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This study is aimed at assessing the impact of simultaneous administration of GnRH and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) 7 days prior to Ovsynch in Hariana cow. Two hundred cyclic cows (> 4 months postpartum) were assigned to control (n = 54) and pre-OV (n = 146). As per Ovsynch protocol, buserelin acetate (10 μg), cloprostenol (500 μg), and buserelin acetate (10 μg) were injected i.m. on days 0, 7, and 9, respectively, in cows irrespective of treatment. But in pre-OV cows, buserelin acetate (10 μg) and cloprostenol (500 μg) were also injected i.m. simultaneously 7 days prior to initiate the Ovsynch protocol. Artificial insemination was performed between 18 and 24 h after the 2nd GnRH of Ovsynch in both treatments. Ultrasonography and blood sampling for hormonal analysis were done on each day of treatment, on day of AI, and 12 days post-AI. Pre-OV treatment resulted to increased (45.20% vs 29.62%; P < 0.05) pregnancy outcomes and higher (P < 0.01) ovulation rate to first GnRH of Ovsynch than control. Cows showing complete luteolysis in response to PGF2α of Ovsynch were also higher (P < 0.05) in pre-OV than control. Greater (P < 0.05) synchronization rate was recorded in pre-OV than control (86.76% and 68.75%). The circulating concentrations of estradiol on day of AI and progesterone on day 12 post-AI were higher (P < 0.01) in cows diagnosed pregnant than non-pregnant in both control and pre-OV treatment. In conclusion, simultaneous administration of GnRH and PGF2α 7 days before Ovsynch improved the synchronization rate and luteal profile in terms of CL area and hence resulted in higher conception rate in Hariana zebu cow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semen ejaculates were collected from Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bulls and were diluted with low density lipoprotein (LDL) based extender into 20 million sperm/0.25 mL and 2 million sperm/0.25 mL. Dinitrophenol (DNP) was added (@ 0, 1, 10 and 50 µM) to 20 million and 2 million sperm concentration which was followed by cryopreservation. After thawing, the parameters studied were plasma membrane integrity by HOST, sperm motility and kinetics by CASA, the thermal resistance of sperm by incubation test, mitochondrial superoxide status by MitoSOX through flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) evaluation by JC-1 through flow cytometry. There was no significant (P>0.05) change in plasma membrane integrity, sperm motility and kinematics; thermal resistance of sperm, mitochondrial superoxide status and hMMP in comparison to control within the 2 and 20 million sperm doses. Two million sperm doses resulted in low plasma membrane integrity, low thermal resistance of sperm, high mitochondrial superoxide status and decreased high MMP and no significant (P>0.05) change in sperm motility and kinematics, but reduced total motility, beat cross frequency and no change in progressive motility, straight linear velocity, average path velocity, curvilinear velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, straightness, linearity, and wobble in comparison to 20 million sperm doses. Supplementation of DNP (0, 1, 10 and 50 µM) in extender failed to improve semen quality in both 2 and 20 million sperm doses in buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The age at first calving (AFC) has a huge impact on profitability in the dairy industry. It can be used as an indicator of fertility and productivity and it is also considered as an essential factor to ascertain the overall production performance of the animal. There are large variations in AFC in herd to herd, breed to breed and also country to country. This may be due to various factors that affect directly or indirectly on AFC; out of many factors, nutrition, body weight, environments, managements and genetics factors play a major role into attainment of puberty, sexual maturity and AFC. The current review covers various aspects of the seasonal influence of AFC on certain genetic variations and subsequent effect of these genetic variations in reproductive performances of the Murrah buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive managements of buffalo during the summer season a challenging task livestock's owner. There are different factors contributes to this condition; the most important are consequence of increased temperature and humidity that result in a decreased expression of overt sings of estrus and reduction in appetite and dry matter intake. The failure to express the overt signs of estrus is due to aberration in endocrine profile. Heat stress during the summer causes hyper-prolactinaemia, suppressing the secretion of gonadotropins, which alters the ovarian steroidogenesis. It also affects folliculogenesis, follicular fluid microenvironment and oocyte quality. A large number of hormonal regimens have been used with varying degree of efficacy in terms of estrus induction and conception rate. A combined strategy of improvement in environment, nutrition and management is pre-requisite for hormonal manipulation in order to improve productivity of buffaloes during the summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study of the effects of antiviral and antibacterial properties of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of clove's oil on disease-causing microbes in poultry and livestock. It describes the process of obtaining oil using steam distillation, the extraction of aqueous and alcohol compounds, as well as the tests conducted against the equine herpes and infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus. Results show the significant potent viral effect of clove against the viruses.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of vitamin E supplementation in Tris-citric acid yolk glycerol extender on seminal and biochemical parameters of semen at the end of equilibration time (pre freezing stage) and after 24 hours freezing and thawing (post freezing stage) of semen. Significant improvement in progressive sperm motility, live spermatozoa, acrosomal integrity and MDA was observed in semen supplemented with vitamin E during pre freezing and post freezing stages. However, the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) did not differ significantly in both the groups. Thus inclusion of vitamin E in the extender prior to extension and freezing has shown improvement in post thaw quality of buffalo bull semen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at assessing the impact of simultaneous administration of GnRH and prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) 7 days prior to Ovsynch in Hariana cow. Two hundred cyclic cows (> 4 months postpartum) were assigned to control (n = 54) and pre-OV (n = 146). As per Ovsynch protocol, buserelin acetate (10 μg), cloprostenol (500 μg), and buserelin acetate (10 μg) were injected i.m. on days 0, 7, and 9, respectively, in cows irrespective of treatment. But in pre-OV cows, buserelin acetate (10 μg) and cloprostenol (500 μg) were also injected i.m. simultaneously 7 days prior to initiate the Ovsynch protocol. Artificial insemination was performed between 18 and 24 h after the 2nd GnRH of Ovsynch in both treatments. Ultrasonography and blood sampling for hormonal analysis were done on each day of treatment, on day of AI, and 12 days post-AI. Pre-OV treatment resulted to increased (45.20% vs 29.62%; P < 0.05) pregnancy outcomes and higher (P < 0.01) ovulation rate to first GnRH of Ovsynch than control. Cows showing complete luteolysis in response to PGF 2α of Ovsynch were also higher (P < 0.05) in pre-OV than control. Greater (P < 0.05) synchronization rate was recorded in pre-OV than control (86.76% and 68.75%). The circulating concentrations of estradiol on day of AI and progesterone on day 12 post-AI were higher (P < 0.01) in cows diagnosed pregnant than non-pregnant in both control and pre-OV treatment. In conclusion, simultaneous administration of GnRH and PGF 2α 7 days before Ovsynch improved the synchronization rate and luteal profile in terms of CL area and hence resulted in higher conception rate in Hariana zebu cow., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Equine influenza is a leading cause for respiratory illness in equines. Major control measures involve vaccination which requires continuous harmonization owing to antigenic drift. The present study focused on assessing the protective efficacy of an inactivated recombinant equine influenza virus (rgEIV) vaccine candidate adjuvanted with Montanide TM Pet Gel in murine model. The rgEIV was generated using reverse genetics by incorporating HA and NA segments from EIV/H3N8, clade 2-Florida sublineage in an A/WSN/33 /H1N1 backbone and inactivated by formalin. The vaccine was prepared by mixing inactivated rgEIV with Montanide TM Pet Gel adjuvant followed by intranasal inoculation into BALB/c mice intranasally. The immune responses and protective efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by measurement of antibody titer, immunoglobulin subtyping, cytokines, clinical signs and pathological lesions after immunization and challenge with wild EIV. Serology and cytokine expression pattern indicated that the vaccine activated mixed Th1- and Th2-like responses of vaccine. Booster immunization stimulated strong antibody responses (HAI titre: 192 ± 28.6) at 42 days post immunization and the predominant antibody subtype was IgG1. Upregulation of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-2 levels indicates effective induction of Th1 type response. We found that vaccination has protected mice against equine influenza virus challenge as adjudged through a lack of nonappearance of visible clinical signs of disease, no loss of body weight loss, reduced pathology in the lungs and markedly reduced virus shedding from the respiratory tract. Therefore, we conclude that recombinant EIV vaccine candidate adjuvanted with Montanide TM Pet Gel could aid in quick harmonization of the vaccines through replacement of HA and NA genes for control of EIV outbreaks.