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Whether visuomotor plasticity of postural control is a trainable feature in older age remains an open question despite the wealth of visually guided exercise games promising to improve balance skill. We asked how aging affects adaptation and learning of a visual feedback (VF) reversal during visually guided weight shifting and whether this skill is modulated by explicit knowledge. Twenty-four older (71.43 + 2.54 years) and 24 young (24.04 1 0.93 years) participants were exposed to a 180° VF reversal while tracking a horizontally moving target by voluntarily weight shifting between two force platforms. An explicit strategy was available to half of the participants with detailed instruction to counter the VF rotation. Individual error data were fitted to an exponential function to assess adaptation. Fewer older (12/24) than younger (21/24) participants adapted to the VF reversal, displaying error curves that fitted the exponential function. Older adults who adapted to the VF reversal (responders. n= 12) reached an asymptote in performance in the same weight shifting cycle and displayed a similar mean asymptotic error compared with young participants. Young but not older responders exhibited an aftereffect when the VF reversal was removed. Instruction did not influence spatial error modulations regardless of age. The large individual variations within the older adults' group during early adaptation suggest age-specific limitations in using explicit cognitive strategies when older adults are exposed to an abrupt mirror feedback reversal that requires a change in weight shifting direction during whole-body postural tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To present a set of closed‐form analytical equations to create a consistent eye model balance based on clinically measured input parameters in a single step. These models complement the existing iterative approaches in the literature. Methods: Two different approaches are presented, both considering the cornea and lens as equivalent thin lenses. The first, called the Gaussian model, starts by defining the refractive error as the difference between the axial power (or dioptric distance) and the whole eye power, which can be expanded by filling in the formulas for each power. The resulting equation can be solved for either the refractive error, axial length, corneal power, lens power or the distance between the cornea and the lens as a function of the other four parameters. The second approach uses vergence calculations to provide alternative expressions, assuming that the refractive error is located at the corneal plane. Both models are explored for a biometric range typically found in adult human eyes. Results: The Gaussian and vergence models each instantly balance the input data into a working eye model over the human physiological range and far beyond as demonstrated in various examples. The equations of the Gaussian model are more complicated, while the vergence model experiences more singularities, albeit in trivial or highly unlikely parameter combinations. Conclusions: The proposed equations form a flexible and robust platform to create eye models from clinical data. Possible applications lie in creating animal eye models or providing a generic reference for real biometric data and the relationships between the ocular dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Method Results Conclusion To develop an accommodating, wide‐angle, schematic eye for emmetropia and myopia in which spectacle refraction and accommodation level are input parameters.The schematic eye is based on an earlier unaccommodated refraction‐dependent eye for myopia developed by Atchison in 2006. This has a parabolic gradient index lens and parameters derived from biometric and optical measurements on young adults. Several parameters are linearly dependent upon spectacle refraction (anterior radius of curvature of the cornea, axial length and vertex radii of curvature and conic asphericities of a biconic retina). The new accommodated schematic eye incorporates accommodation‐dependent changes in several lens‐related parameters. These changes are based on literature values for anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth, lens surface radii of curvature and lens front surface asphericity. A parabolic variation of refractive index with relative distance from the lens centre is retained, with the same edge and centre refractive indices as the earlier model, but the distribution has been manipulated to maintain focus near the retina for the emmetropic case at 0 and 4 D accommodation. The asphericity of the lens back surface is changed so that spherical aberration and peripheral refraction approximately match typical literature trends. The model is used to compare spherical aberration and peripheral refraction in eyes with up to 4 D of myopia and 4 D of accommodation.The levels of spherical aberration in the unaccommodated schematic eyes are similar to literature values for young adults, but the changes in spherical aberration with accommodation are approximately two‐thirds of that found in an experimental study. As intended, peripheral refractions in the accommodated schematic eyes are similar to those of their unaccommodated counterparts.The wide‐angle model extends the range of schematic eyes to include both refraction and accommodation as variable input parameters. It may be useful in predicting aspects of retinal image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human retina perceives and preprocesses the spectral information of incident light, enabling fast image recognition and efficient chromatic adaptation. In comparison, it is reluctant to implement parallel spectral preprocessing and temporal information fusion in current complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors, requiring intricate circuitry, frequent data transmission, and color filters. Herein, an active‐matrix synaptic phototransistor array (AMSPA) is developed based on organic/inorganic semiconductor heterostructures. The AMSPA provides wavelength‐dependent, bidirectional photoresponses, enabling dynamic imaging and in‐sensor spectral preprocessing functions. Specifically, near‐infrared light induces inhibitory photoresponse while UV light results in exhibitory photoresponse. With rational structural design of the organic/inorganic hybrid heterostructures, the current dynamic range of phototransistor is improved to over 90 dB. Finally, a 32 × 64 AMSPA (128 pixels per inch) is demonstrated with one‐switch‐transistor and one‐synaptic phototransistor (1‐T‐1‐PT) structure, achieving spatial chromatic enhancement and temporal trajectory imaging. These results reveal the feasibility of AMSPA for constructing artificial vision systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes heavily rely on visual perception for performance. This study delves into electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activity among gymnastics, soccer, and esports athletes during resting states with eyes closed (REC) and open (REO) and compares differences in EEG alpha power from REC to REO (∆ EC-EO Alpha) across athlete groups. Forty-two female participants, including 14 from each athletic discipline, underwent two 5-minute EEG recordings, first during REC and then during REO conditions. Absolute EEG power was analyzed for delta (δ), theta (θ), alpha (α), and beta (β) frequency bands across various brain regions, and ∆ EC-EO Alpha values were computed. During REC, soccer players exhibited heightened α power at the midline frontopolar (Fpz) and β power at the midline occipital (Oz). Conversely, during REO, soccer players displayed increased δ power at Fpz and midline frontal (Fz) and reduced α power at the midline central (Cz) compared to gymnasts, along with elevated θ power at Fpz. Esports athletes demonstrated higher δ power and decreased α power at Fpz and Cz compared to gymnasts. Gymnasts exhibited distinct cortical activation patterns characterized by lower ∆ EC-EO Alpha at multiple electrode sites. These findings highlight sport-specific cortical activation patterns linked to visual attention among athletes. Understanding these neural adaptations could refine training methods and enhance performance outcomes in sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An image is commonly white balanced using a white point that is considered to accurately characterize the scene illumination color (e.g., the white point estimated by the main camera on a smartphone, or the white point estimated by an ambient light sensor). Two recent studies, however, suggest that the perceived color appearance of self‐luminous highlights is less affected by the ambient illumination color in a scene, with the color appearance judged using a white point between 5000 and 7000 K, especially when the stimulus luminance is much higher than the diffuse white luminance. Based on this, we hypothesized to use a D65 white point for white balancing the self‐luminous highlights in images, regardless of the estimated white points. We captured a series of images containing self‐luminous highlights, and processed them with three different white points (i.e., the white point estimated by the main camera, D50, and D65). The hypothesis was supported by the survey results collected from 73 observers, together with our observations, and believed to introduce better image color appearance, especially for images shown on high dynamic range displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptation of reactive saccades (RS), made toward the sudden appearance of stimuli in our environment, is a plastic mechanism thought to occur at the motor level of saccade generation. As saccadic oculomotor commands integrate multisensory information in the parietal cortex and superior colliculus, adaptation of RS should occur not only toward visual but also tactile targets. In addition, saccadic adaptation in one modality (vision or touch) should transfer cross-modally. To test these predictions, we used the double-step target paradigm to adapt rightward saccades made at two different eccentricities toward the participants' index and middle fingers, identified either visually (experiment 1) or tactually (experiment 2). In each experiment, the rate of adaptation induced for the adapted modality and the rate of adaptation transfer to the nonadapted modality were compared with that measured in a control (no adaptation) session. Results revealed that touch-triggered RS can be adapted as well as visually triggered ones. Moreover, the transfer pattern was asymmetric: visual saccadic adaptation transferred fully to tactile saccades, whereas tactile saccadic adaptation, despite full generalization to nonadapted fingers, transferred only partially to visual saccades. These findings disclose that in the case of tactile saccades, adaptation can be elicited in the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. In addition, the asymmetric adaptation transfer across sensory modalities suggests that the adaptation locus for tactile saccades may occur in part upstream of the final motor pathway common to all saccades. These findings bring new insights both on the functional loci(us) and on the error signals of RS adaptation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: The present study revealed that, as predicted from a large literature, adaptation of visual reactive saccades transfers to tactile saccades of the same as well as neighboring amplitudes. Furthermore, in a modified double-step target paradigm, tactile saccades exposed to repeated errors adapt with a similar rate and spatial generalization as visual saccades, but this adaptation only slightly transfers to visual saccades. These findings bring new information on saccadic adaptation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent evidence in systems neuroscience suggests that lighting conditions affect the whole chain of brain processing, from retina to high-level cortical networks, for perceptual and cognitive function. Here, visual adaptation levels to three different environmental lighting conditions, (1) darkness, (2) daylight, and (3) prolonged exposure to very bright light akin to sunlight, were simulated in lab to investigate the effects of light adaptation levels on classic cases of subjective contrast, assimilation, and contrast-induced relative depth in achromatic, i.e., ON–OFF pathway mediated visual configurations. Methods: After adaptation/exposure to a given lighting condition, configurations were shown in grouped and ungrouped conditions in random order to healthy young humans in computer-controlled two-alternative forced-choice procedures that consisted of deciding, as quickly as possible, which of two background patterns in a given configuration of achromatic contrast appeared lighter, or which of two foreground patterns appeared to stand out in front, as if it were nearer to the observer. Results: We found a statistically significant effect of the adaptation levels on the consciously perceived subjective contrast (F(2,23) = 20.73; p < 0.001) and the relative depth (F(2,23) = 12.67; p < 0.001), a statistically significant interaction between the adaptation levels and the grouping factor (F(2,23) = 4.73; p < 0.05) on subjective contrast, and a statistically significant effect of the grouping factor on the relative depth (F(2,23) = 13.71; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Visual adaption to different lighting conditions significantly alters the conscious perception of contrast and assimilation, classically linked to non-linear functional synergies between ON and OFF processing channels in the visual brain, and modulates the repeatedly demonstrated effectiveness of luminance contrast as a depth cue; the physically brighter pattern regions in the configurations are no longer consistently perceived as nearer to a conscious observer under daylight and extreme bright light adapted (rod-saturated) conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since June 2021 in France, patients with haemophilia A with anti-factor VIII inhibitors and patients with severe haemophilia A without anti-factor VIII inhibitors have the choice between the community and the hospital pharmacy for dispensing emicizumab (Hemlibra®). This study aims to investigate patient-centred access to treatment by evaluating and comparing the dimensions of the Penchansky and Thomas model, between community and hospital pharmacies. The evaluation of access to treatment was based on the dimensions of the Penchansky and Thomas model: accessibility, availability, acceptability, accommodation and affordability. These were assessed using appropriate and specific indicators in the study context and calculated for patients choosing community pharmacy or hospital pharmacy for emicizumab dispensing. Geographical data collected as part of the national 'PASO DOBLE DEMI' study were used for this analysis. The findings reveal that dispensing emicizumab in community pharmacies improves accessibility by significantly reducing travel time. The availability of healthcare services is also improved due to the territorial coverage of community pharmacies. The extended opening hours and low waiting time also contribute to better access to emicizumab in community pharmacies. The dimension of acceptability must be improved, and further investigations are needed to address the affordability dimension. Several months after emicizumab became available in French community pharmacies, access to treatment has significantly improved, reducing the burden of this rare chronic disease for patients and their careers. These results suggest that this innovative model could be extended to other medicines and even other therapeutic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial trustworthiness impressions critically shape our everyday social interactions. While previous research has predominantly considered trustworthiness impressions to be stable over time, preliminary evidence has shown that they are affected by visual adaptation, such that long exposure to (un)trustworthy-looking faces biases the perception of following faces in the opposite trustworthiness direction. Here, by employing a visual adaptation task across two experiments, we sought further evidence that trustworthiness impressions are shaped by the temporal context. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether visual adaptation affect trustworthiness judgements and found evidence of robust negative face aftereffect. In Experiment 2, we focused our investigation on whether emotional expressions, key cues involved in trait impressions, influence trustworthiness and dominance impressions. We found that adaptation to anti-expressions, which were expected to bias subsequent neutral faces to resemble the original expression (happiness, anger, and fear), significantly modulated subsequent evaluations of trustworthiness and dominance. This result confirms the critical role of emotion perception in trait evaluations. Importantly, using anti-expressions minimised semantic adaptation, thus highlighting the perceptual nature of this aftereffect. Taken together, our findings confirm that temporal context shapes trustworthiness impressions, by showing that visual adaptation affects trust judgements, and that past emotional expressions influence following impressions of trustworthiness and dominance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the biometric measurements obtained from the Pentacam AXL Wave, IOLMaster 700, and ANTERION and calculate the recommended intraocular lens power using the Barrett Formulae. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients who underwent biometry using the Pentacam AXL Wave, IOLMaster 700, and ANTERION. Flat keratometry (K1), steep keratometry (K2), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axial length (AL) from each device were measured and compared. These parameters were used to calculate the recommended IOL powers using the Barrett formula. Results: The study included 252 eyes of 153 patients. The IOLMaster had the highest acquisition rate among the two biometers. The Pentacam obtained the shortest mean AL, the IOLMaster measured the highest mean keratometry values, and the ANTERION measured the highest mean ACD. In terms of pairwise comparisons, keratometry and axial length were not significantly different between the Pentacam-IOLMaster and ANTERION-IOLMaster groups, while the rest of the pairwise comparisons were statistically significant. In nontoric and toric eyes, 35–45% of patients recommended the same sphere of IOL power. In another 30–40%, the Pentacam and ANTERION recommended an IOL power one step greater than that of the IOLMaster-derived data. 50% of the study population recommended the same toric-cylinder IOL power. Conclusions: The Pentacam AXL Wave, IOLMaster 700, and ANTERION can reliably provide data for IOL power calculations; however, these data are not interchangeable. In nontoric and toric eyes, 35–45% of cases recommended the same sphere IOL power, and in another 30–40%, the Pentacam and ANTERION recommended one-step higher IOL power than the IOLMaster-derived data. In targeting emmetropia, selecting the first plus IOL power is advisable when using the Pentacam and ANTERION to approximate the IOL power calculations recommended by the IOLMaster 700. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This retrospective analysis evaluates the treatment success of "Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments" (DIMS) spectacle lenses in a real-life clinical setting in Germany. Materials and methods: Axial length (AL) and objective refraction of 166 eyes treated with DIMS at baseline and 12-month follow-up were analyzed. Annual AL growth rate within the range of physiological growth rate was considered a successful treatment. Myopia progression of ≥ -0.5 D/yr accounted as treatment success. Differences in percentages of treatment success of subgroups depending on baseline AL and age against treatment success of the total population were investigated. Results: Considering all eyes, treatment success regarding AL growth and myopia progression was achieved in 46% and 65%, respectively. Male eyes with moderate AL showed treatment success in a higher proportion (73%, p < 0.01; 89%, p < 0.01); eyes with high AL showed treatment success in a lower proportion (25%, p < 0.01; 51%, n.s.). Female eyes showed the same trend but without statistical significance (moderate AL: 49%; 68%; high AL: 40%; 62%). Younger children showed treatment success in a lower proportion (male: 11%, p < 0.01; 38%, p < 0.05; female: 25%, p < 0.01; 42%, p < 0.01). Older children showed treatment success in a higher proportion (male: 60%, p < 0.05; 78% p < 0.05; female: 53%, n.s.; 77% p < 0.05). Conclusions: Eyes with moderate baseline AL and of older children showed treatment success after 12 months of DIMS treatment. Eyes with a high baseline AL and of younger children showed treatment success in a smaller proportion, therefore combination treatment should be considered. In future studies, males and females should be assessed separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research aimed to investigate the adaptations in eye morphology and the structure of retinal photoreceptors in amphibious fish (Alticus kirkii) and nonamphibious fish (Gambusia affinis) to understand the visual adaptations of A. kirkii upon being out of water. The morphological and histological features of the eyes of both species were adressed. Results showed that A. kirkii exhibits several visual adaptations for seeing in air. Morphologically, the eyes of A. kirkii are bulging and positioned on retractable stalks at the top of the head, unlike those of G. affinis. The ratio of axial length to head length is greater in A. kirkii than in G. affinis. Histologically, the cornea of A. kirkii is more curved than that of G. affinis, with a crooked internal layer that is more curled in A. kirkii and reduced in G. affinis. The lens is larger, slightly flattened, and more stable in A. kirkii compared to G. affinis. The retina is thicker in A. kirkii and consists of 10 layers. In A. kirkii, the external layer of pigmented epithelium is densely packed in the peripheral region of the photoreceptor layer, whereas in G. affinis, it is composed of epithelial cells in the peripheral region but is less thick. The visual cell layer includes simple and double cones; A. kirkii has a greater abundance and larger size of cones compared to G. affinis. The outer nuclear layer, which contains the visual cell bodies, is thicker in A. kirkii than in G. affinis. The outer plexiform layer is narrower in A. kirkii, with higher densities of both bipolar and horizontal cells compared to G. affinis. The inner nuclear layer shows a heterogeneous cell composition and is more crowded in A. kirkii than in G. affinis. Additionally, disparities in the thickness of the inner limiting membrane and nerve fiber layer affect the transmission of signals from the retina to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domain adaptation is a subfield of statistical learning theory that takes into account the shift between the distribution of training and test data, typically known as source and target domains, respectively. In this context, this paper presents an incremental approach to tackle the intricate challenge of unsupervised domain adaptation, where labeled data within the target domain is unavailable. The proposed approach, OTP-DA, endeavors to learn a sequence of joint subspaces from both the source and target domains using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), such that the projected data into these subspaces are domain-invariant and well-separated. Nonetheless, the necessity of labeled data for LDA to derive the projection matrix presents a substantial impediment, given the absence of labels within the target domain in the setting of unsupervised domain adaptation. To circumvent this limitation, we introduce a selective label propagation technique grounded on optimal transport (OTP), to generate pseudo-labels for target data, which serve as surrogates for the unknown labels. We anticipate that the process of inferring labels for target data will be substantially streamlined within the acquired latent subspaces, thereby facilitating a self-training mechanism. Furthermore, our paper provides a rigorous theoretical analysis of OTP-DA, underpinned by the concept of weak domain adaptation learners, thereby elucidating the requisite conditions for the proposed approach to solve the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation efficiently. Experimentation across a spectrum of visual domain adaptation problems suggests that OTP-DA exhibits promising efficacy and robustness, positioning it favorably compared to several state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of individualized ocular refraction customized (IORC) spectacle lenses with different actual amounts of peripheral myopic defocus (MD) on myopia control over 1 year. These lenses compensate for the original peripheral refraction via the free‐form surface on the back of the lens. Methods: This 1‐year, double‐masked randomised clinical trial included 184 myopic schoolchildren aged 8–12 years. Participants were randomised to receive IORC lenses with high (IORC‐H group, +4.50 D), medium (IORC‐M group, +3.50 D) or low (IORC‐L group, +2.50 D) MD or single‐vision (SV) lenses. The spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at baseline and 6‐monthly intervals. Results: After 1 year, the mean (SD) changes in SER were −0.18 (0.37), −0.36 (0.37), −0.52 (0.39) and −0.60 (0.42) D for the IORC‐H, IORC‐M, IORC‐L and SV groups, respectively. Compared with the SV group, the effects of slowing myopia progression were 70%, 40% and 13% for the IORC‐H (difference of 0.47 D, p < 0.001), IORC‐M (difference of 0.32 D, p = 0.001) and IORC‐L (difference of 0.15 D, p > 0.05) groups, respectively. The mean (SD) changes in AL were 0.12 (0.16), 0.23 (0.17), 0.29 (0.17) and 0.36 (0.17) mm for the IORC‐H, IORC‐M, IORC‐L and SV groups, respectively. The axial elongation was 67%, 36% and 19% lower in the IORC‐H (difference of 0.25 mm, p < 0.001), IORC‐M (difference of 0.15 mm, p < 0.001) and IORC‐L (difference of 0.10 mm, p = 0.04) groups, respectively, compared with the SV group. The IORC‐H group exhibited significantly less axial elongation than the IORC‐M and IORC‐L groups (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Compared with the IORC‐M and IORC‐L lenses, the IORC‐H lens was found to have superior efficacy in inhibiting myopic progression and slowing eye growth in schoolchildren, with better myopia control efficacy in younger children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the ability of adolescents to maintain breathing rhythm while swimming with and without goggles, in the context of pedagogical interventions for implementation of water competence skills, rather than simply teaching swimming technique (strokes). 25 females and 25 males, 12–13 years old, swam the front crawl both with goggles and without goggles. Distance covered and the ability to maintain breathing rhythm were evaluated by experts. For both girls and boys, the lack of goggles reduced the breath control. The boys in contrast to the girls, could "swim" (cover a distance) but did not have the "competence" to swim effectively/safely—with breathing rhythm—regardless of the goggle factor. Goggle-free swimming as an autonomous component of water competence is highly recommended in elementary swimming education. The following elements for pedagogical intervention in the area of water competence development are proposed: (1) the formatting of breath control on the basis of the student's preferred, simplest form of swimming (not strokes); (2) the a priori treatment of swimming goggles as an unnecessary teaching aid; (3) the gender differences in area of both adaptation in visual perception (the goggles factor) and motor control (breath control factor) should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate the difference between cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction and evaluate the pseudomyopia prevalence in Chinese preschool children during the outbreak of COVID-19. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Tongzhou District of Beijing, China. Refractive error was measured under both noncycloplegic and cycloplegic conditions with autorefraction. The difference between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and pseudomyopia prevalence were analyzed. Pseudomyopia was defined as SER ≤-0.50D in precycloplegic assessments and >-0.50D in post-cycloplegic assessments. Results: Out of the 1487 participants who were enrolled in the study, 1471 individuals (98.92%) between the ages of 3–6 years completed all required procedures. A statistically significant difference in refraction was observed between noncycloplegic and cycloplegic measurements, the median of difference in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of 0.88D (dioptre)(0.50,1.38). There was a high intraclass correlation (ICC) between these two methods for cylinders (ICC = 0.864; 95% CI, 0.850–0.877). The median DSE for myopia, emmetropia and hyperopia were 0.25D (0.00, 0.38),0.25D (0.06, 0.50) and 1.00D (0.62, 1.38), an hypermetropes showed considerably greater differences than myopes and emmetropes (Kruskal-Wallis test, H = 231.023, P = 0.000). Additionally, girls displayed a greater DSE than boys. Furthermore, when comparing against-the-rule (ATR) and oblique astigmatism, it was found that with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism had the largest DSE. The study found varying prevalence rates of myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia with and without cycloplegia, which were 1.90% vs. 10.06%, 11.49% vs. 50.31%, and 86.61% vs. 39.63%, respectively. Additionally, the overall prevalence of pseudomyopia was determined to be 8.29%. Participants with pseudomyopia had a significantly higher mean difference in SER (DSE) compared to non-pseudomyopic participants. Conclusions: Cycloplegic refraction is more sensitive than a noncycloplegic one for measuring refractive error in preschool children. Pseudomyopia is prevalent in preschool children during the COVID-19 outbreak period. Our study indicates the possibility that cycloplegic refraction should be performed in preschool children routinely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Peripheral retinal refraction plays a crucial role in myopia, but the specific mechanism is not clear. We refined the retinal partitions to explore the characteristics of peripheral retinal refraction and its role in emmetropic, low, and moderate myopic children aged 6 to 12 years. Methods. A total of 814 subjects (814 eyes) were enrolled in the study. The participants were divided into three groups according to the central spherical equivalent refraction (SER), which were emmetropia group (E), low myopia group (LM) and moderate myopia group (MM). Multispectral refractive topography (MRT) was used to measure the retinal absolute and relative refractive difference value (RDV) in different regions. The range was divided into superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal RDV (SRDV, IRDV, TRDV, and NRDV) on the basis of several concentric circles extending outward from the macular fovea (RDV15, RDV30, RDV45, RDV30–15, RDV45–30, and RDV‐45). Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the differences of peripheral refraction for all the regions among the three groups. Spearman rank correlation was performed to explore correlations between SER and RDV, axial length (AL) and RDV. Results. The absolute value of RDV decreased with increasing degree of myopia in all regions (P < 0.01). Subjects with different refractive degrees had different relative value of RDV. In nasal position within 45° and temporal position within 30°, the peripheral retina exhibited significantly different relative hyperopic refractive status among Group E, Group LM, and Group MM (P < 0.05). SER was negatively correlated with NRDV within 30° (especially in the range of NRDV30–15) (r = −0.141, P < 0.01), positively correlated with TRDV within 15° (r = 0.080, P = 0.023), and not significantly correlated with SRDV and IRDV when the retina was divided into four parts. AL was positively correlated with NRDV within 30° (especially in the range of NRDV30–15) (r = 0.109, P = 0.002), negatively correlated with TRDV within 15° (r = −0.095, P = 0.007). Conclusions. The peripheral defocus has significant implications for the genesis of myopia. The peripheral defocus of the horizontal direction, especially within the range of NRDV30, has greater effect on the development of myopia in children. Higher NRDV30 is associated with lower SER and longer AL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The visual system adapts to a wide range of visual features, from lower-level features like color and motion to higher-level features like causality and, perhaps, number. According to some, adaptation is a strictly perceptual phenomenon, such that the presence of adaptation licenses the claim that a feature is truly perceptual in nature. Given the theoretical importance of claims about adaptation, then, it is important to understand exactly when the visual system does and does not exhibit adaptation. Here, we take as a case study one specific kind of adaptation: visual adaptation to size. Supported by evidence from four experiments, we argue that, despite robust effects of size adaptation in the lab, (1) size adaptation effects are phenomenologically underwhelming (in some cases, hardly appreciable at all), (2) some effects of size adaptation appear contradictory, and difficult to explain given current theories of size adaptation, and (3) prior studies on size adaptation may have failed to isolate size as the adapted dimension. Ultimately, we argue that while there is evidence to license the claim that size adaptation is genuine, size adaptation is a puzzling and poorly understood phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of a new intraocular lens power calculation formula using segmental refractive index-based axial length (AL). Setting: Chukyo Eye Clinic, Nagoya, Japan. Design: Retrospective observational study. Methods: This study included patients undergoing preoperative examination for cataract surgery with the new Barrett True AL (BTAL) and Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) formulas using segmental refractive index, and conventional Barrett Universal II (BU II) formula using equivalent refractive index. The predicted refractive error of each formula was compared with the postoperative subjective spherical equivalent. Results: The mean prediction error (MPE) in the short AL group (=22 mm; 44 eyes) was 0.32 ± 0.40 diopter (D) for BU II, 0.22 ± 0.37 D for BTAL, and 0.10 ± 0.37 D for EVO (P < .0001). MPE in the long AL group (=26mm; 92 eyes) was 0.01 ± 0.32 D for BU II, 0.04 ± 0.32 D for BTAL, and 0.09 ± 0.32D for EVO(P < .0001). In patients with an AL = 28 mm, BU II showed a myopic trend in 57.1% of cases, while BTAL and EVO showed a hyperopic trend in 71.4%. The MPE for patients with an AL = 28 mm was -0.16 ± 0.34 D for BU II, 0.18 ± 0.33 D for BTAL, and 0.16 ± 0.32 D for EVO (P < .0001). Conclusions: The new EVO and BTAL formulas showed higher accuracy than BU II in short eyes, whereas there was no difference in long eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It was aimed to compare the clinical results of the mini-monovision technique (MMV) with enhanced monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) and trifocal IOL applications and to evaluate the intereye differences in the MMV group. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study evaluated the results of cataract surgeries performed on 48 eyes of 24 patients. Surgeries in Group I were performed for MMV using the RayOne EMV IOL targeting emmetropia in dominant eyes (Group IA) and -0.70 diopter (D) myopia in non-dominant eyes (Group IB), while those in Group II were performed with the AcrySof® IQ PanOptixTM TNFT00 IOL targeting emmetropia. After the surgeries, uncorrected and corrected distance, intermediate, and near distance visual acuities, contrast sensitivity measurements, and defocus curves were determined. Subjective evaluation was made with the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25). The groups were compared statistically. Results: Postoperative refraction mean spherical equivalent was -0.25±0.22 D, -0.67±0.33 D, and -0.16±0.31 D in the three groups, respectively. A statistical difference was identified in favor of Group IA for uncorrected distance vision and in favor of Group IB for near vision (p<0.05). There was no difference in bilateral uncorrected visions in Groups I and II (p>0.05). While contrast sensitivity was better in Group I at all spatial frequencies (p<0.05), better vision was achieved in the defocus curve at distance in Group IA and at near in Group IB. In the binocular evaluation, it was seen that Groups I and II had similar results. In the subjective evaluation, NEI-VFQ-25 scores were 94.1±4.2/100 in Group I and 91.5±3.0/100 in Group II at 6 months (p>0.05). Photic complaints were significantly more common in Group II. Conclusion: With the MMV technique, it was observed that enhanced monofocal lenses provided better visual acuity at all distances and less dysphotopsia than trifocal lenses, whereas trifocal lenses were better at providing independence from glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas and the effect of anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial length (AL) and lens thickness (LT) on the prediction accuracy in shallow ACD eyes. Methods: This retrospective, consecutive case‐series study included 648 eyes of 648 patients with an ACD < 3.0 mm who underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Eleven formulas were evaluated: Barrett Universal II (BUII), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) 2.0, Hill‐Radial Basis Function (RBF) 3.0, Hoffer QST, Kane, Olsen, Pearl‐DGS and traditional formulas (Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1 and SRK/T). Subgroup analysis was performed based on ACD, AL and LT. Results: Overall, the Hoffer QST and Kane showed no systematic bias. The Kane, EVO 2.0, Hill‐RBF 3.0 and Hoffer QST had relatively lower mean absolute error and higher percentages of prediction error within ±0.5 D. For the ACD of 2.5–3.0 mm and AL < 22.0 mm subgroup, the Pearl‐DGS exhibited the lowest MAE (0.45 D) and MedAE (0.41 D). Most formulas had a significant myopic bias (−0.43 to −0.18 D, p < 0.05) in the LT < 4.3 mm subgroup and a significant hyperopic bias (0.09–0.29 D, p < 0.05) in the LT ≥ 5.1 mm subgroup. Conclusion: The Kane and Hoffer QST were recommended for shallow ACD eyes. In eyes with an ACD between 2.5 and 3.0 mm and a short AL, the Pearl‐DGS showed excellent performance. Clinicians need to fine‐tune the target refraction according to LT in shallow ACD eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the impact of refractive status on presbyopia progression among patients with presbyopia. Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients with presbyopia who visited the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Shenzhen Polytechnic Medical College between May 2018 and August 2022. The amplitude of accommodation (AMP) and near addition power (ADD) at 6 months and 1 year were collected. Results: A total of 103 patients with presbyopia were included in this study: 42 patients with myopia, 23 patients with emmetropia, and 38 patients with hyperopia. There were significant differences in ΔAMP(6-month) and ΔADD(6-month) among patients with different refractive statuses, and the values of emmetropic patients and hyperopic patients were higher than in myopic patients (all P < 0.001). The ΔAMP(1-year) and ΔADD(1-year) of hyperopic patients were significantly higher than in emmetropic patients and myopic patients (all P < 0.001). The ΔADD(1-year) of emmetropic patients was greater than in myopic patients (P = 0.045), but there were no significant differences in ΔAMP(1-year) between patients with emmetropia and myopia (P = 0.090). Conclusions: The progression of presbyopia in hyperopic patients was relatively more significant than for emmetropia, followed by myopia. The prescription of presbyopia glasses might need to be replaced more frequently in patients with hyperopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study compares the effective lens position (ELP) and intraocular lens power (IOLP) derived from SRK/T, Hoffer Q, Holladay I, and Haigis formulas with the actual lens position (ALP) and the implanted IOLP after cataract surgery. Additionally, it aims to optimize ALP using a ray-tracing-based simulated optical model to achieve emmetropia. (2) Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 43 eyes implanted with the same monofocal intraocular lens (IOL). Preoperative and postoperative biometric data were collected using the Lenstar LS900. Postoperative measurements included ALP, subjective refraction, and refraction error (RE). Optical simulations (OSLO EDU 6.6.0) were utilized to optimize ALP for emmetropia (ALPIDEAL). (3) Results: Paired t-test results between REOSLO-REOBJ (p-value = 0.660) and REOSLO-RESUB (p-value = 0.789) indicated no significant statistical differences. However, statistically significant differences were found between ALP and ALPIDEAL (p < 0.05), with a difference of −0.04 ± 0.45 mm [ranging from −1.00 to 1.20 mm]. A significant correlation was observed between ΔALP (ΔALP = ALP − ALPIDEAL) and RESUBJ. (4) Conclusions: This customized ray-tracing eye model effectively achieves refractive outcomes similar to those obtained both subjectively and objectively post-surgery. Additionally, it has enabled optical simulations to optimize the IOL position and achieve emmetropia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual adaptive devices have potential to simplify circuits and algorithms in machine vision systems to adapt and perceive images with varying brightness levels, which is however limited by sluggish adaptation process. Here, the avalanche tuning as feedforward inhibition in bionic two-dimensional (2D) transistor is proposed for fast and high-frequency visual adaptation behavior with microsecond-level accurate perception, the adaptation speed is over 104 times faster than that of human retina and reported bionic sensors. As light intensity changes, the bionic transistor spontaneously switches between avalanche and photoconductive effect, varying responsivity in both magnitude and sign (from 7.6 × 104 to −1 × 103 A/W), thereby achieving ultra-fast scotopic and photopic adaptation process of 108 and 268 μs, respectively. By further combining convolutional neural networks with avalanche-tuned bionic transistor, an adaptative machine vision is achieved with remarkable microsecond-level rapid adaptation capabilities and robust image recognition with over 98% precision in both dim and bright conditions. Visual adaptive devices show promise for simplifying circuits and algorithms in machine vision systems. Here, the authors report a visual adaptive transistor with tunable avalanche effects and microsecond-level bionic vision capabilities, recognizing images in dim and bright conditions with over 98% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ESCRS calculator compares in performance with the SRK/T for some formulas, and the refined IOL constants provided by the calculator improve predictability of postoperative residual refraction in pediatric eyes. Purpose: To evaluate the ESCRS online calculator for intraocular lens (IOL) calculation in children undergoing lens extraction and primary IOL implantation. Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Design: Retrospective, consecutive case series. Methods: Eyes that received phacoemulsification and IOL implantation (Acrysof SN60AT) due to congenital or juvenile cataract were included. We compared the mean prediction error (MPE), mean and median absolute prediction error (MAE, MedAE) of formulas provided by the recently introduced online calculator provided by the ESCRS with the SRK/T formula, as well as the number of eyes within ±0.5 diopters (D), ±1.0 D, ±2.0 D of target refraction. Postoperative spherical equivalent was measured by retinoscopy 4 to 12 weeks postoperatively. Results: 60 eyes from 47 patients with a mean age of 6.5 ± 3.2 years met the inclusion criteria. Mean axial length was 22.27 ± 1.19 mm. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) was −0.25 ± 3.78 D, and mean postoperative SE was 0.69 ± 1.53 D. The MedAE was lowest in the SRK/T formula (0.56 D, ± 1.03) performed significantly better (P =.037) than Hoffer QST and Kane, followed by BUII (0.64 D, ± 0.92), Pearl DGS (0.65 D, ± 0.94), EVO (0.69 D, ± 0.94), Hoffer QST (0.75 D, ± 0.99), and Kane (0.78 D, ± 0.99). All of those were significantly above zero (P <.001). 41 eyes received an intraoperative optic capture (68%). When excluding eyes that did not receive intraoperative optic capture (n = 19; 32%), the MedAE was shown to be lower. Conclusions: Using modern IOL calculation formulas provided by the ESCRS calculator provides good refractive predictability and compares for most of the formulas with the results with SRK/T. In addition, the formulas seem to anticipate the postoperative refraction better for eyes that receive a posterior optic capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raising children's myopia prevention awareness and behaviour tends to exhibits a protective effect against myopia among schoolchildren. To investigate the effect of an original myopia song in raising school children's awareness of healthier eye use behaviour and on myopia prevention. In this prospective randomised control study, two groups of students from one primary schools in Jiangxi, China, were enrolled and monitored from grade 3 to grade 6 (2016–2019). The primary outcome was the change in axial length (AL) after the intervention. Secondary outcomes included changes in spherical equivalent refraction (SER), near work and outdoor time, corrected near and distant visual acuity, visual discomfort score (VDS) and accommodative lag. Four hundred students (193 females, 48.25%) aged 9.3 (range 8–10) years with emmetropia to moderate myopia were enrolled. Children in the myopia song group had a significantly shorter AL and less myopic refractive change than those in the control group (p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Compared with the control group, children in the myopia song group spent less time on near work and more time outdoors (p = 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). At the final follow-up, the proportion of children with myopia was significantly lower in the myopia song group (30.5%) than in the control group (41%) (p = 0.03). No significant differences were found for the secondary outcomes, including corrected near and distant visual acuity, VDS and accommodative lag. An original myopia song performed twice daily in primary schools appeared to have a modest effect on myopia control among school-aged children by changing their lifestyles in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To present a paraxial method to estimate the influence of variations in ocular biometry on changes in refractive error (S) at a population level and apply this method to literature data. Methods: Error propagation was applied to two methods of eye modelling, referred to as the simple method and the matrix method. The simple method defines S as the difference between the axial power and the whole‐eye power, while the matrix method uses more accurate ray transfer matrices. These methods were applied to literature data, containing the mean ocular biometry data from the SyntEyes model, as well as populations of premature infants with or without retinopathy, full‐term infants, school children and healthy and diabetic adults. Results: Applying these equations to 1000 SyntEyes showed that changes in axial length provided the most important contribution to the variations in refractive error (57%–64%), followed by lens power/gradient index power (16%–31%) and the anterior corneal radius of curvature (10%–13%). All other components of the eye contributed <4%. For young children, the largest contributions were made by variations in axial length, lens and corneal power for the simple method (67%, 23% and 8%, respectively) and by variations in axial length, gradient lens power and anterior corneal curvature for the matrix method (55%, 21% and 14%, respectively). During myopisation, the influence of variations in axial length increased from 54.5% to 73.4%, while changes in corneal power decreased from 9.82% to 6.32%. Similarly, for the other data sets, the largest contribution was related to axial length. Conclusions: This analysis confirms that the changes in ocular refraction were mostly associated with variations in axial length, lens and corneal power. The relative contributions of the latter two varied, depending on the particular population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated teachers’ knowledge and practice of accommodation for pupils with visual impairment in basic schools in Owerri North Local Government. The study was carried out to examine the level of basic school teacher's knowledge accommodation strategies fmmor pupils with visual impairment and to ascertain the extent of practice accommodation strategies for pupils with visual impairment. Respondents were 80 basic school teachers selected through convenience sampling. Questionnaire on Accommodation Strategies for Pupils with Visual Impairment (QASPVI) developed and validated by the researcher was used to collect data for the study. Data collected were analyzed using frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Results show low level of knowledge of accommodation strategies among the respondents as 61.1% of the respondents were not aware of accommodation strategies for persons with visual impairment while 38.9%were aware. It was also found that the level of practice of accommodation strategies for pupils with visual impairment among the respondents was very low as shown by the weighted average (X =1.38; SD= 0.484). The need for regular in-service workshop for basic school teachers on accommodation strategies for pupils with visual impairment in Basic Schools in Owerri North Local Government Area and provision of necessary facility and equipment such as resource room, Braille machine, large print, audiotape, etc. which will enable teachers accommodate pupils with visual impairment in classroom instruction were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatic adaptation is an important visual phenomenon that specifically influences color appearance under various illumination conditions. There were extensive studies investigating the impact of the illumination condition and the surrounding condition on chromatic adaptation. However, past studies hardly consider the properties of the stimulus object such as color, size, dimensions, etc. In this study, the impact of the size and dimensionality of the stimulus (target object) on the degree of adaptation was investigated. A series of achromatic matching experiments were conducted in a lighting booth, with the adapting field varying in chromaticity and the object varying in size and dimensionality, to collect corresponding color data. Results indicate that the properties of the stimulus, such as the dimensionality and size, can significantly influence the adaptation state, independent of illumination chromaticity. But to apply the results in the real application may be restricted to the specific setup (used in this study) with a separately illuminated stimulus, which needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sustained reading on the temporal changes in the wavefront error in the presbyopic eye. The wavefront aberration of the eyes was measured using an IRX3 Shack–Hartmann aberrometer before and after (immediately, 5 min, and 10 min after) a reading task. Temporal changes in C 2 0 , C 4 0 , and C 3 − 1 coefficient values of the eyes were plotted, showing a predominant number of V-shaped patterns (for C 4 0 and C 3 − 1 ) and inverse V-shaped patterns (for C 2 0 ) among the study group, and the percentages (between 27 and 73%) were reported. The median of the total RMS of aberrations and the RMS of HOA (higher-order aberrations), which included comatic (3rd order) and spherical-like aberrations (4th and 6th order), increased immediately after finishing the near-vision reading task and then decreased. The median of RMS of comatic aberrations had a similar pattern of variations, while the median of RMS of spherical-like aberrations displayed an opposite pattern. Simulating the aberration changes due to lens decentration caused by relaxed zonules during 4 D accommodation in an eye model demonstrated that the expected range of changes for the vertical coma and spherical aberrations are in the order of 0.001 and 0.01 μm, respectively, which could justify why the observed changes were not statistically significant. The observed dynamic changes in HOA might be linked to the biomechanical characteristics and alterations in the displacement of the crystalline lens following prolonged near-vision tasks in presbyopic people. Although some predominant patterns under some conditions were shown, they exhibit considerable inter-subject and inter-ocular variability. This might be due to slight misalignments while fixating on the internal extended object in the aberrometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External eye appearance in avian taxa has been proposed to be driven by social and ecological functions. Recent research in primates suggests, instead, that, photoprotective functions are important drivers of external eye appearance. Using similar methods, we examined the variation in external eye appearance of 132 parrot species (Psittaciformes) in relation to their ecology and sociality. Breeding systems, flock size and sexual dimorphism, as well as species' latitude and maximum living altitude, and estimated UV-B incidence in species' ranges were used to explore the contribution of social and ecological factors in driving external eye appearance. We measured the hue and brightness of visible parts of the eye and the difference in measurements of brightness between adjacent parts of the eye. We found no link between social variables and our measurements. We did, however, find a negative association between the brightness of the inner part of the iris and latitude and altitude. Darker inner irises were more prevalent farther away from the equator and for those species living at higher altitudes. We found no link between UV-B and brightness measurements of the iris, or tissue surrounding the eye. We speculate that these results are consistent with an adaptation for visual functions. While preliminary, these results suggest that external eye appearance in parrots is influenced by ecological, but not social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report provides us with insight on how blood glycemia affects refraction, vergence and accommodation in a single diabetic patient. A 21-year-old type I diabetic woman was the subject studied in this report. Refraction, near and far fusional vergence ranges, near point of convergence, monocular accommodative facility, amplitude of accommodation, lag of accommodation, and near and far phoria, were measured before and after controlled caloric intake and insulin injection. Measurements were taken a total of 10 times, once a week for 10 consecutive weeks. Blood glycemia levels were provided by a measuring device that was attached to the patient's body at all times. Statistically significant differences were found in the glucose levels before and after lunch, p = 0.041, sphere refraction of the right eye, p = 0.016, but not in the left eye, p = 0.051. Accommodative facility in both right and left eyes, p = 0.019, p = 0.028, respectively, and amplitude of accommodation, p = 0.016, p = 0.019, right and left eyes, respectively were statistically different before and after insulin injection. In a 21-year-old subject with type I diabetes, a diminution in blood glucose levels influences refractive myopic state, and is associated with a decrease in accommodative facility and in amplitude of accommodation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to suggest a new method to calculate the intraocular lens (IOL) power in paediatric cataracts targeting emmetropia at the age of 15 years. Methods: Data of children younger than 15 years who underwent cataract surgery with IOL implantation between 2005 and 2020 in the ophthalmological department of Marseille (South of France) was collected retrospectively. A logarithmic regression model was used to predict the axial length growth of the included eyes between implantation and 15 years. The predicted myopic shift served as target refraction to calculate a theoretical IOL power aiming for emmetropia at 15 years. Refractive error with the theoretical lens power was estimated as the spherical equivalent at the last follow‐up minus the difference of target refractions between the implanted IOL and the theoretical one. Refractive errors using Dahan, Enyedi and Trivedi guidelines were also estimated and compared to the logarithmic model. Results: Thirty‐five eyes of 26 children were analysed. At the last follow‐up, the median age of children was 10 years old and the median spherical equivalent was −1.88 dioptres (D) (IQR −3.81, −0.75). The estimated median refractive errors were 0.18 D (IQR −1.11, 1.42) with the logarithmic formula, −1.47 D (IQR −3.84, −0.65) with Dahan formula, −0.63 D (IQR −2.15, 0.32) with Enyedi formula and 0.38 D (IQR −1.58, 1.07) with Trivedi formula. Conclusion: The estimated refractive error with the new logarithmic formula is the closest to emmetropia at the last follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual sphere degrades distance VA of pseudophakic patients. Residual myopia improves near vision of eyes with monofocal IOLs but does not enhance near vision performance in multifocal IOL patients. Purpose: To assess the effect of residual sphere on vision and satisfaction in pseudophakic patients. Setting: Private clinics, United Kingdom. Design: Retrospective case series. Methods: A multivariate model evaluated the effect of 1-month residual sphere on outcomes of pseudophakic patients. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to assess the relative risk of not achieving ≥20/20 monocular uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), ≥20/50 uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and not being satisfied with vision. ORs were assessed for residual sphere −1.00 to +1.00 diopter (D) in quarter-diopter steps, using 0.00 D as a reference. Results: The analysis included 38 828 multifocal and 11 571 monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). The residual myopic sphere ≤−0.25 D and hyperopic sphere ≥+0.50 D had a clinically meaningful effect on UDVA. Although monofocal IOLs had an improvement in UNVA with every additional 0.25 D of myopia, the change in ORs with increasing myopia was not significant for multifocal IOLs. The mean improvement in UNVA comparing eyes with 0.00 D and −1.00 D sphere was 0.26 logMAR for monofocal and 0.03 logMAR for multifocal IOLs. Low near-addition IOLs had a slightly higher gain in UNVA with increasing myopia, but the gain was not as substantial as with monofocal IOLs. The effect of ametropia on satisfaction was more pronounced for multifocal IOLs. For every 0.25 D of residual myopia, there was >25% increase in dissatisfied patients. Conclusions: Although myopia improved UNVA in eyes with monofocal IOL, multifocal IOLs did not benefit from residual myopia. Multifocal IOL patients desiring distance vision should be targeted closest to emmetropia, even if it means targeting slight hyperopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the influence of lens thickness (LT) on accuracy of Kane, Hill-RBF 3.0 Barrett Universal II (BUII), Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO), and Pearl-DGS formulas in eyes with different axial lengths (AL). The prospective cohort study was conducted at Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University. Patients who had uneventful cataract surgery between March 2021 and July 2023 were recruited. Manifest refraction was conducted two-month post-surgery. Eyes were divided into 4 groups based on AL: short (<22mm), medium (22-24.5 mm), medium long (24.5-26mm) and very long (≥26mm). In each AL group, eyes were then divided into 3 subgroups based on the LT measured with IOLmaster700: thin (<4.5 mm), medium (4.5-5.0 mm), and thick (≥ 5 mm). The influence of LT on accuracy of Kane, Hill-RBF 3.0, BUII, EVO, and Pearl-DGS formulas were investigated in each AL group. A total of 327 eyes from 327 patients were analyzed, with 64, 102, 73 and 88 eyes in each AL group, respectively. In eyes with AL < 24.5 mm, myopic PE was significantly associated with greater LT using all the 5 formulas (all p < 0.05). Backward stepwise multivariate regression analyses revealed that LT was an important influencing factor for PE in all 5 formulas, particularly in eyes with AL <24.5 mm. In eyes with AL <24.5 mm and LT > 5.0 mm, PE of all 5 formulas calculated with the optional parameter LT were more myopic than those calculated without LT. Thicker LT was associated with more myopic PE among eyes with AL <24.5 mm when using all 5 formulas. Further optimization of current formulas is necessary, especially for eyes with short AL and thick LT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect of posterior keratometry (PK) on the accuracy of 10 intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas using standard keratometry (K) and total keratometry (TK). Methods: This is a retrospective consecutive case-series study. The IOL power was calculated using K and TK measured by IOLMaster 700 in 6 new-generation formulas (Barrett Universal II, Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) 2.0, RBF Calculator 3.0, Hoffer QST, Kane, and Ladas Super Formula) and 4 traditional formulas (Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T). The arithmetic prediction error (PE) and mean absolute PE (MAE) were evaluated. The locally-weighted scatterplot smoothing was performed to assess the relationship between PE and PK. Results: A total of 576 patients (576 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery were included. Compared with using K, all formulas using TK showed a hyperopic shift in the whole group. Specifically, for eyes with PK exceeding -5.90 D, all formulas using TK exhibited a hyperopic shift (all P < 0.001), while eyes with PK less than -5.90 D showed a myopic shift (all P < 0.001). The MAE of new-generation formulas calculated with TK and K showed no statistical differences, while the MAE of traditional formulas with TK was larger (TK: 0.34 ~ 0.43 D; K: 0.33 ~ 0.42 D, all P < 0.05). Conclusions: The prediction bias of formulas with TK increased as PK deviated from -5.90 D. TK did not improve the prediction accuracy of new-generation formulas, and even performed worse in traditional formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatic adaptation is an important mechanism in the human visual system, allowing a relative constant color appearance under different lighting conditions, in terms of light level and color. Technologies have been developed to adjust the display white point according to the ambient light color, but did not consider the ambient light level. This study was designed based on a recent study to reveal the necessity to consider ambient light level and display luminance together, which affects the viewing mode, when adjusting the adaptive display white point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a new Riemannian color difference metric based on Friele's line element and the results of psychophysical color discrimination experiments. Visual adaptation effects are incorporated into the model. This new color difference metric was validated against various data sets available in the literature. We found adequate agreement with experimentally determined threshold ellipsoids/ellipses and a better threshold predictability compared with other color difference metrics. The new Riemannian color difference metric was applied for the calculation of the color gamut volume and the maximum number of mutually discernible colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural responses in visual cortex adapt to prolonged and repeated stimuli. While adaptation occurs across the visual cortex, it is unclear how adaptation patterns and computational mechanisms differ across the visual hierarchy. Here we characterize two signatures of short-term neural adaptation in time-varying intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) data collected while participants viewed naturalistic image categories varying in duration and repetition interval. Ventral- and lateral-occipitotemporal cortex exhibit slower and prolonged adaptation to single stimuli and slower recovery from adaptation to repeated stimuli compared to V1-V3. For category-selective electrodes, recovery from adaptation is slower for preferred than non-preferred stimuli. To model neural adaptation we augment our delayed divisive normalization (DN) model by scaling the input strength as a function of stimulus category, enabling the model to accurately predict neural responses across multiple image categories. The model fits suggest that differences in adaptation patterns arise from slower normalization dynamics in higher visual areas interacting with differences in input strength resulting from category selectivity. Our results reveal systematic differences in temporal adaptation of neural population responses between lower and higher visual brain areas and show that a single computational model of history-dependent normalization dynamics, fit with area-specific parameters, accounts for these differences. Author summary: Neural responses in visual cortex adapt over time, with reduced responses to prolonged and repeated stimuli. Here, we examine how adaptation patterns differ across the visual hierarchy in neural responses recorded from human visual cortex with high temporal and spatial precision. To identify possible neural computations underlying short-term adaptation, we fit the response time courses using a temporal divisive normalization model. The model accurately predicts prolonged and repeated responses in lower and higher visual areas, and reveals differences in temporal adaptation between visual areas and stimulus categories. Our model suggests that differences in adaptation patterns result from differences in divisive normalization dynamics. Our findings shed light on how information is integrated in the brain on a millisecond-time scale and offer an intuitive framework to study the emergence of neural dynamics across brain areas and stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean's midwater is a uniquely challenging yet predictable and simple visual environment. The need to see without being seen in this dim, open habitat has led to extraordinary visual adaptations. To understand these adaptations, we compared the morphological and functional differences between the eyes of three hyperiid amphipods—Hyperia galba, Streetsia challengeri and Phronima sedentaria. Combining micro-CT data with computational modelling, we mapped visual field topography and predicted detection distances for visual targets viewed in different directions through mesopelagic depths. Hyperia's eyes provide a wide visual field optimized for spatial vision over short distances, while Phronima's and Streetsia's eyes have the potential to achieve greater sensitivity and longer detection distances using spatial summation. These improvements come at the cost of smaller visual fields, but this loss is compensated for by a second pair of eyes in Phronima and by behaviour in Streetsia. The need to improve sensitivity while minimizing visible eye size to maintain crypsis has likely driven the evolution of hyperiid eye diversity. Our results provide an integrative look at how these elusive animals have adapted to the unique visual challenges of the mesopelagic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the present study was to provide ocular biometry percentile values for Indian children between the ages of 6 and 12 and to validate the usefulness of centiles in predicting myopia development. Methods: The study was part of a longitudinal study—the Sankara Nethralaya Tamil Nadu Essilor Myopia Study (STEM), where objective refraction and ocular biometry were measured for children studying in grades 1, 4, and 6 at baseline (2019–2020). These data were used to generate ocular biometry percentile curves (both for axial length (AL) and AL/corneal curvature (AL/CR) ratios). The usefulness of percentile values in predicting myopia development was estimated from follow-up data (2022). Results: The total number of children in the three grades at baseline was 4514 (age range 6 to 12). Boys represented 54% (n = 2442) of the overall sample. The prevalence of myopia at baseline was 11.7% (95% CI from 10.8 to 12.7%) in these three grades. Both the AL and AL/CR ratio centiles showed a linear trend with an increase in AL and AL/CR with increasing grades (p < 0.001) for all percentiles (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95, 98, and 99) when stratified by sex. In the follow-up data (n = 377), the 75th and 50th percentiles of the AL/CR ratio had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 and 0.72 to predict myopia onset for grade 4 and 6 children at baseline. Combining baseline AL with the centile shift in follow-up as a predictor increased the AUC to 0.83. Conclusions: The present study has provided centile values specific for Indian children between the ages of 6 and 12 to monitor and intervene where children are at a higher risk of myopia development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To compare the refractive errors measured by the Spot photoscreener (with or without cycloplegia) to cycloplegic retinoscopy in 6- to 10-week-old infants. Materials and Methods. 101 right eyes from 101 healthy infants aged 6 to 10 weeks were recruited for this cross-sectional observational study. Refractive errors were measured using Spot photoscreener before and after cycloplegia, as well as cycloplegic retinoscopy. Comparisons between the refractive measurements were performed using one-way ANOVA with the post hoc Tukey HSD test or Kruskal–Wallis test with the Steel–Dwass test according to the data normality. Pearson's correlation test and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The agreement was evaluated using a Bland–Altman plot with 95% limits of agreement of the differences. Results. Spot photoscreener was found to underestimate the spherical equivalent by 2.33 Diopters (D) in these infants. Following the induction of cycloplegia, the spherical equivalent measured by Spot photoscreener was in excellent agreement with cycloplegic retinoscopy with the mean difference of 0.01 D. Spot photoscreener overestimated cylindrical parameter by 0.2 D with poor agreement with cycloplegic retinoscopy no matter whether cycloplegia was induced. It had good agreement with cycloplegic retinoscopy in the J 0 vector than the J 45 vector measurement. Conclusions. With the induction of cycloplegia, Spot photoscreener can accurately evaluate spherical equivalent in hyperopic infants with mild-to-moderate astigmatism. While it may provide valuable measurements of astigmatism, discrepancies in cylinder and axis should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To find the relationship between the changes of retinal and choriodal structure/ vascular densities (VD) and the myopia progress. Methods: 126 eyes of 126 age-matched young participants were divided into three groups: Emmetropia and Low Myopia (EaLM) (33 eyes), Moderate Myopia (MM) (39 eyes), and High Myopia (HM) (54 eyes). Fundus images measuring 12 × 12 mm were captured using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). Each image was uniformly divided into nine regions: supra-temporal (ST), temporal (T), infra-temporal (IT), superior (S), central macular area (C), inferior (I), supra-nasal (SN), nasal (N), and infra-nasal (IN). Various structural parameters, including inner retina thickness (IRT), outer retina thickness (ORT), and choroid thickness (CT), were assessed, and the VD of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaries (CC), and choroid vessels (ChdV) were quantified. Results: CT in upper fundus exhibited a significant reduction from EaLM to MM. Additionally, ORT (ST, S. SN, C, N, IT, I, IN), CT (ST, S, SN, T, C, N, IT, I, IN) and VDs of SCP (ST, S, C, I, IN), DCP (ST, S, T, C, I) and ChdV (T, N, I, IN) were statistically diminished in EaLM compared to HM. Furthermore, IRT (N), ORT (N, IN), CT (S, SN, T, C, IT, I) and VDs of SCP (I, IN) and DCP (I) exhibited significant decreases as MM progressed towards HM. Intriguingly, there was a notable increase in the VD of CC (ST, S, T, C, N) as myopia progressed from MM to HM. Conclusion: Significant changes in retinal and choroid structure and vascular density occur as moderate myopia advances to high myopia. Efforts to curb myopia progression to this stage are essential, as the failure to do so may lead to the development of corresponding retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To understand the ocular biometric parameters characteristics and refractive errors in 3-to 6-year-old preschool children in Chengdu, China, and to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors. Method: A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Chengdu from 2020 to2022 with a total of 666 kindergartens. All children were measured by non-cycloplegic autorefraction and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and ocular biometric parameters. Finally, univariate linear regression models were used to analyze the relationship between ocular biometric parameters and refraction. Results: A total of 108,578 preschool children aged 3–6 underwent examinations, revealing a myopia prevalence of 6.1%. The mean axial length (AL), keratometry (K), corneal radius (CR), axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) Ratio, central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were 22.35 ± 0.69 mm, 43.35 ± 1.58 D, 7.80 ± 0.28 mm, 2.87 ± 0.08, 533.31 ± 32.51 μm, 2.70 ± 0.28 mm, 3.91 ± 0.27 mm, and 15.20 ± 0.68 mm, respectively. With increasing age, AL, CR, AL/CR ratio, CCT, ACD, LT, and VCD also increased. Regardless of age, males consistently exhibited longer AL, flatter corneal curvature, shallower ACD, thicker CCT, thinner LT, and longer VCD compared to females. AL, K, CR, LT, and VCD all showed significant linear relationships with SE (all P < 0.001) in univariate linear regression analysis after adjusting for gender and age. Conclusion: The prevalence of myopia among preschool children aged 3–6 in Chengdu is relatively low. Ocular biometric parameters affecting refractive errors include AL, K, CR, LT, and VCD. The preschool period serves as a critical phase for myopia prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compound eyes of insects exhibit stunning variation in size, structure, and function, which has allowed these animals to use their vision to adapt to a huge range of different environments and lifestyles, and evolve complex behaviors. Much of our knowledge of eye development has been learned from Drosophila, while visual adaptations and behaviors are often more striking and better understood from studies of other insects. However, recent studies in Drosophila and other insects, including bees, beetles, and butterflies, have begun to address this gap by revealing the genetic and developmental bases of differences in eye morphology and key new aspects of compound eye structure and function. Furthermore, technical advances have facilitated the generation of high‐resolution connectomic data from different insect species that enhances our understanding of visual information processing, and the impact of changes in these processes on the evolution of vision and behavior. Here, we review these recent breakthroughs and propose that future integrated research from the development to function of visual systems within and among insect species represents a great opportunity to understand the remarkable diversification of insect eyes and vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective was to compare the accuracy of three formulas (IA; Sanders, Retzlaff, and Kraff/Theoretical (SRK/T); and Barrett Universal II (BUII)), in achieving emmetropia in eyes implanted with TFNT lenses (Alcon). Patients and Methods: A total of 145 eyes of 145 patients were included in the evaluation. Preoperative data were obtained from IOLMaster 700, while intraoperative data were collected from ORA SYSTEMTM. Visual acuity ≥ 0.8 at the 3-month post-surgery mark was confirmed. We assessed refractive prediction error (RPE), which is the difference between predicted refraction (PR) and postoperative subjective refraction. This evaluation aimed to identify the optimal IOL power with the implemented algorithm. Results: Among the 145 eyes evaluated, 55.9%, 78.7%, and 97.2% achieved postoperative subjective refraction within ± 0.13 Diopters (D), ± 0.25 D, and ± 0.50 D, respectively. The percentages of eyes within ± 0.25 D of PR varied by formula type, with values of 57%, 57%, and 54% for IA, BUII, and SRK/T, respectively. For eyes with short to medium axial length (AL< 26.00 mm), the percentages within ± 0.25 D of RPE were 52%, 58%, and 58% for IA, SRK/T, and BUII, respectively. In contrast, for eyes with long axial length (≥ 26.00 mm) the percentages were 68%, 52%, and 45% for IA, BUII, and SRK/T, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed majority decision algorithm incorporating IA and two IOL frequency formulas was effective in reducing postoperative refractive error. IA was particularly beneficial for eyes with long axial length. These findings suggest the algorithm has potential to optimize IOL power selection to improve quality of life of patients and clinical practice outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese (Mn), a cofactor for various enzyme classes, is an essential trace metal for all organisms. However, overexposure to Mn causes neurotoxicity. Here, we evaluated the effects of exposure to Mn chloride (MnCl2) on viability, morphology, synapse function (based on neurogranin expression) and behavior of zebrafish larvae. MnCl2 exposure from 2.5 h post fertilization led to reduced survival (60%) at 5 days post fertilization. Phenotypical changes affected body length, eye and olfactory organ size, and visual background adaptation. This was accompanied by a decrease in both the fluorescence intensity of neurogranin immunostaining and expression levels of the neurogranin-encoding genes nrgna and nrgnb, suggesting the presence of synaptic alterations. Furthermore, overexposure to MnCl2 resulted in larvae exhibiting postural defects, reduction in motor activity and impaired preference for light environments. Following the removal of MnCl2 from the fish water, zebrafish larvae recovered their pigmentation pattern and normalized their locomotor behavior, indicating that some aspects of Mn neurotoxicity are reversible. In summary, our results demonstrate that Mn overexposure leads to pronounced morphological alterations, changes in neurogranin expression and behavioral impairments in zebrafish larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Display technologies have been developed to adjust the display brightness and color under different viewing conditions, providing better viewing experiences to users. Solutions have been proposed to adjust the display white point according to the ambient light condition, which roots into the underlying chromatic adaptation mechanism in the human visual system. This study was carefully designed to reveal the necessity to consider the ambient light level and display luminance together, which affects the viewing mode, when adjusting the adaptive display white point. The results clearly suggested that when the display luminance was greater than the ambient light diffuse white luminance, the display was viewed in the self‐luminous mode and the display white point was not significantly affected by the ambient light chromaticities. In contrast, when the display luminance was lower than the ambient light diffuse white luminance, the display was viewed in the surface mode and the ambient light chromaticities had a significant effect on the display white point, especially when the surround ratio was high. Adaptive display shifts the display white point and other colors accordingly based on the ambient conditions. In addition to the ambient light color, it needs to consider the ambient light illuminance and also the relationship between ambient light illuminance and display luminance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this work is to evaluate the accuracy of the Barrett Universal II (BU II), Emmetropia verifying optical (EVO) 2.0, Haigis, Hoffer Q, Hoffer QST (Savini/Taroni) (HQST), Holladay 1, Kane, Ladas Super, Sanders–Retzlaff–Kraff/theoretical (SRK/T), and T2 intraocular lens (IOL) power formulas for calculating spherical equivalent (SE) of toric IOL. Methods: This study enrolled consecutive patients who underwent phacoemulsification and toric IOL implantation at the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in Hangzhou from 2015 to 2022. We compared the new-generation formulas with Gaussian optics-based standard formulas, and calculated the mean absolute error (MAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and percentage of eyes within ± 0.25 diopter (D), ± 0.50 D, ± 0.75 D and ± 1.00 D of the target refraction. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the anterior chamber depth (ACD), keratometry (K), and toricity (T). Results: A total of 207 eyes of 207 patients were included in this study. Overall, the Kane and EVO2.0 formulas demonstrated the lowest MedAEs. The EVO2.0 formula exhibited the highest percentage of eyes within ± 0.50 D, ± 0.75 D, ± 1.00 D. Moreover, the EVO2.0 formula showed the lowest MedAE for flat K subgroup, the highest percentage of eyes within ± 0.50 D, ± 1.00 D for shallow ACD subgroup, the highest percentage of eyes within ± 0.75 D for regular ACD, flat K, T2–T3, T4–T5 subgroups. The Kane and formula performed the lowest MedAE in the T4–T5 subgroup. Conclusions: Application of the Kane and EVO2.0 formulas significantly improved the prediction of postoperative SE outcome for toric IOL compared to the other formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]