Search

Screening of nutritional status of cancer patients plays a crucial role in the perioperative management and is mandatory for the certification of oncological centers by the German Cancer Society (DKG). The available screening tools do not differentiate between muscle and adipose tissue. Recent advances in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as the automatic picture archiving communication system (PACS) imaging analysis by high performance reconstruction systems have recently enabled a detailed analysis of adipose tissue and muscle quality. Rapidly growing evidence shows that body composition parameters, especially reduced muscle mass, are associated with adverse outcomes in cancer patients and have been reported to negatively affect overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), toxicity associated with chemotherapy and surgical complications. In this article, we summarize the recent literature and present the clinical influence of body composition in oncological visceral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present work was to determine the influence of rendering temperature on the quality of rendered chicken oil from visceral fat tissue. The visceral fat tissue was extracted using a dry rendering method at 80, 100, and 120°C, then the rendered chicken oil was sampled to determine their quality parameters including peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), free fatty acid (FFA), and fatty acid profile. Results showed that the chicken oil rendered at 120°C had higher yield than those rendered at 80 and 100°C. For the colour values in terms of L*, a*, and b* value, it was found that the chicken oil rendered at 80°C had the highest L* value (lightness) compared to 100 and 120°C (p = 0.05). The a* value (redness) showed no significant difference at all rendering temperatures (p > 0.05). Moreover, the rendering temperature at 120°C had higher b* value (yellowness) than 80 and 100°C. The chicken oil rendered at 120°C had the lowest iodine value (IV) compared with 80 and 100°C. The free fatty acid (FFA) of chicken oil rendered at 120°C was higher than 100 and 80°C (p = 0.05). The PV of chicken oil rendered at 80, 100, and 120°C were 5.85, 8.40, and 7.97 meq/kg, respectively. The rendering temperature at 120°C had the highest TBARS followed by 100 and 80°C, respectively. The content of unsaturated fatty acid was 64.26 - 65.66 g/100 g. The most abundant fatty acids found were oleic acid (43.06 - 43.94 g/100 g), followed by palmitic acid (23.53 - 24.27 g/100 g), and linoleic acid (14.85 - 15.40 g/100 g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is known as a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease. The distribution of body fat is crucial for the development of metabolic complications. Comprehensive genetic analyses on different fat tissues are rare but necessary to provide more detailed information. Therefore, we performed genetic analyses of three patients with obesity using high resolution genome wide SNP array (blood, visceral fat tissue) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses (visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue). Altogether, we identified 31 small Copy Number Variations (losses: 1p31.1, 1p22.2, 1q21.3, 2q34, 2q37.1, 3q28, 6p25.3, 7q31.33, 7q33, 8p23.3, 10q22.3, 11p15.4, 11p15.1, 11p14.2, 11p12, 13q12.3, 15q11.2-q13.1, 15q13.3, 20q13.2, 22q11.21; gains: 2q22.1-q22.2, 3p14.3, 4p16.3, 4q32.2, 6q27, 7p14.3, 7q34, 11p12, 12p11.21, 16p11.2-p11.1, 17q21.31) and 289 small copy-neutral Loss of Heterozygosity (cn-LOH). For the chromosomal region 15q11.2-q13.1, we detected a microdeletion (Prader-Willi-Syndrome) in one patient. Interestingly, we identified chromosomal SNP differences between EDTA-blood and visceral fat tissue (deletion and gain). Small losses of 7q31.33, 7q33, 11p14.2, 11p12, 13q12.3 as well as small gain of 7q34 were detected only in fat tissue and not in blood. Furthermore, FISH analyses on 7q31.33, 7q33 and 11p12 revealed differences between subcutaneous and visceral fat tissue. Generally, the deletions were detected more frequent in visceral fat tissue. Predominantly detected cn-LOH vs. CNV suggests a meaning of these cn-LOH for the pathogenesis of obesity. We conclude that the SNP array and FISH analyses used is applicable to generate more information for basic research on difficult cell subpopulations (e.g., visceral adipose tissue) and could opens up new diagnostic aspects in the field of obesity. Altogether, the significance of these mostly not yet described genetic aberrations in different fat tissues needs to confirmed in a larger series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is known as a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease. The distribution of body fat is crucial for the development of metabolic complications. Comprehensive genetic analyses on different fat tissues are rare but necessary to provide more detailed information. Therefore, we performed genetic analyses of three patients with obesity using high resolution genome wide SNP array (blood, visceral fat tissue) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses (visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue). Altogether, we identified 31 small Copy Number Variations (losses: 1p31.1, 1p22.2, 1q21.3, 2q34, 2q37.1, 3q28, 6p25.3, 7q31.33, 7q33, 8p23.3, 10q22.3, 11p15.4, 11p15.1, 11p14.2, 11p12, 13q12.3, 15q11.2-q13.1, 15q13.3, 20q13.2, 22q11.21; gains: 2q22.1-q22.2, 3p14.3, 4p16.3, 4q32.2, 6q27, 7p14.3, 7q34, 11p12, 12p11.21, 16p11.2-p11.1, 17q21.31) and 289 small copy-neutral Loss of Heterozygosity (cn-LOH). For the chromosomal region 15q11.2-q13.1, we detected a microdeletion (Prader-Willi-Syndrome) in one patient. Interestingly, we identified chromosomal SNP differences between EDTA-blood and visceral fat tissue (deletion and gain). Small losses of 7q31.33, 7q33, 11p14.2, 11p12, 13q12.3 as well as small gain of 7q34 were detected only in fat tissue and not in blood. Furthermore, FISH analyses on 7q31.33, 7q33 and 11p12 revealed differences between subcutaneous and visceral fat tissue. Generally, the deletions were detected more frequent in visceral fat tissue. Predominantly detected cn-LOH vs. CNV suggests a meaning of these cn-LOH for the pathogenesis of obesity. We conclude that the SNP array and FISH analyses used is applicable to generate more information for basic research on difficult cell subpopulations (e.g., visceral adipose tissue) and could opens up new diagnostic aspects in the field of obesity. Altogether, the significance of these mostly not yet described genetic aberrations in different fat tissues needs to confirmed in a larger series.

Introduction: Patients with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) are considered at high-risk for incident stroke. An indicator of visceral adiposity dysfunction, the Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index (CVAI) is used to evaluate the dysfunction of visceral fat. Given the impact of visceral adiposity dysfunction on elevating cardiovascular hazards, this study aimed to examine the association between CVAI and stroke risk in MetS patients. Method: Between November 2017 and December 2018, a total of 18,974 individuals aged ≥40 underwent standardized in-person clinical interviews in Hunan Province, with 6,732 meeting the criteria for MetS. After the baseline survey was completed, subsequent surveys were conducted biennially. The study was split into two stages performed at baseline and after two years. During the former, receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to assess the accuracy of using baseline CVAI in diagnosing MetS. After two years, we examined the association between CVAI and incident stroke in MetS patients using logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis. Result: As evidenced by a higher AUC (AUC:0.741), CVAI demonstrated superior diagnostic performance relative to body mass index (AUC:0.631) and waist circumference (AUC:0.627) in diagnosing MetS. After a 2-year follow-up, 72 MetS patients had a stroke event. There was a robust positive correlation between incident stroke and CVAI in patients with MetS. Each 1 SD increase in CVAI was associated with a 1.52-fold higher risk of stroke after adjustment for confounding factors (aOR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.18-1.95). The RCS demonstrated a reduced risk of stroke for MetS patients when the CVAI was below 110.91. However, no significant correlation was detected between CVAI and stroke in non-MetS patients. Conclusion: Our findings recommend CVAI as a superior screening tool for detecting MetS and suggest that reducing CVAI can mitigate the risk of stroke in patients with MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Body composition assessment has shown promising results as a prognostic biomarker as depicted by cross-sectional imaging of several tumor entities including lymphomas. The present study sought to elucidate the prognostic relevance of subcutaneous and visceral fat tissue (SAT and VAT) in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Patients and Methods: Overall, 74 patients (36 female patients, 46.7%) with a mean age of 64.2±12.8 years (range=23-81 years) were identified in the database with sufficient clinical and imaging data and included into this retrospective study. Fat area assessment was performed on one axial slide on L3-height derived from staging computed tomography (CT) images. Subcutaneous, visceral, and intramuscular adipose tissues (SAT, VAT, IMAT) were estimated. Also, density of SAT, VAT, and IMAT were estimated. Finally, the ratio VAT/SAT (VSR) was calculated. Overall and progression-free survival (OS and PFS) were used as study end points. Results: In the observation period, overall, 47 patients (63.5%) died. Mean OS was 33.8±45.4 months and mean PFS was 26.6±42.7 months. The mean VAT value was 162±99.5 cm2, the mean SAT was 202.4±103.3 cm2, the mean VSR was 0.92±0.69. The hazard ratios (HRs) for overall survival were 0.87 for high VAT, 1.52 for SAT, and 0.73 for VSR in univariable analysis. For PFS it was 0.24 for VAT, 1.11 for SAT, and 1.07 for VSR. No values achieved statistical significance. Similar results were shown in Kaplan- Meier analysis for OS and PFS, respectively. Conclusion: Parameters of adipose tissue are not associated with OS and PFS in patients with PCNSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate visceral and subcutaneous fat tissue and its association with hepatosteatosis on computed tomography (CT) scans to determine cut-off criteria for metabolic syndrome, measure abdominal obesity directly based on the visceral fat tissue area (VFTA) rather than indirectly based on waist circumference and obtain supportive findings by density measurements in addition to the VFTA measurements. Materials and Methods: The Hounsfield unit (HU) values, visceral, subcutaneous fat areas and HU values of 108 patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MS) were determined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III 2001 Criteria by retrospectively analyzing their abdominal CT images taken for various reasons. The relationships of the obtained values with each other and to MS were evaluated. Results: The strongest predictor of MS was VFTA, and 156.47 cm² was the most significant value with 74.1% sensitivity and 58.6% specificity. An HU value of -102.99 for visceral fat tissue density (VFTD) was found as the second most significant finding with 75% sensitivity and 57.6% specificity. The VFTA values of the patients with hepatosteatosis were higher, and increased VFTA values were associated with lower VFTD values. Conclusion: The most important supportive finding was the demonstration of the possibility of measuring abdominal obesity, which has an important place among criteria, directly by measuring VFTA, rather than indirectly based on waist circumference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim:Fat-Specific Protein 27 (Protein Specialty Protein) is one of the proteins that play a role in the regulation and metabolism of lipid droplets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of endurance training on expression of specific lipid profile (FSP27) and insulin resistance in STZ-diabetic rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (diabetic group), low intensity endurance training (DLE), diabetic group, moderate intensity exercise (DME), diabetic group, and endurance training with intensity High (DHE), control group of diabetic (DC) and healthy control (HC). After diabetic administration, streptozotocin was injected with endurance training with low, moderate and high intensity for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 30 minutes. Serum glucose levels were measured by glucometer, insulin with mouse specific ELISA kit, relative expression of FSP27 protein with Western Blot method and insulin resistance index. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey and James Howell post hoc tests were used to determine the difference between groups. Results: The results showed that endurance training with three severity (low, moderate and high) had a significant effect on serum glucose, insulin and insulin resistance values ​​(p = 0.001). Reductions in serum salivary and glucose levels were significant in high intensity exercise groups and moderate intensity exercises versus diabetic control and low intensity exercise (p≤0.05). Insulin resistance values ​​were significantly higher in moderate and high intensity training groups compared to low exercise group, diabetic control group and healthy control group (p≤0.05). The expression of FSP27 protein in endurance training groups with three intensities with diabetic control and healthy control was not significantly different. However, the results showed that the content of FSP27 in the training groups increased with intensity of exercise compared to the diabetic control group (the value of p was exactly noche, not approximation) Conclusion: Although, none of the endurance training interventions produced a significant difference in FSP27. Considering the tendency to increase FSP27 with increasing endurance training, it seems that endurance training with an appropriate intensity can be achieved by increasing FSP27 and subsequent reduction of the acids Free fat on the one hand and increased glucose uptake, on the other hand, increase insulin sensitivity and improve insulin resistance in diabetic rats.

Purpose: Bariatric surgery is considered as an effective therapeutic strategy for weight loss in severe obesity. Remission of type 2 diabetes is often achieved after the surgery. We investigated whether increase in self-reported habitual physical activity associates with improved skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and reduction of fat depots after bariatric surgery. Methods: We assessed self-reported habitual physical activity using Baecke questionnaire in 18 diabetic and 28 nondiabetic patients with morbid obesity (median age, 46 yr; body mass index, 42.0 kg·m−2) before and 6 months after bariatric surgery operation. Insulin-stimulated femoral muscle glucose uptake was measured using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography method during hyperinsulinemia. In addition, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat masses were quantified using magnetic resonance imaging and liver fat content using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Also, serum proinflammatory cytokines were measured. Results: Patients lost on average 22.9% of weight during the follow-up period of 6 months (P < 0.001). Self-reported habitual physical activity level increased (P = 0.017). Improvement in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity was observed only in those patients who reported increase in their physical activity postoperatively (P = 0.018). The increase in self-reported physical activity associated with the loss of visceral fat mass (P = 0.029). Postoperative self-reported physical activity correlated also positively with postoperative hepatic insulin clearance (P = 0.02) and tended to correlate negatively with liver fat content (P = 0.076). Postoperative self-reported physical activity also correlated negatively with serum TNFα, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein and interleukin 6 levels. Conclusions: Self-reported physical activity is associated with reversal of skeletal muscle insulin resistance after bariatric surgery as well as with the loss of visceral fat content and improved postoperative metabolism in bariatric surgery patients. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00793143 (SLEEVEPASS), NCT01373892 (SLEEVEPET2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune cell infiltration into adipose tissue (AT) is a key factor in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, research on the impact of fat distribution on immune cells and immune responses in women is still lacking. This study used enrichment, protein–protein interaction network, immune cell infiltration, and correlation analysis to compare the similarities and differences between the transcriptome data of visceral AT (VAT) and subcutprotein-proteinaneous AT (SAT) obtained from the omprehensive database of gene expression in women with non-T2DM and T2DM. DEGs with the same biological function in two types of ATs often exhibited different expression trends. SharedVAT-specific and SAT-specific hub genes were mainly associated with transcription factors, monocyte-macrophage markers, and chemokines, respectively. Immune cells affected by both AT types included monocytes, granulocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and NK cells. VAT affected more immune cells, mainly myeloid cells. Shared hub genes in VAT correlated positively with M1 macrophages, suggesting pro-inflammatory effects, while those in SAT correlated negatively with M1 macrophages and lymphocytes, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects. This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the correlation between AT and T2DM in women.

Aim: In this study we aimed to investigate the volume of the paracardiac visceral fat tissue that was necessary to cause blunting of the sinus and its' relation with adjacent compression atelectasies. Material and Methods: We assessed 180 thorax CT scans regardless of the indication. In each patient, margins of paracardiac fat tissue were drawn in 3-D reformatted images and the volume of fat tissue was calculated semi automatically and recorded. The relation between paracardiac visseral fat tissue volume and thickness, BMI, blunting of the cardiophrenic sinus and compression atelectasis were evaluated with ANOVA and chi- square tests using SPSS package program version 16.0. Results: Overall paracardiac fat tissue volume measured correlated well with their BMI groups. In addition, significant relation was found between the thickness and volume of paracardiac fat tissue and adjacent compresion atelectasis and blunting in bilateral cardiophrenic sinus observed on both sides. Conclusions: Cardiophrenic sinus blunting in both lungs observed in chest X-Ray, might be related to the compression due to increased amount of paracardiac fat tissue. In these cases, atelectasis should be considered before inflammation or mass lesions when increase in parenchyme density is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a significant public health burden affecting not only obese individuals but also people with normal weight. As opposed to previous beliefs, this particular subset of patients has an increased risk of all-cause mortality and worse outcomes than their obese counterparts. The development of NAFLD in lean subjects seems to be interconnected with metabolic phenotype, precisely visceral fat tissue, sarcopenia, and insulin resistance. Here, we summarize available data focusing on the co-dependent relationship between metabolic phenotype, insulin resistance, and development of NAFLD in lean individuals, suggesting more appropriate tools for measuring body fat distribution for the screening of patients at risk., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: No potential conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2020. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Though disease-related differences between the sexes have increasingly attracted attention, the renal impact of pulse pressure (PP) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has never been investigated comprehensively in relation to differences associated with sex. We aimed to examine sex differences in PP as a related factor of CKD progression from the perspective of atherosclerosis. Methods: A total of 156 patients with CKD matched according to age and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were separated into sex-based cohorts. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed to identify factors associated with renal outcomes. Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed to assess disease progression, which was defined as a ≥50% estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline or end-stage renal disease. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 58.9 ± 13.1 years, and the median follow-up period was 114.0 months. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that PP was significantly associated with disease progression among the entire cohort (p = 0.007). In the sex-based sub-cohort analyses, PP was significantly associated with disease progression in men (p = 0.0004) but not in women. Among the entire cohort, PP was correlated positively with age (p = 0.03) and negatively with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level (p = 0.003). PP was significantly correlated with visceral fat area (VFA) (p = 0.04) and hemoglobin level (p = 0.04) in men and with HDL-C level (p = 0.003) in women. Conclusion: A high PP is a significant related factor of CKD progression, especially in men, in whom it is significantly associated with greater VFA and lower hemoglobin level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a well-known risk factor in cardiovascular disease development especially in cases with central distribution of fat tissue. Research is mainly focused on visceral fat tissue characteristics, but visceral fat role in cardiovascular disease has yet to be established. In modern era, cardiac imaging methods reveals fat tissue depots, which can influence the work of central organs locally: epicardial fat with influence on the heart, perivascular fat and vascular structures. Mechanisms linking fat distribution and cardiovascular risk are complex and includes: fat and glucose metabolism changes, influence on risk factors (hypertension, inflammation), systemic and local adipokine action. Epicardial fat is a visceral fat tissue depot directly linked to myocardial tissue through conjucted microcirculation and is metabolically active. Recent literature is focused on balancing proatherosclerotic - inflammatory and protective activity of fat tissue. Mazurek et al showed a study on 42 patients referred to coronary artery bypass grafting in which proinflammatory cytokines concentration in epicardial and subcutaneous fat tissue was measured with PCR and ELISA method. They found higher concentrations of proinflammatory adipokines in epicardial fat tissue. Well known Framingham Heart Study on more than 1000 pts revealed liaison of epicardial fat tissue volume and calcium scoring in coronary arteries. Meta-analysis of 9 studies with 3992 pats showed good correlation of high-risk plaques in coronary arteries and fat tissue volume. Quantification of epicardial fat tissue volumes could be implemented in cardiovascular risk stratification. Study published in JACC by Mahabadi et al included 4093 pts and showed good correlation of epicardial fat tissue volume and cardiovascular risk with higher incidence of myocardial infarction in pts with larger epicardial fat volumes.1 Lot of studies referred to epicardial fat volume and atrial remodeling. Cytokines has been proved to induce atrial wall fibrosis, myocardial inflammation and oxidative stress, factors known to be causative in atrial fibrillation incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]