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Delamination is one of the most common and dangerous failure modes for composites because it takes place and grows in the absence of any visible surface damage. The successful implementation of delamination detection in aerospace composite structures is always challenging due to the general anisotropic behavior of composites and multilayer delamination scenarios. This article presents a numerical and experimental investigation to detect and characterize the multilayer delaminations in carbon fiber–reinforced polymer composite plates using guided waves and wavenumber analysis. Multiphysics three-dimensional finite element simulations of the composite plate with five different delamination scenarios are conducted to provide the out-of-plane wave motion for wavenumber analysis. The out-of-plane results from finite element simulations of one delamination and two delaminations are validated by the scanning laser Doppler vibrometer measurements. It is found that the wavenumber analysis can identify the plies between which the delamination occurs and evaluate the delamination severity by comparing the new wavenumbers due to the trapped waves in the delamination regions, which is potentially related to delamination severity. Both numerical and experimental results demonstrate a good capability for the detection and characterization of multilayer delaminations in composite structures.

The greatest factor that threatens the integrity of stone monuments, which are the shared heritage of humanity, is the effects of weathering. This process causes different forms and degrees of deterioration, sometimes in the internal structure of the building stones (crack formation from stress or gap structures after weathering) and sometimes on the visible surface. The accurate definition of the origins, types, and levels of weathering influences and classifications to be created can prevent erroneous intervention in conservation practices. This study creates an integrated weathering classification (IWC) to identify the levels of weathering that are and/or are not seen with the naked eye in building stones. For this purpose, two different weathering classifications are produced with visual analysis and P-wave velocity data, which are methods of non-destructive examination that have been frequently used, particularly in recent years. The IWC is created with the help of the Mamdani fuzzy inference system, which facilitates collective evaluation by eliminating the definitive boundary limits in these classifications. The recommended model is tested at the Ates Baz-i Veli Mausoleum. Among the 146 block stones in the structure, 91 were in the “very slight” weathering category, 72 were in the “slight” category, 32 were in the “high” category, and six were in the “very high” category. This IWC is presented as an innovative methodology that can produce swift and repeatable results without damaging monuments and serve as an integrated approach in the weathering classification of building stones (internal and external levels of weathering).

The shift of armed conflicts to more urbanised environments has increased the risk to cultural heritage sites. Small arms impacts are ubiquitous in these circumstances, yet the effects and mechanisms of damage caused are not well known. A sandstone target was shot under controlled conditions to investigate surface and subsurface damage. A 3D model of the damaged block, created by structure from motion photogrammetry, shows that internal fracturing was at least as extensive as the visible surface fractures. Backscatter electron imaging of the damaged surface shows a shift from intragranular fracturing and grain size reduction at &lt, 5 mm from the impact point to primarily circumgranular fracturing and grain ‘plucking’ at 20 mm from the impact point. Internal fracture intensity decreased with distance from the centre of the crater. Volumes around the impact point are therefore at greater risk of subsequent weathering deterioration, but significant damage extends to the periphery of the target, rendering whole blocks vulnerable. The surface crater, despite being one of the most conspicuous aspects of conflict damage, has many times less area than internal and surface fractures.

Books have been a part of our daily lives since ancient times and hold a unique place in the history of human communication. In this age of electronic revolution and the internet, printed book still dominates the scenario. The paper begins with a brief history of the records of human communication beginning with the Paleolithic cave drawings to printed books, especially emphasizing the evolution of the ‘codexx form of the book. It reveals the ‘anatomyx of the book, narrowing down to the ‘book spinex and its printing. Dwelling up on the structure and information content of the book spine, it discusses some of the associated design issues as well. When books are stacked up or stored on the shelf of a library or bookshop, the details on the spine is the only visible surface containing the information about the book that attracts the patron or buyer. It has been noticed that different styles of printing are followed in different parts of the world depending upon the culture and writing systems being followed. As many libraries hold multilingual collections, such variant spine printing styles make quick and easy identification of shelved publications difficult. International and nationals standards have tried to resolve this problem but without much success. Literature search also revealed that the debate is inconclusive and alive till date. Finally, it provides a glimpse of the innovative form of art called ‘book spine poetry.’

Due to advances in semiconductor processing technologies, each slice of a semiconductor is becoming denser and more complex, which can increase the number of surface defects. These defects should be caught early and correctly classified in order help identify the causes of these defects in the process and eventually help to improve the yield. In today&rsquo, s semiconductor industry, visible surface defects are still being inspected manually, which may result in erroneous classification when the inspectors become tired or lose objectivity. This paper presents a vision-based machine-learning-based method to classify visible surface defects on semiconductor wafers. The proposed method uses deep learning convolutional neural networks to identify and classify four types of surface defects: center, local, random, and scrape. Experiments were performed to determine its accuracy. The experimental results showed that this method alone, without additional refinement, could reach a top accuracy in the range of 98% to 99%. Its performance in wafer-defect classification shows superior performance compared to other machine-learning methods investigated in the experiments.

In this paper, we propose a pose refinement method based on the visible surface extraction of 3D object. Given a rough estimation of object pose, the algorithm of iterative closet point (ICP) is often used to refine the pose by aligning the object model with test scene. To avoid the interference of invisible points on the ICP process, we only use the visible surface for pose refinement. It is especially necessary when occlusion occurs in the scene. Combining the technologies of image rendering and depth consistency verification, the visible surface can be effectively extracted. During the process of pose refinement, hypothesis verification methods are also used to eliminate unreasonable hypothetical poses as early as possible. The proposed method is evaluated on the public Tejani dataset. The experimental results show that our method improved the average F1-score by 0.2062, which proves that our method can obtain pose estimation results of high accuracy, even in the occluded scene.

Numerical fatigue damage models can help to save cost and time when studying fatigue damage in the copper metallization layers of power semiconductor devices. However, their predictive capabilities strongly depend on the parameters associated with these models. This paper presents a strategy for calibrating parameters of a numerical fatigue damage model using experimental results from thermomechanical fatigue experiments. Fatigue damage is predicted by the Fatemi-Socie critical plane method in combination with a Coffin-Manson law. Experimentally, test devices are utilized which can reproduce loading conditions that approximate those occurring in real semiconductor devices. Damage is measured in form of visible surface cracks by the means of surface imagery. Experimental results from devices with pronounced lateral thermal gradients are used for calibrating the fatigue parameters of the Coffin-Manson law. Eventually, the model with the calibrated fatigue parameters is used to predict fatigue damage for a second experiment with different loading conditions. For all investigated test devices the numerical predictions are in good agreement with experimental results. The simulations show that significantly more damage occurs in regions with higher temperatures and that the surface topology has a strong influence on local fatigue damage.

The results of an analysis of the activity of the young stars with planetary systems EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 based on observational data obtained over 70 days with the Kepler Space Telescope are presented. The rotation periods of EPIC 211901114 (8.56±0.60d) and K2–33 (6.29±0.50d) have been found. Maps of temperature inhomogeneities on the surfaces of EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 have been constructed. No relative displacements of the active regions on the stellar surface have been foundfor EPIC 211901114. The differential-rotation parameter has been estimated for K2–33, ΔΩ = 0.0039±(0.0020–0.0012) rad/day. The fractional spotted area S on the surface of EPIC 211901114 reaches about 5% of its total visible surface. For K2–33, S is 3.8% of its total visible surface, on average. On the whole, the positions of EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 on S–age, S–rotation period, and S–Rossby number diagrams match the general character of the dependence found earlier for M dwarfs. The flare activity of EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 has been studied, based on 32 flares of EPIC 211901114 and 7 flares of K2–33. The flare frequencies and amplitudes for EPIC 211901114 and K2–33 have been estimated, together with the time scales for their rise and decay. The flare energies have also been estimated, 1032.1−33.4 and 1032.2−33.3 erg for EPIC 211901114 and K2–33, respectively.

International audience; The excavation of the protohistoric site of Cuciurpula (South Corsica, France) revealed a significant amount of potsherds, often bearing visible surface crusts, sometimes very thick. This exceptional case in the Mediterranean region, suggesting a good preservation of organic substances, provided a unique opportunity to address questions related to pottery function and natural organic substances exploited in Corsica during the first half of the 1st millennium BC. The molecular analysis (GC and GC/MS) of organic residues from three houses of the site, preserved in both pottery walls and charred surface crusts, highlighted the wide diversity and the various roles of substances contained and processed in ceramic vessels: animal fats, plant oils and waxes, beeswax, and conifer resin. These molecular data, considered together with the shapes of the vessels and their location into the habitation units, revealed the diversity of pottery function (culinary and technical) and spatial organisation of domestic activities between houses or in a house (distinction between storage and cooking areas).

Contains fulltext : 196912.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) We studied interpretations of partly occluded shapes. Models that account for amodal completion mostly deal with local and global contour characteristics. In the current study, we were interested in the effects of colour on local and global contour completions. In our stimuli, local contour completions comprised simple linear extensions of the partly occluded contours, whereas global contour completions accounted for global shape regularities. Our stimuli were designed such that the visible surface colour could also be completed in a local or global fashion, being consistent or inconsistent with contour completions. We tested the preferred interpretations of the partly occluded shapes by using a sequential matching task. Participants had to judge whether a test shape could be a previously shown partly occluded shape. We found that interpretations of partly occluded shapes depend on both colour and contour characteristics. Additional time bin analyses revealed that for fast responses colour and contour completions already depend on the visible context of the partly occluded shapes, while for slow responses the congruency between colour and contour completions play a role as well. 16 p.

ÖMER SEYFETTİN’İN“ŞEFKATE İMAN” ADLI ÖYKÜSÜNE GÖSTERGEBİLİMSEL BİR YAKLAŞIM ÖzEdebî metinlerin incelenmesinde modernbir yöntem olan Göstergebilim, anlamlama veya anlamlandırma kuramı olarak dabilinir ve bir anlatıyı çözümlemek için metni yeterli görür. Metnin kurucusuolan yazarı ve metnin yazıldığı dönemi dikkate almaz. Bunun yerine metindenhareketle anlatıcının bakış açısını, metnin zaman ve uzamını, kahramanlarınişlevlerini ve dönüşümlerini, metnin temel iletisini vb. belirler. Metni kesitlereayırarak incelemeye tabi tutar ve kesitlerin birbirlerine eklemlenişindenhareketle metnin görünen yüzeyinden derin düzeyine doğru yol almaya çalışır. Bu çalışmada Türk öykücülük tarihininen önemli isimlerinden biri olan Ömer Seyfettin’in “Şefkate İman” adlı öyküsü, göstergebilimselyöntemle yeni bir okumaya tabi tutulmuştur. Metin, yöntem gereği olarakkesitlere ayrılarak tekrar kurulmuş ve bu şekilde metnin anlamsalderinliklerine ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Yine metin, göstergebilimsel yöntemindüzeyleri olan betisel, anlatısal ve izleksel düzeylere göre irdelenmiş ve çözümlenmiştir.Göstergebilim, bir anlatı izlencesini eyletim, edinç, edim ve yaptırımaşamalarıyla sınırlar. Öyküye bu bağlamda da bakılmış ve anlatı izlencelerindekibu düzeyler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: ÖmerSeyfettin, Şefkate İman, Göstergebilim, Çözümleme. A SEMIOTIC APPROACH TO THE STORY BYÖMER SEYFETTIN: "ŞEFKATE İMAN"AbstractSemiotics, a modern method of studying literary texts, is also known asthe theory of meaning or meaning, and this method considers the text sufficientsolely to analyze a narrative. It does not take into account the period ofwriting the text and the writer of the text as its author. Instead, it definesthe narrator's point of view, time and space of the text, functions andtransformations of its heroes, the basic message of the text, etc. It evaluatesthe text by dividing it into sections and tries to move from the visiblesurface of the text to the deeper levels by moving between the sections.In this study, a story called “Şefkate İman” (Faith for Compassion) by ÖmerSeyfettin, one of the most important names in the history of Turkish narrative,was subjected to a new reading by using semiotic method. The text wasreconstructed by dividing it into sections according to the method and tryingto reach the semantic depths of the text in this manner. Again, the text hasbeen examined analyzed, and analyzed according to descriptive, narrative andobservational levels as the levels of semiotics. Semiotics limits the narrativetrait program to the phases of manipulation, acquisition, performance, andsanction. The story is considered in this context and these levels are revealedin narrative programs.Key Words: Ömer Seyfettin, Şefkate İman, Semiotic, Analysis.

We have developed a real-time video analytics system for measuring colonoscopy performance, including total visible surface areas, real-time feedback to the endoscopist about the measurements of visible surface areas, video clarity, preparation, and distention conditions. Our lab experiments show that the correlations between the computer and the experienced colonoscopist are: 76% in visible surface area estimation, 83.9% in clarity evaluation, 90% in preparation condition assessment, and 67.9% in distention condition evaluation. Our algorithm appears to be faster in response to dynamic scope movements compared to a 3D scope positioning device. In addition, the clinical experiment shows the system detected unexpected scope malfunction events in real-time.

Thermal stability of different types of metallic glasses and partially crystalline alloys stored for at least 15 years at ambient conditions was tested in the present work by differential scanning calorimetry in comparison with that of the original alloys tested in the as-cast state in the earlier works. The structure of the naturally aged alloys was also studied by X-ray diffractometry. The structure of a couple of selected alloys was also tested by transmission electron microscopy. Most of the alloys retained their initial structure and showed only a moderate decrease in the crystallization temperature. Only those alloys which showed visible surface oxidation (Cu-Zr-system based) were partly transformed into a crystalline state forming micron-scale Cu particles in air at ambient conditions.

It has been studied the sensitivity of the technique of intermodulation of ultrasonic waves to detect different damage states of concrete due to embedded steel corrosion. Accelerated corrosion tests have been conducted on reinforced cement mortar specimens, while monitoring the appearance and width evolution of visible surface cracks and performing intermodulation measurements. It has been established a statistically acceptable “upper control limit” for the initial (undamaged) Intensity Modulation Ratio (R) values. After subjecting the samples to the corrosion tests, it was observed that the greater the degree of damage, the higher the value ranges and the variability degree of R. This research was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant code BIA2016-80982-R) and by the European Regional Development Fund (grant code BIA2016-80982-R).

Rail vehicle wheelsets are regularly maintained to ensure their safe operation on track and prolong their life. This is achieved through measurements to inspect roundness, profile shape (wear), rim thickness and visual inspections of surface damage. If necessary, wheels are turned on a lathe to preserve the optimal wheel shape/profile and remove any visible surface damage.\ud \ud Surface damage is difficult to classify visually, leading to highly subjective results. It is also not possible to establish defect depth through visual inspections. Wheel turning removes this damage, but there is a crucial balance between removing enough material to eliminate the defects whilst taking the minimum cut to preserve the rim thickness (i.e. wheel life). As such, the wheel lathe operator will take multiple small cuts to prevent excessive material removal. This increases the time that the vehicle is on the wheel lathe (out-of-service) rather than in revenue-earning service.\ud \ud Magnetic flux technology has been successfully applied to the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in rails. Work is currently on-going to adapt this technology for the evaluation of wheel damage. This will produce a fast, repeatable method of quantifying damage on railway wheels. Resulting in reduced inspection times and optimised wheel turning; saving time and increasing wheelset life. Management and trending of the recorded data will enable maintainers to identify problem vehicles or wheelsets and plan maintenance in advance. This will also assist train operators when evaluating wheelset performance and costs.\ud \ud This paper will describe the theory behind the magnetic flux technique and how it has been applied to the detection of wheel tread damage. This will include a summary of the assessment of the surface size, shape, position and depth of damage into the wheel tread for a range of in-service and scrap wheelsets. The benefits to an operator of adopting this technology will also be described.

Tooth wear has been recognised as an increasing problem over the past 10 years. Recent data from epidemiological studies indicate that the condition is common with prevalence of dentine exposure in adults ranging between 2% and 10% and visible surface changes on teeth observed up to 30% of European adults. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) was designed for general practitioners to score the severity using similar protocols as the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE). The role of the BEWE is partly to increase awareness, but also a means to record the severity in the clinical notes. Over the past 10 years toothpaste manufacturers have launched products to prevent progression of erosive tooth wear using specially formulated fluorides or calcium based products. Probably the most important preventive advice is to reduce the frequency of acidic foods and drinks, particularly outside meal times.

Hexagonal Bi2 Te3 nanoplates support visible-range surface plasmons, of which the resonance energy is tuned as wide as 400 nm by Se doping and the resonance intensity is modulated by utilizing the phase change between the crystalline and amorphous states. The potential of Bi2 Te3 for reconfigurable plasmonics, plasmon-enhanced solar cells, and photoluminescence is demonstrated.

Europa's young surface implies relatively recent resurfacing. Ridged plains, which make up >50% of Europa's surface, have not yet been fully analyzed for a potential formation mechanism. Because ridged plains dominate Europa's surface, this terrain is key to understanding how Europa has resurfaced and how the resurfacing mechanisms may have evolved through time. In this work, we create a new high-resolution topographic model and a two-layer physical analog model to investigate the formation of ridged plains. We find that the ridged plains most closely resemble the compressional physical analog experiments which generate folds. Specifically, the analog experiments with a brittle layer ~3000 m. Compared to the predicted current ice shell thickness, this would imply that Europa's ice-shell has thickened through the visible surface history.

We demonstrate non-line-of-sight imaging using only a single ordinary digital photograph. A hidden scene partially occluded from a visible surface by an opaque occluding object is recovered from the penumbra of the occluder.

The present research was designed to examine how the presence or absence of ambient light influences the appearance of metal. The stimuli depicted three possible objects that were illuminated by three possible patterns of illumination. These were generated by a single point light source, two rectangular area lights, or projecting light onto a translucent white box that contained the object (and the camera) so that the object would be illuminated by ambient light in all directions. The materials were simulated using measured parameters of chrome with four different levels of roughness. Observers rated the metallic appearance and shininess of each depicted object using two sliders. The highest rated appearance of metal and shininess occurred for the surfaces with the lowest roughness in the ambient illumination condition, and these ratings dropped systematically as the roughness was increased. For the objects illuminated by point or area lights, the appearance of metal and shininess were significantly less than in the ambient conditions for the lowest roughness value, and significantly greater than in the ambient condition for intermediate values of roughness. We also included a control condition depicting objects with a shiny plastic reflectance function that had both diffuse and specular components. These objects were rated as highly shiny but they did not appear metallic. A theoretical hypothesis is proposed that the defining characteristic of metal (as opposed to black plastic) is the presence of specular sheen over most of the visible surface area.

In computer graphics, there are many surface detection algorithms. When we view a picture containing non-transparent objects and surfaces, then we cannot see those objects from view which is behind from objects closer to eye. We must remove these hidden surfaces to get a realistic screen image. The identification and removal of these surfaces is called Hidden-surface problem. In this paper I review some visible surface detection algorithms like Z buffer method, Area subdivision method, Scan line method etc.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the complete visible surface area of the radial head, neck, and coronoid in the Kaplan and Kocher approaches to the lateral elbow. The hypothesis was that the Kaplan approach would afford greater visibility due to the differential anatomy of the intermuscular planes. Methods: Ten cadavers were dissected with the Kaplan and Kocher approaches, and the visible surface area was measured in situ using a 3-dimensional digitizer. Six measurements were taken for each approach by 2 surgeons, and the mean of these measurements were analyzed. Results: The mean surface area visible with the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) preserved in the Kaplan approach was 616.6 mm2 in comparison with the surface area of 136.2 mm2 visible in the Kocher approach when the LCL was preserved. Using a 2-way analysis of variance, the difference between these 2 approaches was statistically significant. When the LCL complex was incised in the Kocher approach, the average visible surface area of the Kocher approach was 456.1 mm2 and was statistically less than the Kaplan approach. The average surface area of the coronoid visible using a proximally extended Kaplan approach was 197.8 mm2. Conclusions: The Kaplan approach affords significantly greater visible surface area of the proximal radius than the Kocher approach.

A method to quantify the ornamental value (OV) of a flower of garden rose (Rosa A—hybrida) was created, based strictly on measurements. Here OV means the capacity to produce a uniform colour effect. The blooming time of flowers was distributed into 23 phenological sub-stages from the immature bud to the falling of petals. CIEDE2000 standard chromatic differences (I”E00) were calculated between the petal colours of each stage and stage 6 – the optimal state of the flower. The ornamental value of a colour is OVc=15-I”E00. The OV of a stage is OV=Av%A—OVc, where Av% is the relative visible surface of the flower as a percentage of the surface of stage 6. The total OV of a section of stages is OVt=I£(Av%A—(15-I”E00)A—ls), where ls is the length of each stage measured in days. The OVt should be calculated for three different sections of subsequent flowering stages: a) the whole life of the flower (2-9 stages), b) the life of the flower before dead-heading (2-7.5 stages), and c) the middle (5.5-7) stages. In 2012, the method was further improved by the interpolation of the colour parameters at the non-measured stages. This new method is presented with an example of 10 red floribunda and polyantha rose cultivars. According to the OVt scores, 9 of the examined 10 cultivars are highly attractive to stage 7.5, but two of them have low ornamental value if the whole life of the flower is taken into consideration. According to the scores, these two cultivars need deadheading while the others don’t need this process. According to the results, this OV calculation gives objective results, and is also suitable for determining the extent of maintenance the cultivars require.

Solar Physics![Figure][1] Small jets, or spicules, in the solar atmosphere PHOTO: SST/ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES/LMSAL/WIKIMEDIA COMMONS Spicules are small jets lasting a few minutes that form in the solar atmosphere and propel hot plasma upward from the visible surface. The underlying physics of spicules is not well understood. Martinez-Sykora et al. developed radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations that can spontaneously produce numerous spicules with properties that match observations. Interactions between large-scale magnetic fields and the plasma, such as ambipolar diffusion, drive the formation process and subsequent evolution. Understanding how spicules form will help assess how much they heat the solar corona and how they relate to other solar phenomena. Science , this issue p. [1269][2] [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aah5412

Gas Giant Planets Jupiter is the largest and most massive planet in our solar system. NASA's Juno spacecraft arrived at Jupiter on 4 July 2016 and made its first close pass on 27 August 2016. Bolton et al. present results from Juno's flight just above the cloud tops, including images of weather in the polar regions and measurements of the magnetic and gravitational fields. Juno also used microwaves to peer below the visible surface, spotting gas welling up from the deep interior. Connerney et al. measured Jupiter's aurorae and plasma environment, both as Juno approached the planet and during its first close orbit. Science , this issue p. [821][1], p. [826][2] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aal2108 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aam5928

CLT buildings - a critical view concerning airtightness and weather protection during building time. Wood constructions are gaining a bigger and bigger share in the building industry as well in bigger constructions. Mainly CLT (Cross-Laminated-Timber) elements are due to it’s stability, fast building up time, easy installation and high share of prefabrication a key point for this success. In this presentation I will take a critical view on the building physical properties like diffusion resistance and airtightness. Especially according to the normal building material properties of wood like swelling and dwindling of timber. As well we will take a closer look to different glue technologies which are used on adhesive tapes to seal the CLT elements airtight. There are different technologies available in the market which offer different quality levels. Another point to solve is the temporary weather protection of timber building due to an enlarged building time. Especially when we have visible surface in the walls or in the ceiling they must be protected against rain water – there are new self sticking membranes available in the market which have proven their ability to protect ceilings against rain in a large number of realised constructions. The performance of these products will be presented in some already realised projects and we will take a closer look at the requirements and problems which have been found in these projects.

The spottedness of two stars characterized by significant photometric variability is studied using published data: the recently discovered variable ASAS 063656-0521.0, whose V variability reaches 0.8m, and XXTri (HD12545), which is among the most active RSCVn stars (in 1997–1998, the amplitude of its V variability was 0.63m). The spots cover up to 44% of the total visible surface S of ASAS 063656-0521.0. The mean estimated spottedness of XX Tri was 32%, and varied from29% to 36%. An analysis of the dependence of the spottedness on the properties of spotted stars, primarily their effective temperatures, is also presented. A modification of a simplifiedmethod for estimating the spottedness S, i.e., the fractional surface area of the spots, is applied to a sample of 48 late-type stars. The dependences of the spottedness on the effective temperature of the stars and the rotational velocity projected onto the line of sight are derived. Two groups of objects can be distinguished. The first contains stars displaying the typical dependence of S on the effective temperature (their maximum value of S is 20–25% for stars with temperatures 4500–5000 K, and S decreases for solar-type stars and cool M dwarfs). The second group is formed of the most active stars, which have temperatures of 3700–5200 K and S values from 25% to 50%. Our preliminary conclusion is that spottedness is not related to the period of the stellar rotation. The previously studied variable V410 Tau is used to consider the shortcomings of the method applied compared to the results of light-curve modeling.

Roughness has been universally accepted as a measure of functional condition of a pavement. It constitutes the smoothness and frictional properties of the pavement surface and in turn is related to the safety, and the ease of the driving path. It is determined using the international roughness index (IRI), which is a measure for texture of the pavement surface, and also depends on the amount of other functional distresses present on the road surface. The present study focuses on developing a relationship between the roughness and other surface distresses of PMGSY roads. Accordingly, eight PMGSY roads were selected in Jhunjhunu and Churu districts of Rajasthan, India. Distress data was collected for every 50m separately. Roughness data was collected using Bump Integrator, which was calibrated using MERLIN on the couple of selected study stretches. Unevenness data was also collected from a newly laid stretch of pavement, and the value thus obtained was subtracted from the observed unevenness values of the test stretches, to get the net effect of the distresses on the pavement condition. A regression equation was then developed with the IRI value and the visible distresses based on the data collected in the field.

In the archaeological site of Ancient Nemea, Greece, southeast of the Temple of Zeus, is an ancient stadium in which the athletes of the past entered through a 36-m tunnel—a cut-and-cover vaulted structure, constructed of limestone. The tunnel was buried with earth until it was discovered in 1978. At present, some limestone blocks of the tunnel show appreciable damage mainly due to the humidity fluctuation within the tunnel. This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of the tunnel, ranging from the thrust line limit analysis and the discrete element method to a three-dimensional finite-element analysis of the tunnel and its surrounding soil. The study concludes that the tunnel with its overburden-surrounding soil is structurally stable and has ample bearing capacity. The study also shows that the stones that suffer the most noticeable exfoliation due to the humidity fluctuation are those for which their visible surface from the inside of the tunnel is in compression. In conclusion, selective ...

In this paper, I want to argue for two main and related points. First, I want to defend Richard Wollheim’s well-known thesis that the twofold mental state of seeing-in is the distinctive pictorial experience that marks figurativity. Figurativity is what makes a representation pictorial, a depiction of its subject. Moreover, I want to show that insofar as it is a mark of figurativity, all seeing-in is inflected. That is to say, every mental state of seeing-in is such that the characterisation of the properties by which a certain subject is seen in a given picture as having refers to the design properties of the picture’s vehicle, i.e., to the visible surface properties of that vehicle that are responsible for the fact that one such subject is seen in it, precisely taken in such a design role. Finally, I will try to show that seeing-in is qualified by inflection independently of whether it is conscious or unconscious (in the sense of subpersonal) seeing-in.

This study applies a newly introduced weathering scale, namely the size–extent (S–E) index, to limestone markers located in Oxford churchyards. This classification system enables for an assessment of weathering forms based on the consideration of site-specific physical, chemical, and biological types of weathering for central Oxford. Each headstone marker, comprising a legible date, was photographed during fieldwork and the cardinal orientation (aspect) was also recorded. Based on the photographic record of limestone headstone faces, it was possible to apply the S–E index in this cross-disciplinary study. Past applications of (semiquantitative) weathering scales focused on marble headstone markers and were based on the dissolution of inscriptions, and detailed criticisms are provided. The S–E index provides a broader classification of weathering processes based on visible surface forms. It also provided a basis to ascertain that there were more west-facing headstones (than east-facing) that were weathered. The study is a contribution to archaeogeomorphological research.