing to understand better why rework occurs, what its consequences are, and how it can be mitigated during construction. The theoretical framing we derive from our review provides construction organizations and their projects with a realization that the journey to mitigating rework begins with creating an error-mastery culture comprising authentic leadership, psychological safety, an error-management orientation, and resilience. We suggest that, once an error-mastery culture is established within construction organizations and their projects, they will be better positioned to realize the benefits of the techniques, tools, and technologies espoused to address rework, such as the Last Planner® and building information modeling. We also provide directions for future research and identify implications for practice so that strides toward rework mitigation in construction can be made.