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Purpose: Investigations into the correction of presbyopia have considered lens design, clinical implications and the development of objective metrics such as the visual Strehl ratio. This study investigated the Jacobi–Fourier phase mask as an ophthalmic element in the correction of presbyopia. The goal was to develop a contact or intraocular lens whose performance was largely insensitive to changes in pupil diameter. Methods: Numerical simulations based on Fourier optics were performed to evaluate three different Jacobi–Fourier polynomials, with the aim of providing a range of clear vision (1 Dioptre (D)). Performance was evaluated for three pupil sizes (6, 4 and 2 mm), while polychromatic images were simulated using three different wavelengths (656.3, 587.6 and 486.1 nm). The Neural Transfer function was included in the simulation. To validate the method and results, we used the Visual Strehl combined objective metric (VSCombined) currently used in visual optics. This metric gives more weight to the phase transfer function and is more suitable for non‐symmetrical phase functions. Results: Numerical validation showed the suitability of the Jacobi–Fourier phase masks for extending the range of clear vision of presbyopic eyes, providing a visual acuity of at least 0.10 logMAR (6/7.5 Snellen) at all distances between 1 and 6 m. The results show a range of clear vision of 1D was not affected by changes in pupil size, an increase in retinal image contrast accompanied by image artefact reduction by increasing the radial order of the Jacobi–Fourier phase mask and a reduction of wavelength dependence of the retinal images. These results are supported by simulated images and the objective criterion VSCombined. Conclusions: The use of Jacobi–Fourier phase masks as ophthalmic elements for presbyopic correction show promising results, with a good range of clear vision and reduced dependence on pupil size and chromatic aberration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refractive surgery has experienced substantial advancements over the past few years, driven by innovative techniques and continuous technological progress aimed at enhancing visual outcomes and patient satisfaction. Refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism affect a significant portion of the global population, impacting quality of life and productivity. Recent advancements have been fueled by a deeper understanding of ocular biomechanics and visual optics, leading to more precise and effective treatments. Traditional methods such as LASIK and PRK have been refined, and new procedures like SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) have been introduced, expanding the range of treatable refractive errors and improving safety and predictability. Customized treatments, such as wavefront-guided LASIK and topography-guided PRK, allow for individualized plans tailored to each patient's unique corneal characteristics, enhancing visual acuity and reducing higher-order aberrations. The use of femtosecond lasers in procedures like Femto-LASIK and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) offers unparalleled precision, reducing surgical risks and improving outcomes. Implantable Collamer Lenses (ICLs) and corneal crosslinking (CXL) have emerged as effective options for specific patient groups. Advanced diagnostic tools like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Scheimpflug imaging have improved surgical planning and complication management. As research and technology continue to evolve, these advancements promise even greater improvements in refractive surgery, addressing the visual needs of the global population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early twentieth century, when little was known about the underwater realm, the question of subaquatic vision garnered much interest. Based on human laws of optics in water, observers of the time claimed to show how fish see, and the impact of illusions on fish vision. Addressing fly-fishers in particular, they raised the question of whether fish see "freak pictures" and "monsters." The present study examines five scientific visualizations published in Scientific American in 1913 to determine whether optical illusions remain relevant for fish scientists today and whether conceptions of visual intelligence in fish have changed since 1913. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Relationships between disease and treatment factors of diabetes and vision difficulty remain largely unknown. This study investigated the relationship between disease and treatment factors in diabetes and participants' self-reported vision difficulty. Patients and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, population-based analysis. Data from the National Health Interview Survey was used and analyzed through univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: From the 29,464 included participants, logistic regression showed increased odds of self-reported vision difficulty among participants with diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.14, P < 0.001), prediabetes (OR = 1.95, P < 0.001), or gestational diabetes (OR = 1.54, P < 0.001) compared to participants without diabetes. Those who reported having diabetes for more than a year had higher odds of vision difficulty (OR = 1.97, P = 0.02), as did those who were taking insulin (OR = 1.62, P < 0.001), those who had taken less insulin to save money within the past year (OR = 1.87, P = 0.01), and those who reported experiencing diabetes-related stress (OR = 2.14, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Duration of diabetes, diabetes-related stress, and taking less insulin than recommended to save money were associated with vision difficulty. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:142–153.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of change in ocular spherical aberration (SA) with adaptive optics on visual acuity (VA) at different defocus after implantation of extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) and enhanced monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). Settings: Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bangalore, India. Design: Prospective, longitudinal, observational. Methods: 80 eyes (40 patients) that had cataract surgery were included in the study. 40 eyes were implanted with Eyhance EDOF IOLs and the remaining with Vivity EDOF IOLs. Baseline ocular aberrations were measured with a visual adaptive optics aberrometer, then the optimal SA was determined by increasing it in steps of-0.01 μmupto-0.1 μmuntil the maximum improvement in near distance VA was observed for a given eye. Then the defocus curve for each eye was measured after modifying the ocular SA by magnitude equal to optimal SA. Results: Most of the eyes accepted a negative induced SA of -0.05 μm (Eyhance group: 67.6%; Vivity group, 45.2%). In the Eyhance group (dominant eyes), VA improved at-2diopters (D) (P< .02) only and degraded at 0 D, +0.5 D, and +1 D defocus (P < .05). In the Vivity group, the VA remained unchanged at all defocus (P > .05). In the Eyhance group (nondominant eyes), VA improved at -3.5 D defocus only and degraded at +1.5 D and +2 D defocus (P < .05). In the Vivity group, VA improved at -2.5 D defocus (P < .05) only. Conclusions: A negative induced SA of -0.05 μm in implanted eyes was optimal for a slight improvement in distance-corrected near and intermediate VA without any significant decrease in baseline distance-corrected VA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate computationally the optical performance of AcrySof IQ Vivity extended depth-of-focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses (IOLs) in post–laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) eyes. Setting: Visual Optics and Biophotonics Laboratory, Madrid, Spain. Design: Experimental study. Methods: Computer pseudophakic eye models were implemented using reported post-LASIK corneal aberrations (refractive corrections from (7.5 to +4.5 diopters [D]) and virtually implanted with monofocal (AcrySof IQ) or EDOF (AcrySof IQ Vivity) IOLs. Retinal image quality was quantified through visual Strehl (VS). The depth of focus (DOF) was calculated from the through-focus VS curves. Halos were estimated from the light spread in the image of a pinhole. Those quantitative parameters were obtained for 5.0 and 3.0 mm pupil diameters. Results: Simulated virgin eyes showed VS of 0.89/0.99 with monofocal IOLs and 0.74/0.52 with EDOF IOLs for 5.0/3.0 mm pupils at best focus. VS decreased with induced spherical aberration (SA) by 25% and with induced SA + coma by 61% on average (3.0 mm pupils). The DOF was 2.50 D in virgin eyes with EDOF IOLs, 1.66 ± 0.30 and 2.54 ± 0.31 D (P < .05) on average in post-LASIK eyes for 3.0 mm pupils, monofocal and EDOF IOLs, respectively. Halos were more sensitive to SA induction for 5.0 mm pupils, and induction of positive SA (myopic LASIK) resulted in reduced halos with the EDOF when compared with the monofocal IOLs, by 1.62 (SA) and 1.86 arc min (SA + coma), on average. Conclusions: Computer post-LASIK pseudophakic eye models showed that the DOF was less dependent on the presence of SA and coma with EDOF IOLs and that halos were reduced with EDOF IOLs compared with the monofocal IOL for a range of SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetics is the transfer of ideas and concepts borrowed from nature in order to develop solutions to technological issues. Research in biomimetic vision as a whole has focused on several aspects ranging from development of optical devices and sensors, innovative solutions to visual problems and building intelligent systems, all based on findings from nature. In this review, we discuss the diversity of animal eyes, optical systems inspired by natural eyes and their optical properties in nature that has the potential for biomimicry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Corneal refractive surgery induces high-order aberrations, specifically spherical aberration (SA). These aberrations can have implications when patients later develop cataracts and require the implantation of multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs). MIOLs with asymmetric designs pose challenges in predicting outcomes, particularly in these cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate how different values of SA, resulting from various types of refractive surgeries, affect the optical performance of the FEMTIS Comfort intraocular lens. Methods: The through-focus modulation transfer function (TF-MTF) curve and high-contrast images of tumbling E were used as parameters to assess the optical performance of the MIOL. These parameters were measured using an adaptive optics visual simulator. Results: Increasingly negative values of SA make the MIOL more bifocal, moderating its extended-depth-of-focus characteristic. Conversely, higher positive SA values cause the TF-MTF curve to shift towards positive vergences, leading to worsened distance vision in the +1.00 to +2.00 D range, but improved vision in the +0.50 D to +1.00 D range. Conclusions: Assessing SA in patients prior to implanting MIOLs with asymmetric designs is necessary for predicting outcomes and making informed decisions based on the visual requirements of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives A well-balanced curriculum is critical for ensuring that students graduate with the necessary skills. There is growing interest in evaluating the functional value of non-clinical courses compared to clinical courses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the views of optometry and vision science professionals on the utility and relevance of optics-based courses.Methods A web-based survey was designed to assess the perceived significance of the optics-based courses. All respondents were alumni of two universities in Jordan that offer an undergraduate degree in optometry. The survey included questions about the professional relevance of optics courses. Respondents were asked to rate several statements related to the relevance and importance of optics courses in current optometry practice on a 5-point Likert scale.Results In total, 205 respondents completed the online survey. There were 161 (78.5%) women and 44 (21.5%) men, with an average age of 28.76 (± 4.86) years. Overall, respondents rated the perceived usefulness of optics courses for their careers with a mean collective value of 20.78 out of a possible 30 points. Female alumni perceived the courses as significantly more useful in their workplace than male alumni did (p = .020). Optometrists in different age groups perceived usefulness differently (p = .001). Alumni who preferred to learn these courses on-site and by hybrid methods perceived optics courses as significantly more useful than those who preferred to learn online (p = .006 and p

This research explores the intersection of visual optics and architecture by analyzing contracted space of Baroque geometries. Inspired by Borromini's work, the "Shrine" project embodies a solution to narrow passage design challenges, merging spatial perception strategies with minimalist details to create an immersive and theatrical experience for small space architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important index in studies on vision and display technology, pupil size controls the amount of the light entering human eye. Eye tracking systems are normally used to measure the pupil size while a pupil size estimation model can be applied when actual measurement is not available. The weighting functions of the reported pupil size estimation models show radial symmetry, which contradicted the radial asymmetric distribution of photoreceptors on the retina. Chromaticity spatial distribution has not been taken into consideration either. In this paper, the perceptual experiments are carried out with patterned and colored stimuli to evaluate the spatial and color varying effect of luminance to the pupil. A revised corneal flux density is proposed, which shows a high correlation with pupil diameters. Based on this, a pupil size estimation model is proposed. Pupil diameters can be calculated after inputting luminance and chromaticity spatial distribution matrixes. After verification, this model can be applied to indoor scenes with different lighting temperatures within the general illumination range. This model should be useful in scientific and practical applications where pupil diameter matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-balanced curriculum is critical for ensuring that students graduate with the necessary skills. There is growing interest in evaluating the functional value of non-clinical courses compared to clinical courses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the views of optometry and vision science professionals on the utility and relevance of optics-based courses. A web-based survey was designed to assess the perceived significance of the optics-based courses. All respondents were alumni of two universities in Jordan that offer an undergraduate degree in optometry. The survey included questions about the professional relevance of optics courses. Respondents were asked to rate several statements related to the relevance and importance of optics courses in current optometry practice on a 5-point Likert scale. In total, 205 respondents completed the online survey. There were 161 (78.5%) women and 44 (21.5%) men, with an average age of 28.76 (± 4.86) years. Overall, respondents rated the perceived usefulness of optics courses for their careers with a mean collective value of 20.78 out of a possible 30 points. Female alumni perceived the courses as significantly more useful in their workplace than male alumni did (p =.020). Optometrists in different age groups perceived usefulness differently (p =.001). Alumni who preferred to learn these courses on-site and by hybrid methods perceived optics courses as significantly more useful than those who preferred to learn online (p =.006 and p <.001, respectively). The perceived importance of optics-based courses varied according to several factors. However, in general, these courses were deemed helpful in terms of curricular content and practical relevance to practice, regardless of specialisation or the workplace. In terms of the value offered to the professional competencies that an optometrist needs, the practical utility of optics courses in optometry curriculums is contested. Optometrists' perceptions of optics courses were examined using a cross-sectional survey. Respondents rated the perceived usefulness of optics courses for their career, with a mean collective value of 20.78 out 30 points. The highest percentage of respondents in this study expressed their preference for the face-to-face learning method rather than the hybrid method. Male optometrists perceived learning optics courses as significantly less helpful than female optometrists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important parameter in studies on vision and ophthalmology, pupil size directly controls the amount of the light entering the human eye. Pupilometers or eye tracking systems are used to measure the pupil size in some studies while a pupil size estimation model can be applied when actual measurement is not available, such as in cases of optical design, photobiological safety studies, etc. There are several existing pupil size estimation models, most of which reveal the relationship between pupil size and spatial distribution of luminance. However, the radial asymmetry of spatial luminance weighting function in horizontal and vertical directions and the effect of light chromaticity on the human eye were investigated. In this paper, experiments were conducted to reveal the asymmetry of the spatial weighting function in the horizontal and vertical directions and the effect of chromaticity on the pupil size. A unified pupil size estimation model is proposed based on spatially weighted corneal flux density and chromaticity coordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation of daily routines has increased visual demands, especially at intermediate and near distances. The Devil multifocal intraocular lens (MIOL) design was developed to enhance intermediate visual performance. This design is a novel trifocal intraocular lens inspired by the fractal structure known as the 'Devil's staircase'. The aim of this research is to evaluate the visual performance of the Devil MIOL design in real patients. The visual acuity defocus curve was obtained from 25 eyes of healthy volunteers using the Visual Adaptive Optics Simulator (VAO, Voptica SL, Murcia, Spain). Additionally, images of optotypes simulating those seen through the Devil MIOL design were captured to qualitatively illustrate optotype perception at different vergence values. Mean visual acuity values of the evaluation were 0.03 logMAR at 0.00 D vergence, 0.10 logMAR at +1.50 D vergence, and 0.11 logMAR at +3.00 D vergence, corresponding to far (optical infinity), intermediate (66.7 cm), and near foci (33.3 cm), respectively. The experimental outcomes were indeed slightly better than numerical results obtained previously in a model eye. The Devil MIOL design provides satisfactory visual acuity across three primary foci and produces extended depth of focus between the intermediate and near foci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of module misalignments on a CPV array characterization based on images. • Implementation and demonstration of the method with a dron equipped with an imaging camera. • Determination and correction of error sources associated to dron-to-array positioning. • Example case: full characterization of a tracker composed by 48 modules, determination of uncertainties. This paper deals with the characterization of misalignments between CPV modules installed on tracker structures, for which a misalignment measurement method (suitable for inspecting CPV plants) is proposed. The method consists of acquiring images of the photovoltaic solar cells magnified through the optics with a visual camera mounted on a drone. The relative position between modules is proportional to the observed spatial misplacement between the magnified cells and equivalent to an angular misalignment of the pointing vector of the modules with respect to the ideal optical axis. The method, that had already been demonstrated at module level in laboratory conditions, has been adapted to account for the errors associated to the camera position during the drone flight sequence. An experimental validation of the method is carried out by characterizing the misalignments between 48 CPV modules in a tracker, with an uncertainty lower than ±0.09 degrees for measured misalignments of up to 0.95 degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrast sensitivity(CS)has been widely studied in the research of ophthalmology and optometry. Compared with visual acuity(VA)test, CS assessment can fully and accurately reveal the state of visual function, which has become an important indicator for the prediction, diagnosis of eye diseases and for the evaluation of the disease progression and therapeutic effect. To improve the accuracy of CS measurement, CS detection methods have been constantly improved and innovated, mainly including objective examination and subjective psychophysical examination. Both methods have their advantages and limitations and the main target population is slightly different. With the development of the current Internet Plus, the CS detect software based on computer technology has been successively developed by many research institutions, which provide more convenient detection methods. Therefore, this paper reviews the visual standard design, measurement requirements and main applicable characteristics of common CS detection.

In this work, we analyze a proposal of a new intracorneal diffractive lens for presbyopia correction that could allow good, distance, intermediate and near vision. By using an adaptive optics visual simulator, we study the influence of two factors in the inlay performance: the spherical aberration (SA) and the potential errors of in thickness, induced in the manufacturing process. We show that the inlay through-the-focus imaging performance can be customized with the SA value, favoring either distance–intermediate or intermediate–near vision. Moreover, we found that with thickness variations of 10%, the inlay still maintains its trifocal nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were two‐fold; to determine how variations in practical illuminance range (from ~300 to ~2300 lx) affect the perception of suprathreshold small color differences for a range of object stimuli across the color space, and to investigate the role of variations in luminance on intra‐ and inter‐observer variability in repeated psychophysical trials. STRESS index and conventional statistical methods suggest the presence of a significant difference between visual responses for large changes in luminance. Inter‐ and intra‐observer variability also varied according to luminance. Calculated color differences based on recent CAM models show good agreement with visual results over the luminance range examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the pupillary light response (PLR), increases in ambient light constrict the pupil to dampen increases in retinal illuminance. Here, we report that the pupillary reflex arc implements a second input-output transformation; it senses temporal contrast to enhance spatial contrast in the retinal image and increase visual acuity. The pupillary contrast response (PCoR) is driven by rod photoreceptors via type 6 bipolar cells and M1 ganglion cells. Temporal contrast is transformed into sustained pupil constriction by the M1's conversion of excitatory input into spike output. Computational modeling explains how the PCoR shapes retinal images. Pupil constriction improves acuity in gaze stabilization and predation in mice. Humans exhibit a PCoR with similar tuning properties to mice, which interacts with eye movements to optimize the statistics of the visual input for retinal encoding. Thus, we uncover a conserved component of active vision, its cell-type-specific pathway, computational mechanisms, and optical and behavioral significance. [Display omitted] • Contrast elicits robust pupil constriction in mice and humans • A cell-type-specific retinal pathway mediates the pupillary contrast response • Pupil size shapes spatial frequency content in the retinal image • Pupil constriction enhances contrast sensitivity and visual acuity in mice The pupil is well known to constrict in response to increases in luminance. Here, Fitzpatrick et al. show that temporal contrast also drives pupil construction via a cell-type-specific retinal circuit in mice and humans. The pupillary contrast response enhances high spatial frequency contrast in the retinal image and improves visual acuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients who suffer from sight-threatening eye diseases share a desire to regain a comfortable reading ability. In light of the modern advances achieved in ophthalmic diagnosis and therapy, and because a significant lack of comparability between reading charts still exists, there is an increasing need for a worldwide standard in the form of a norm for diagnostic reading charts. Already, applied advancements such as digital print, which allow a calibration of the print sizes of reading charts in correctly progressing geometric proportions by using the actual height of a lower case "x" in millimeters (x-height), and psychophysically standardizing reading charts and their test items by applying modern statistical methods have significantly contributed to establishing a norm for reading charts. In 2020, a proposal of the British delegation was accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) group "Visual Optics and Optical Instruments," and a working group was established. Bearing in mind the efforts of the ISO with regard to an international norm, this review article is intended to (a) give an overview of the historical background and related normative approaches for diagnostic reading tests used in ophthalmology and optometry, (b) explain psychophysical and technical concerns, and (c) discuss the possibilities and limits of concepts that seem relevant to developing a modern standard for reading charts. • Modern reading charts can provide comprehensible and comparable investigations of reading acuity and speed. • Clinical research has established that modern standardized reading charts are superior to historic or conventional reading charts. • Comparability between reading charts can be best achieved by calibrating the print sizes with the x-height of a font. • Statistical standardization of reading charts and test items is indispensable as it provides known reproducibility, reliability and validity. • In light of modern advances in ophthalmic diagnosis and therapy, establishing an international norm for reading charts is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nagar kirtan is a Sikh travelling court of poetry, prominent during the Punjabi harvest festival, Vaisakhi. Critics and celebrators alike overfocus on its visual optics, but there is an alternative bottom-up assemblage by which participants generate transformative power. This article decentres the politics of representation favoured by state apparatuses, politicians, and religious elites. I mobilize a decolonial feminist conceptualization with a walk from off the centerstage. Deploying the subaltern figure of the bride, I argue for an interpretation of nagar kirtan as embodied engagement with a poetics of a humanity. Fieldwork was carried out in Hong Kong, Vancouver, and Toronto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results show that nearly half of the accommodation of the Gullstrand model eye is produced by this mechanism, while a model eye based on actual data produces small intracapsular dis-accommodation. Fernández et al. [[4]] measured both the choroid and retina thickness from OCT images centered at the foveal depression in a group of young healthy subjects with refractions ranging from emmetropia to high myopia. This model was compared to a six-surface model eye built based on actual experimental data obtained with precise imaging techniques of the lens change during accommodation. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigated the relationships between personality and creativity in the perception of two different ambiguous visual illusions. Previous research has suggested that Industriousness and Openness/Intellect (as measured by the Big Five Aspects Scale) are both associated with individual differences in perceptual switching rates for binocular rivalry stimuli. Here, we examined whether these relationships generalise to the Necker Cube and the Spinning Dancer illusions. In the experimental phase of this study, participants viewed these ambiguous figures under both static and dynamic, as well as free-view and fixation, conditions. As predicted, perceptual switching rates were higher: (a) for the static Necker Cube than the Spinning Dancer, and (b) in free-view compared with fixation conditions. In the second phase of the study, personality type and divergent thinking were measured using the Big Five Aspects Scale and the Alternate Uses Task, respectively. Higher creativity/divergent thinking (as measured by the Alternate Uses Task) was found to predict greater switching rates for the static Necker Cube (but not the Spinning Dancer) under both free-view and fixation conditions. These findings suggest that there are differences in the perceptual processing of creative individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adults describe abstract shapes moving in a goal-directed manner using animate terms. This study tested which variables affect school-aged children's descriptions of moving geometrical shapes. Children aged 5 to 9 years were shown displays of interacting geometrical shapes and were asked to describe them. Across participants, instructions, number of moving figures, whether a figure caught another, and complexity of the scene were manipulated. Nine-year-olds used significantly more animate phrases than 5-year-olds. Furthermore, we found an Age by Condition interaction. Five-year-olds made significantly more animate statements in the animate condition, while 7-year-olds and 9-year-olds were less affected by instructions. Scene complexity increased children's use of animate phrases. Number of agents present on the screen and whether a catch occurred did not impact children's animate attributions. Our results support the hypothesis that children, like adults, are attuned to animacy cues and describe chasing agents in animate terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaning tower illusion suggests that combining perspective cues across multiple images can affect the perceived orientation of objects in space. We measured the accuracy of orientation perception when viewing multiple pictures. Across several experiments, 11–16 participants viewed two pictures: a sidewalk and either another sidewalk, a nature scene, or no picture. Participants adjusted an on-screen line to match the remembered orientation of one of the sidewalks. Participants also made a judgment about the parallelism of the sidewalks. Sidewalks perceived as parallel were perceived to have orientations more similar to each other than when they were paired with a nature scene or no picture. The degree of misperception can be approximately twice as large as in the leaning tower illusion, and this effect survived inversion and partially survived alternating presentation of the images. The misperception was eliminated when the participants were cued on which sidewalk they would be judging; however, when forced to process both sidewalks, the misperception reappeared. We conclude that the orientation of objects with perspective cues is misperceived when viewing multiple pictures with perspective cues and this misperception appears to be related at least in part to how parallel those objects are perceived to be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oppel–Kundt illusion consists in the overestimation of the length of filled versus empty extents. Two experiments explored its relation to the horizontal-vertical illusion, which consists in the overestimation of the length of vertical versus horizontal extents, and to the oblique effect, which consists in poorer discriminative sensitivity for obliquely as opposed to horizontally or vertically oriented stimuli. For Experiment 1, Kundt's (1863) original stimulus was rotated in steps of 45° full circle around 360°. For Experiment 2, one part of the stimulus remained at a horizontal or vertical orientation, whereas the other part was tilted 45° or 90°. The Oppel–Kundt illusion was at its maximum at a horizontal orientation of the stimulus. The illusion was strongly attenuated with L-type figures when the vertical part was empty, but not enhanced when this part was filled, suggesting that the horizontal-vertical illusion only acts on nontextured extents. There was no oblique effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncorrected/under-corrected refractive errors, aberrations, and presbyopia accelerate the multifaceted symptoms of the so-called digital computer syndrome, including eye strain, asthenopia, and other symptoms [[5]]. Dry eye may also accelerate the symptoms, because the tear film plays an important role as the first refractive ocular component, and the alterations in the tear film dynamics may cause vision-related and ocular surface-related symptoms [[4]]. Exploring quality of vision is one of the most important issues in modern ophthalmology, and research into ophthalmic optics and visual function is essential for making progress in this field. Ishiko et al. reported the effect of educational pressure on myopia progression and reported that the progression rates and increased prevalence of high myopia were observed only during high-pressure education [[14]]. [Extracted from the article]

We report on the experimental and theoretical study of the near-field diffraction of optical vortices (OVs) at a two-dimensional diffraction grating. The Talbot effect for the optical vortices in the visible range is experimentally observed and the respective Talbot carpets for the optical vortices are experimentally obtained for the first time. It is shown that the spatial configuration of the light field behind the grating represents a complex three-dimensional lattice of beamlet-like optical vortices. A unit cell of the OV lattice is reconstructed using the experimental data and the spatial evolution of the beamlet intensity and phase singularities of the optical vortices is demonstrated. In addition, the self-healing effect for the optical vortices, which consists in flattening of the central dip in the annular intensity distribution, i.e., restoring the image of the object plane predicted earlier is observed. The calculated results agree well with the experimental ones. The results obtained can be used to create and optimize the 3D OV lattices for a wide range of application areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faults and fractures represent unique features of the solid Earth and are especially pervasive in the shallow crust. Aside from directly relating to crustal dynamics and the systematic assessment of associated risk, fault and fracture networks enable the efficient migration of fluids and therefore have a direct impact on concrete topics relevant to society, including climate-change-mitigating measures like CO2 sequestration or geothermal exploration and production. Due to their small-scale complexity, fault zones and fracture networks are typically poorly resolved, and their presence can often only be inferred indirectly in seismic and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) subsurface reconstructions. We suggest a largely data-driven framework for the direct imaging of these features by making use of the faint and still often underexplored diffracted portion of the wave field. Finding inspiration in the fields of optics and visual perception, we introduce two different conceptual pathways for coherent diffraction imaging and discuss respective advantages and disadvantages in different contexts of application. At the heart of both of these strategies lies the assessment of data coherence, for which a range of quantitative measures is introduced. To illustrate the versatility and effectiveness of the approach for high-resolution geophysical imaging, several seismic and GPR field data examples are presented, in which the diffracted wave field sheds new light on crustal features like fluvial channels, erosional surfaces, and intricate fault and fracture networks on land and in the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All of this work, and more, is summarised in his iconic landmark book together with Dan-Eric Nilsson - I Animal Eyes i (Land and Nilsson [6]) - and in his final wonderful book I Eyes to See i (Land [5]). We now know of ten different optical classes of eyes in the animal kingdom, and it is fair to say that Mike advanced our understanding of all of them, either by discovering them outright, or by revealing the great diversity of design subtleties and remarkable adaptations that are inherent to each. As I started my project, I soon discovered that two of those famous names that had just left Adrian's department for good also happened to be world authorities on the optics of animal eyes - Mike Land and Dan-Eric Nilsson. This allowed him to discover that their eyes were diffraction-limited, producing the crispest retinal images that the optics of any eye can provide, thus forever dispelling the idea that superposition eyes were necessarily poorly focussed (Land [3]). [Extracted from the article]

At a follow-up 6 months after dispensing, the WFG lens provided a similar level of higher-order aberration correction (residual RMS 0.498 m; 94% less than unaided) - this agreed with lens durability expectations.[9] Corrected visual acuity remained within typical levels; letter contrast sensitivity was not measured in clinic. Keywords: Aberration; keratoconus; scleral lens; visual performance; wavefront-guided EN Aberration keratoconus scleral lens visual performance wavefront-guided 86 88 3 01/11/22 20220101 NES 220101 Introduction As corneal ectasias progress in severity, the range of viable ophthalmic correction modalities decreases, and visual symptoms are most successfully alleviated using rigid contact lenses. [Extracted from the article]

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Purpose: To validate in the clinic the Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator VAO (Voptica SL, Murcia, Spain). Setting: Laboratory of Clinical Optics, University of Murcia, Spain. Methods: Adaptive optics visual simulators have been widely used in research laboratories for various applications within the visual sciences, however, their use in clinical practice has been limited. Recently, an Adaptive Optics Visual Simulator (VAO, Voptica S.L) has been commercially introduced as a medical device for clinical use. VAO combines optical measurements and visual testing within the same compact instrument. It incorporates a Hartmann‐Shack wave‐front sensor to measure objective refraction and aberrations, together with a spatial light modulator capable of correcting or inducing any optical profile while performing visual testing. In seventy‐six eyes from 38 subjects, subjective refraction (SR) was measured using VAO and trial frame as a gold standard (GS). The agreement of spherical equivalent (M) and cross cylinders (J0 and J45) between SR with VAO and with the GS was estimated using different statistic parameters: 95% confidence limits (CL), Student's t‐test or Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Pearson correlation coefficient (r). Results: There was a strong correlation (r ranged between 0.88 and 0.99) for subjective refraction (M, J0, J45) between GS and VAO and there were not statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). The 95% CL of M, J0 and J45 were ±0.58, ±0.14 and ±0.14 D respectively. In addition to the subjective refraction, the visual acuity was also validated comparing BCVA values from GS with those from VAO, a high correlation (ρ = 0.73) was found for BCVA between both methods. Individual differences in BCVA between both methods were around or below 1 line since 95% CI was ±0.10 LogMAR. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that VAO, the new instrument for vision analysis based on adaptive optics, provides measurements that are comparable to those of the gold standard technique in healthy eyes with 73.7% of the spherical equivalent (M) differences between them within ±0.25 D and 68.4% for BCVA within ±0.05 LogMAR. Thus, subjective refraction found with VAO can be used for prescribing, as a baseline to simulate any optical profile and to customize the selection of the ablation and the IOL design in refractive surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]