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Hand dexterity impairments in patients with stroke reduce activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life. Visuospatial ability is associated with motor learning, but this has not previously been reported in patients with subacute stroke. We aimed to investigate whether visual terminal feedback (FB) affected motor learning of hand dexterity and the relationship among visuospatial ability. Overall, 17 subacute stroke patients (age: 66.1 ± 13.8 years) with mild upper limb motor impairment were included. The experimental task was the grasping force control task. The visuospatial task was the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCFT). The experimental protocol was conducted in 2 consecutive days: day 1 consisted of a pre-test (PRE), practice, and short-term retention test (SRT), and day 2 consisted of a long-term retention test (LRT) and the ROCFT. Grasping errors were significantly decreased in the SRT and LRT than in the PRE. Furthermore, ROCFT scores (copy and recall) and LRT grasping errors were moderately negatively correlated (ρ = -0.51 and − 0.53). In conclusion, visuospatial ability is an important factor associated with motor learning in subacute stroke patients. Future studies should use visual terminal FB, and training programs for visuospatial ability should be considered in stroke rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMany individual difference variables predict Bayesian reasoning performance, including cognitive reflection (thoughtful engagement with a problem rather than intuitive responding). The cognitive reflection test (CRT), though, is interdependent with numerical literacy. Two non-mathematics versions of this test (CRTverbal) are integrated and evaluated here, concurrent with other individual difference measures, as predictors of Bayesian reasoning performance. Two studies found CRTverbal appears to measure a fairly unitary underlying construct that is correlated with Bayesian reasoning performance. However, all other measures were also correlated with Bayesian reasoning, as well as generally with each other (including numerical literacy correlating with CRTverbal). Stepwise regressions found that Bayesian reasoning was best predicted by visuospatial ability and sets reasoning ability, excluding numeracy, working memory (Experiment 1), and pattern extrapolation abilities (Experiment 2). Although cognitive reflection remains a predictor of some utility, these positive manifold patterns of results suggest a broader cognitive ability may be generating these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation between response time and performance in cognitive tasks is increasingly evident. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of participants' spontaneous speed when responding to a mental rotation task. We carried out a data reanalysis from a previous study where a training of 3 practice sessions of 100 trials each was applied. The procedure was applied to a sample of 21 high school students (11 boys, 10 girls). The relation between response time and performance (hits) across the training trials was analyzed. In addition, we carried out a regression analysis of performance on the learning task as a function of response time on that same task, as well as with the score on two previously applied tests of spatial intelligence and fluid intelligence. Results showed, (a) a significant relationship (r = 0.624) between response time and hits, (b) that the group of participants with longer response times performed better; (c) that participants' response time explained most of the variance of their score on the training task in the regression analysis, although spatial and fluid intelligence scores improved the prediction of performance. Our results suggest that the reflective style achieves greater performance in solving spatial tasks, which could have important practical implications to promote a slower and more reflective style when solving school tasks with spatial components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particular types of physical activity (PA) hold the potential to enhance brain structure and functions across various age groups. Active travel (AT), a non-motorised human-powered mode of transportation, might be a particularly important form of PA that may enhance neuropsychological development, benefit executive and visuospatial cognitive abilities, and contribute to preventing cognitive degeneration. Accordingly, this systematic review explores the associations between AT and cognitive outcomes in all age groups. Searches were conducted in five databases. Of 2401 initial hits, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies ranged from 36 to 2702 participants, examined diverse cognitive outcomes, and were predominantly with children or adolescents. No studies among adult ages 20- to 60-years were included, while only one study among older adults was included in the review. There was some evidence of positive associations between AT and spatial and reasoning abilities. Mixed results were identified between AT and executive functioning and processing speed, and no associations between AT and general intelligence. Limitations included reliance on self-reported AT, a focus mainly on school travel, and heterogeneity of cognition measures. Overall, this review reveals insufficient evidence for an association between AT and cognitive functions across the lifespan, underscoring the need for further investigation.

The human vestibular system is adversely affected by the aging process. Recent evidence indicates that vestibular information and cognitive functions are related, suggesting that age-related vestibular loss may contribute to cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive, home-based galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on cognitive functions in healthy older adults. Twenty-one participants (age = 64.66 ± 2.97 years, 12 females) were randomly allocated to either a home-based GVS or an active control group. The GVS intervention lasted 20 min per session, five times a week, for two weeks (10 sessions). Cognitive functions were assessed before and after the intervention using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test A&B, and Dual-Task (digit recall and paper-pencil tracking test). Our findings revealed a significant group-by-time interaction effect for the tracking accuracy (F(1,18) = 7.713, p = 0.012, η p2 = 0.30), with only the home-based GVS group showing significant improvement (t = −2.544, p = 0.029). The proposed home-based GVS protocol offers a promising non-pharmacological avenue for enhancing visuospatial ability in healthy older adults. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of different GVS protocols on various cognitive functions, particularly in older individuals with different health conditions.

Objectives: To keep older drivers safe, it is necessary to assess their fitness to drive. We developed a touch screen-based digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT) and examined the relationship between the dCDT scores and on-road driving performance of older drivers in a community-setting. Methods: One hundred and forty-one community-dwelling older drivers (range; 64-88 years old) who participated in this study were included in the analysis. Participants completed the dCDT, the Mini-Mental State Examination-Japanese (MMSE-J), and an on-road driving assessment. We examined the relationship between dCDT scores using the method by Rouleau et al. (maximum 10 points) and the on-road driving performance based on a driving assessment system originally developed by Nagoya University. Results: Multiple regression analyses showed that errors in the driving test were associated with dCDT score for the items "confirmation," "turning left" and "maintains driving lane position". Discussion: This study confirmed the relationship between the dCDT score and driving errors, such as confirmation, turning left and maintaining driving lane position. The increase in these errors indicates a decline in visuospatial ability while driving. The dCDT score may reflect older drivers' visuospatial abilities while driving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Limited understanding exists regarding the influences of engagement, persistence and adherence on the efficacy of cognitive training for age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative cognitive impairment. Methods This study conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We systematically searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and CINAHL databases from 1 January 2012 to 13 June 2023, and included RCTs assessing the effects of cognitive training in older adults, both with and without cognitive impairment. Hedges' g with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to synthesise cognitive training effect sizes on various neuropsychological tests. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on variables including engagement, persistence, adherence and cognitive conditions of normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or neurodegenerative dementia. Results This meta-analysis included 55 RCTs with 4,455 participants with cognitive conditions spanning normal cognition, MCI and neurodegenerative dementia. The mean age of participants was 73.9 (range: 65.7–84.5) years. Overall, cognitive training showed a significant cross-domain effect (Hedges' g  = 0.286, 95% CI: 0.224–0.348). Training effects are significant when engagement or persistence rates exceed 60% or when adherence rates exceed 80%. Higher levels of persistence are required to achieve significant training effects in memory, visuospatial ability and reasoning than in executive function and attention and language. Higher persistence is also required for older adults with normal cognition to achieve significant training gains compared to those with cognitive impairment. Conclusions This systematic review highlights the critical roles of engagement, persistence and adherence in augmenting the efficacy of cognitive training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particular types of physical activity (PA) hold the potential to enhance brain structure and functions across various age groups. Active travel (AT), a non-motorised human-powered mode of transportation, might be a particularly important form of PA that may enhance neuropsychological development, benefit executive and visuospatial cognitive abilities, and contribute to preventing cognitive degeneration. Accordingly, this systematic review explores the associations between AT and cognitive outcomes in all age groups. Searches were conducted in five databases. Of 2401 initial hits, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies ranged from 36 to 2702 participants, examined diverse cognitive outcomes, and were predominantly with children or adolescents. No studies among adult ages 20- to 60-years were included, while only one study among older adults was included in the review. There was some evidence of positive associations between AT and spatial and reasoning abilities. Mixed results were identified between AT and executive functioning and processing speed, and no associations between AT and general intelligence. Limitations included reliance on self-reported AT, a focus mainly on school travel, and heterogeneity of cognition measures. Overall, this review reveals insufficient evidence for an association between AT and cognitive functions across the lifespan, underscoring the need for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Musical instrument training has been found to be associated with higher cognitive performance in older age. However, it is not clear whether this association reflects a reduced rate of cognitive decline in older age (differential preservation), and/or the persistence of cognitive advantages associated with childhood musical training (preserved differentiation). It is also unclear whether this association is consistent across different cognitive domains. Our sample included 420 participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Between ages 70 and 82, participants had completed the same 13 cognitive tests (every 3 years), measuring the cognitive domains of verbal ability, verbal memory, processing speed, and visuospatial ability. At age 82, participants reported their lifetime musical experiences; 40% had played a musical instrument, mostly in childhood and adolescence. In minimally adjusted models, participants with greater experience playing a musical instrument tended to perform better across each cognitive domain at age 70 and this association persisted at subsequent waves up to age 82. After controlling for additional covariates (childhood cognitive ability, years of education, socioeconomic status, and health variables), only associations with processing speed (β = 0.131, p =.044) and visuospatial ability (β = 0.154, p =.008) remained statistically significant. Participants with different amounts of experience playing a musical instrument showed similar rates of decline across each cognitive domain between ages 70 and 82. These results suggest a preserved differentiation effect: Cognitive advantages (in processing speed and visuospatial ability) associated with experience playing a musical instrument (mostly earlier in life) are preserved during older age. Public Significance Statement: In this study, older adults who reported greater lifetime experience playing a musical instrument tended to perform at a slightly higher level on tests of processing speed and visuospatial ability. Their test performance declined at a similar rate to older adults who reported less or no experience playing a musical instrument. Overall, these results suggest that certain cognitive advantages associated with musical training are maintained during older age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Our study aims to determine whether there are differences in mental rotation abilities between unilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients and healthy controls using object-based mental rotation tasks. METHODS: Our study included 17 unilateral posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients and 20 healthy adults. Spontaneous nystagmus test, saccade test, and dynamic positional tests with videonystagmography and object-based mental rotation test with 2-dimensional images of cubes rotated at certain angles in 3-dimensional space were performed on the participants. The mental rotation test response time and the number of correct answers were compared between patients and controls. We also evaluated whether there was a relationship between saccade test parameters and mental rotation test parameters in our study. RESULTS: No significant relationship was found between benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients and controls on any of the dependent measures (P > .05). When we evaluated the relationship between saccadic latency and accuracy and mental rotation test response time and number of correct answers in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients, no significant relationship was found (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that unilateral, posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo does not affect object-based mental rotation performance. In our study, no correlation was found between saccadic function and mental rotation ability in unilateral benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The technical skills of a surgeon influence surgical outcome. Testing technical aptitude at point of recruitment of surgical residents is only conducted in a few countries. This study investigated the impact of visuospatial ability (VSA), background factors, and manual dexterity on performance in two different laparoscopic surgical simulators amongst applicants and 1st year surgical residents. Method: Applicants from general surgery, pediatric surgery, and urology were included from seven hospitals in Sweden between 2017 and 2021. Some 73 applicants were invited and 50 completed. Participants filled out a background form, and were tested for manual dexterity, and visuospatial ability. Two laparoscopic simulators were used, one 2D video box trainer and one 3D Virtual Reality Simulator. Results: A significant association was found between the visuospatial ability test and 2D video box laparoscopic performance (95 % CI: 1.028–1.2, p-value

Well-designed spatial assessments can incorporate multiple sources of complexity that reflect important aspects of spatial reasoning. When these aspects are systematically included in spatial reasoning items, researchers can use psychometric models to examine the impact of each aspect on item difficulty. These methods can then help the researchers to understand the nature and development of spatial reasoning and can also inform the development of new items to better reflect the construct. This study investigated sources of item difficulty for object assembly (OA), a format for the assessment of spatial reasoning, by specifying nine item characteristics that were predicted to contribute to item difficulty. We used data from two focal samples including high-ability students in grades 3 to 7 and undergraduate students who responded to 15 newly developed OA items. Results from the linear logistic test model (LLTM) indicated that eight of the nine identified item characteristics significantly contributed to item difficulty. This suggests that an LLTM approach is useful in examining the contributions of various aspects of spatial reasoning to item difficulty and informing item development for spatial reasoning assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study sought to investigate the association between validated psychomotor ability tests and future in-theater and simulated operative performance. Background: Assessments of visuospatial ability, perceptual ability, and manual dexterity correlate with simulated operative performance. Data showing the predictive value of such assessments in relation to future performance in the workplace is lacking. Methods: Core surgical residents in Ireland recruited from 2016 to 2019 participated in assessments of baseline perceptual, visuospatial, and psychomotor ability; Pictorial Surface Orientation (PicSOr) testing, digital visuospatial ability testing, and manual dexterity testing. Operative performance was prospectively assessed using the in-theater Supervised Structured Assessment of Operative Performance (SSAOP) tool, and simulation-based Operative Surgical Skill (OSS) assessments performed over a 2-year core training period. SSAOP assessments were scored using a 15-point checklist and a global 5-point operative performance score. OSS assessments were scored using procedure-specific checklists. Univariate correlations and multiple linear regression analyses were used to explore the association between fundamental ability measures and operative performance. Results: A total of 242 residents completed baseline psychomotor ability assessments. Aggregated fundamental ability scores were associated with performance in submitted workplace-based SSAOP assessments using the Total Checklist score (P =0.002) and Overall Performance scores (P =0.002), independent of operative experience, and undergraduate centile scores. Aggregated ability scores were also positively associated with simulation-based OSS assessment scores on multivariable analysis (P =0.03). Conclusion: This study indicates that visuospatial, psychomotor, and perceptual ability testing scores are associated with the future operative performance of surgical residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visuospatial skills are considered important attributes when learning anatomy and there is evidence suggesting that this ability can be improved with training techniques including drawing. The Mental Rotations Test (MRT) has been routinely used to assess visuospatial ability. This study aimed to introduce students to drawing as a learning strategy for anatomy. Undergraduate speech science anatomy students took part in a drawing tutorial (n = 92), completed an MRT test, pre‐ and post‐tutorial tests, and surveys regarding their use and attitudes toward drawing as a study tool. The impact on their examination performance was then assessed. Regardless of MRT score or attitude to drawing, students who participated in the drawing tutorial demonstrated immediate improvement in post‐tutorial test scores. Students in the drawing group performed better in most anatomy components of the examination, but the result did not reach statistical significance. There was only a positive correlation between MRT score and one type of anatomy question (non‐image‐based) and speech physics questions (r = 0.315, p = 0.002). The unexpected finding may relate to the MRT which assesses spatial rather than object visualization skills. Students who liked drawing also performed significantly better in word‐based and speech physics questions. It is likely that the style of identification question did not require the mental manipulation ability assessed in the MRT. This study demonstrated that students with lower MRT scores are not outperformed in all aspects of anatomy assessment. The study highlights the importance of a more nuanced understanding of visuospatial skills required in anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cognitive trajectories of cognitively normal (CN) individuals rapidly progressing to Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD) have not been investigated. Aim: To explore the preclinical pattern of cognitive performance heralding the rapid progression from normal cognition to AD. Methods: The HELIAD cohort underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessments (memory, language, attention, executive and visuo-perceptual functions) at baseline and after approximately 3-year intervals. The cognitive trajectories of those with normal cognition at baseline were explored according to the follow-up diagnosis using adjusted generalised estimating equations analyses. Results: A total of 932 predominantly female (61%), older (72.9 ± 4.9), CN participants were followed for 3.09 (± 0.83) years. Among them, 761 individuals remained CN, 29 progressed to AD and 142 developed MCI (33 single-domain amnestic, 41 multidomain amnestic, 37 single-domain non-amnestic and 31 multidomain non-amnestic). Those progressing to AD were already performing worse than the healthy reference in every single cognitive domain at baseline. Cognitive deficits ranged between ~ 0.5SD (attention, executive function and language) and ~ 1.0SD (memory and visuo-perceptual skills). Throughout the 3-year follow-up, memory constantly exhibited the most prominent impairment compared to the remaining cognitive domains while executive function diminished in the most abrupt fashion (~ 0.19SD yearly) separating from the remaining three cognitive functions before the development of full-blown AD. Heterogeneous patterns of cognitive decline clearly differentiated those progressing to MCI from those rapidly converting to AD, as well. Discussion: Poor performance in every cognitive domain may characterise cognitively normal individuals at high risk of fast progression to AD. Conclusion: Strict neuropsychological cut-offs fail to detect a considerable number of individuals at high risk of rapid progression to AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Visuo-spatial ability (VSA) plays a role in preoperative planning, anatomical navigation and decision-making during surgery. This study aimed to test hypothesis that a correlation link existed between VSA and the speed of execution of a complex surgical task., Method: The study was carried out on 49 students just before starting their surgical internship, at Lille Medical Faculty in October 2023. They answered a biographical questionnaire including confounding factors on VSA, then completed the Mental Rotation Test - A (MRT-A). They were timed on two separate tasks: conforming a titanium plate to mandibular angles on a 3D printed model, and excising a lesion from the helix of a silicone cast ear model, followed by a reconstruction using a "small ear" flap., Results: A weak correlation between the MRT-A score and the time required to complete the right and left plates conformation (r = -0.377, p = 0.007; r = -0.349, p = 0.014 respectively). There was a moderate correlation between the MRT-A score and the time required to complete the entire plate conformation workshop (r = -0.457, p = 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the MRT-A score and the time required to complete the ear workshop (r = -0.127; p = 0.375). A significant regression equation was found [F(2,48) = 104.960; p < 0.0001)], with a R 2 of 0.814., Conclusion: A correlation was found between VSA and the speed of a conformation of titanium plate on mandibular angle, but no link was established between speed and performance of a complex surgical task on flapless excision suture workshop., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Scottish charity number SC005317) and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sleep disturbance is common in the elderly. The effect of sleep duration on cognitive function in the non-demented older adults with high school or above education needs to be clarified. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the correlation between sleep duration and multi-domain cognitive function in non-demented older adults. Methods: A total of 226 adults aged 60 years and over who have an educational background over 9 years, received a battery of neuropsychological evaluations. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess global cognitive function, the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Verbal Fluent Test (VFT), Trial Making Test-A/B (TMT-A/B), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Rey-Osterriech Complex Figure Test (CFT) were used to assess the memory, language, attention and executive, and visuospatial functions respectively. Sleep characteristics were collected by questionnaire. Results: Subjects with sleep disturbance performed worse in visuospatial ability as compared with those with normal sleep. A significant correlation between nocturnal/total sleep duration and MMSE scores and CFT scores was found in overall subjects using linear regression models after adjusting for age, gender, education and BMI. Consistently, the nocturnal/total sleep duration positively correlated with MMSE scores after controlling for age, gender, education, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and household conditions. Conclusions: The results indicate that shorter sleep duration impairs the global cognition and visuospatial ability in the older adults with high school or above education, even in the very early non-demented stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hooper Visual Organization Test (HVOT) is used to assess visual organization and visual synthesis. Psychometric studies reveal cultural biases and associations between demographic variables and test performance capable of compromising the test's clinical utility. The present study aimed to adapt the HVOT, explore the psychometric properties of this test, and develop regression-based norms for the Venezuelan population. Using a cross-sectional design, the HVOT was administered to a stratified sample of 351 healthy adults (20–85 years of age and 0–23 years of education) from the Metropolitan Area of Caracas. The results revealed good levels of internal consistency and reliability. Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggests that the HVOT is unidimensional. Item difficulty, types and rate of errors and inappropriateness of some items indicated a potential cultural bias in our Venezuelan sample. Spearman's Correlation and Wilcoxon Rank test analysis (p<.001) showed a significant association between HVOT total score and age, education, and gender, but not with socioeconomic status. We present regression-norms stratified by age, years of education, and gender. Cultural biases were noted, which highlights the need for a revision of items in terms of inclusion, scoring, and order of presentation. Future studies of concurrent and predictive validity are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundA convergence of research supports a key role of the vestibular system in visuospatial ability. However, visuospatial ability may decline with age. This work aims to elucidate the important contribution of vestibular function to visuospatial ability in old adults through a computerized test system.MethodsPatients with a clinical history of recurrent vertigo and at least failed one vestibular test were included in this cross-sectional study. Healthy controls of three age groups: older, middle-aged, and young adults were also involved. Visuospatial cognitive outcomes including spatial memory, spatial navigation, and mental rotation of all the groups were recorded. Comparing the performance of the visuospatial abilities between patients and age-matched controls as well as within the controls.ResultsA total of 158 individuals were enrolled. Results showed that patients performed worse than the age-matched controls, with the differences in the forward span (p < 0.001), the time of the maze 8 × 8 (p = 0.009), and the time of the maze 12 × 12 (p = 0.032) being significant. For the differences in visuospatial cognitive outcomes within the controls, the younger group had a significantly better performance than the other groups. The older group and the middle-aged group had comparable performances during all the tests.ConclusionsOlder patients with vestibular dysfunction had more difficulties during visuospatial tasks than age-matched controls, especially in spatial memory and spatial navigation. Within the controls, younger adults did much better than other age groups, while older adults behaved similarly to middle-aged adults. It is a valuable attempt to computerize the administration of tests for visuospatial ability.

The Hooper Visual Organization Test (HVOT) was designed to measure an individual’s ability to organise visual stimuli and assess visual-spatial abilities and synthesis. The current investigation sought to explore the psychometric properties of the HVOT and develop normative data for South Africans who do not speak English as a first language and who received primary and secondary public education. The research design was cross-sectional and the HVOT was administered to healthy adults (n = 111) and a clinical group (n = 17) whose ages ranged between 19 and 70 years and had an education of between 6 and 22 years. The clinical group was made up of Huntington’s Disease patients (HD/HDL2). Reliability indicators (McDonald’s omega and Rasch person reliability index) were satisfactory. The HVOT fit the Rasch model well, although item locations deviated somewhat from the expected monotonic increase in item difficulties. Statistically significant differences in total scores were observed across age, education and gender groups, forming the basis of the norms presented in this paper. A few items across these groups were flagged for potential differential item functioning. Several statistically significant associations with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) were observed. These were consistent with theoretical expectations and provided evidence of convergent validity. The clinical group performed worse than the control group when mean total HVOT scores were compared. Preliminary norms stratified by age, gender and years of education are presented. Future studies should include larger sample sizes and additional research on the influence of gender on the total HVOT score is needed.

The field of medical education faces a significant challenge in teaching human anatomy, a fundamental aspect of medical science that is often perceived as complex and demanding. Understanding the shapes and anatomical structure locations is crucial for students to master the intricacies of anatomy. Visuospatial ability, which involves comprehending three-dimensional structures and their spatial relationships, plays a pivotal role in anatomy learning. The aim of this study was to examine keywords, territories/countries, the number of publications, institutions, authors, and associated journals related to visuospatial ability in anatomy learning through extensive bibliometric analysis. Data were gathered from the Scopus database, and VOSviewer was employed to conduct a bibliometric analysis. Approximately 552 eligible articles were examined in their entirety. The findings indicated that the most significant research growth occurred in 2012, with the United States of America emerging as the leading country in the field. Furthermore, Anatomical Science Education was recognized as the most esteemed journal in this field, with Wilson, T.D. being credited as the most influential author. The bibliometric data also demonstrated various approaches to improve visuospatial capacity in anatomy learning, such as utilizing virtual reality or other computer-assisted learning modalities and their integration into medical education practice. In conclusion, these findings highlight the critical role of visuospatial ability in facilitating the acquisition of anatomical knowledge and offer direction for future research in this area., Competing Interests: All the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

BACKGROUND: Spatial orientation is a complex process involving vestibular sensory input and possibly cognitive ability. Previous research demonstrated that rotational spatial orientation was worse for individuals with profound bilateral vestibular dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: Determine whether rotational and linear vestibular function were independently associated with large amplitude rotational spatial orientation perception in healthy aging. METHODS: Tests of rotational spatial orientation accuracy and vestibular function [vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), ocular and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP)] were administered to 272 healthy community-dwelling adults participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Using a mixed model multiple linear regression we regressed spatial orientation errors on lateral semicircular canal function, utricular function (ocular VEMP), and saccular function (cervical VEMP) in a single model controlling for rotation size, age, and sex. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, and sex, individuals with bilaterally low VOR gain (β= 20.9, p = 0.014) and those with bilaterally absent utricular function (β= 9.32, p = 0.017) made significantly larger spatial orientation errors relative to individuals with normal vestibular function. CONCLUSIONS: The current results demonstrate for the first time that either bilateral lateral semicircular canal dysfunction or bilateral utricular dysfunction are associated with worse rotational spatial orientation. We also demonstrated in a healthy aging cohort that increased age also contributes to spatial orientation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novelty of three‐dimensional visualization technology (3DVT), such as virtual reality (VR), has captured the interest of many educational institutions. This study's objectives were to (1) assess how VR and physical models impact anatomy learning, (2) determine the effect of visuospatial ability on anatomy learning from VR and physical models, and (3) evaluate the impact of a VR familiarization phase on learning. This within‐subjects, crossover study recruited 78 undergraduate students who studied anatomical structures at both physical and VR models and were tested on their knowledge immediately and 48 hours after learning. There were no significant differences in test scores between the two modalities on both testing days. After grouping participants on visuospatial ability, low visuospatial ability learners performed significantly worse on anatomy knowledge tests compared to their high visuospatial ability counterparts when learning from VR immediately (P = 0.001, d = 1.515) and over the long‐term (P = 0.003, d = 1.279). In contrast, both low and high visuospatial ability groups performed similarly well when learning from the physical model and tested immediately after learning (P = 0.067) and over the long‐term (P = 0.107). These results differ from current literature which indicates that learners with low visuospatial ability are aided by 3DVT. Familiarizing participants with VR before the learning phase had no impact on learning (P = 0.967). This study demonstrated that VR may be detrimental to low visuospatial ability students, whereas physical models may allow all students, regardless of their visuospatial abilities, to learn similarly well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 4 allele carrier status is well known for its association with an increased likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease, but its independent role in cognitive function is unclear. APOE genetic variation is understudied in African populations; hence, this cross-sectional study in a rural South African community examined allele and genotype frequencies, and their associations with cognitive function. Cognitive function was assessed using two different screening methods to produce a total cognition score and four domain-specific cognition scores for verbal episodic memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial ability. Cognitive phenotype and APOE genotype data were used to determine whether APOE variation was significantly associated with cognitive function in this population. Observed allele frequencies for 1776 participants from the HAALSI study [age 40–80years (mean=56.19); 58.2% female] were 58.1% (3), 25.4% (4) and 16.5% (2). Allele distributions were similar to the African super population, but different from all non-African super populations from the 1,000 Genomes Project. The 3 homozygous genotype was most common (34.9%) and used as the base genotype for comparison in regression models. Four models were tested for each of the five cognitive phenotypes to explore association of APOE variation with cognitive function. In the first model assessing association with all genotypes for all individuals, marginally significant associations were observed for 2 homozygotes where executive function scored higher by ~0.5 standard deviations (p =0.037, SE=0.23), and for 3/4 heterozygotes where visuospatial ability scores were lower (p =0.046, SE=0.14). These did not survive correction for multiple testing. Regional African population differences were observed at the APOE locus. Marginally, significant associations between APOE genotype, and executive function and visuospatial ability indicate the need for larger studies to better examine these associations in African populations. Furthermore, longitudinal data could shed light on APOE genetic association with rate of change, or decline, in cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test is a commonly used neuropsychological assessment tool. It is widely used to assess the visuo-constructional ability and visual memory of neuropsychiatric disorders, including copying and recall tests. By drawing the complex figure, the functional decline of a patient in multiple cognitive dimensions can be assessed, including attention and concentration, fine-motor coordination, visuospatial perception, non-verbal memory, planning and organization, and spatial orientation. This review first describes the different versions and scoring methods of ROCF. It then reviews the application of ROCF in the assessment of visuo-constructional ability in patients with dementia, other brain diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Finally, based on the scoring method of the digital system, future research hopes to develop a new digital ROCF scoring method combined with machine learning algorithms to standardize clinical practice and explore the characteristic neuropsychological structure information of different disorders.

ObjectivesMyocyte Enhancer Factor 2C (MEF2C) is identified as a candidate gene contributing to the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. However, little is known about whether MEF2C plays a role in specific aspects of cognition among older adults. The current study investigated the association of common variants in the MEF2C gene with four cognitive domains including memory, visuospatial functioning, processing speed and language among non-demented individuals.MethodParticipants from two ethnic groups, Non-Hispanic White (NHW; n = 537) and Caribbean Hispanic (CH; n = 1,197) from the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (WHICAP) study, were included. Genetic association analyses using WHICAP imputed genome-wide data (GWAS) were conducted for the various cognition domains.ResultsSingle nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) variants in the MEF2C gene showed nominally significant associations in all cognitive domains but for different SNPs across both the ethnic groups. In NHW participants, the strongest associations were present for memory (rs302484), language (rs619584), processing speed (rs13159808), and visuospatial functioning (several SNPs). In CH, strongest associations were observed for memory (rs34822815), processing speed (rs304141), visuospatial functioning (rs10066711 and rs10038371), and language (rs304153).DiscussionMEF2C variant-cognitive associations shed light on an apparent role for MEF2C in both memory and non-memory aspects of cognition in individuals from NHW and CH ancestries. However, the little overlap in the specific SNP-cognition associations in CH versus NHW highlights the differences in genetic architectural variations among those from different ancestries that should be considered while studying the MEF2C gene.

The Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test is a commonly used neuropsychological assessment tool. It is widely used to assess the visuo-constructional ability and visual memory of neuropsychiatric disorders, including copying and recall tests. By drawing the complex figure, the functional decline of a patient in multiple cognitive dimensions can be assessed, including attention and concentration, fine-motor coordination, visuospatial perception, non-verbal memory, planning and organization, and spatial orientation. This review first describes the different versions and scoring methods of ROCF. It then reviews the application of ROCF in the assessment of visuo-constructional ability in patients with dementia, other brain diseases, and psychiatric disorders. Finally, based on the scoring method of the digital system, future research hopes to develop a new digital ROCF scoring method combined with machine learning algorithms to standardize clinical practice and explore the characteristic neuropsychological structure information of different disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C (MEF2C) is identified as a candidate gene contributing to the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. However, little is known about whether MEF2C plays a role in specific aspects of cognition among older adults. The current study investigated the association of common variants in the MEF2C gene with four cognitive domains including memory, visuospatial functioning, processing speed and language among non-demented individuals. Method: Participants from two ethnic groups, Non-Hispanic White (NHW; n = 537) and Caribbean Hispanic (CH; n = 1,197) from the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (WHICAP) study, were included. Genetic association analyses using WHICAP imputed genome-wide data (GWAS) were conducted for the various cognition domains. Results: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) variants in the MEF2C gene showed nominally significant associations in all cognitive domains but for different SNPs across both the ethnic groups. In NHW participants, the strongest associations were present for memory (rs302484), language (rs619584), processing speed (rs13159808), and visuospatial functioning (several SNPs). In CH, strongest associations were observed for memory (rs34822815), processing speed (rs304141), visuospatial functioning (rs10066711 and rs10038371), and language (rs304153). Discussion: MEF2C variant-cognitive associations shed light on an apparent role for MEF2C in both memory and non-memory aspects of cognition in individuals from NHW and CH ancestries. However, the little overlap in the specific SNP-cognition associations in CH versus NHW highlights the differences in genetic architectural variations among those from different ancestries that should be considered while studying the MEF2C gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The learning curve for novices developing regional anaesthesia skills, such as real‐time ultrasound‐guided needle manipulation, may be affected by innate visuospatial ability, as this influences spatial cognition and motor co‐ordination. We conducted a multinational randomised controlled trial to test if novices with low visuospatial ability would perform better at an ultrasound‐guided needling task with deliberate practice training than with discovery learning. Visuospatial ability was evaluated using the mental rotations test‐A. We recruited 140 medical students and randomly allocated them into low‐ability control (discovery learning), low‐ability intervention (received deliberate practice), high‐ability control, and high‐ability intervention groups. Primary outcome was the time taken to complete the needling task, and there was no significant difference between groups: median (IQR [range]) low‐ability control 125 s (69–237 [43–600 s]); low‐ability intervention 163 s (116–276 [44–600 s]); high‐ability control 130 s (80–210 [41–384 s]); and high‐ability intervention 177 s (113–285 [43–547 s]), p = 0.06. No difference was found using the global rating scale: mean (95%CI) low‐ability control 53% (95%CI 46–60%); low‐ability intervention 61% (95%CI 53–68%); high‐ability control 63% (95%CI 56–70%); and high‐ability intervention 66% (95%CI 60–72%), p = 0.05. For overall procedure pass/fail, the low‐ability control group pass rate of 42% (14/33) was significantly less than the other three groups: low‐ability intervention 69% (25/36); high‐ability control 68% (25/37); and high‐ability intervention 85% (29/34) p = 0.003. Further research is required to determine the role of visuospatial ability screening in training for ultrasound‐guided needle skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial cognition is the process by which individuals interact with their spatial environment. Spatial cognition encompasses the specific skills of spatial memory, spatial orientation, and spatial navigation. Prior studies have shown an association between psychometric tests of spatial ability and self-reported or virtual measures of spatial navigation. In this study, we examined whether psychometric spatial cognitive tests predict performance on a dynamic spatial navigation task that involves movement through an environment. We recruited 151 community-dwelling adult participants [mean (SD) age 69.7 (13.6), range 24.6–93.2] from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Spatial navigation ability was assessed using the triangle completion task (TCT), and two quantities, the angle and distance of deviation, were computed. Visuospatial cognitive ability was assessed primarily using the Card Rotations Test. Additional tests of executive function, memory, and attention were also administered. In multiple linear regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, race, and education, cognitive tests of visuospatial ability, executive function, and perceptual motor speed and integration were significantly associated with spatial navigation, as determined by performance on the TCT. These findings suggest that dynamic spatial navigation ability is related to spatial memory, executive function, and motor processing speed.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether different types of visuoconstructional abilities are useful to distinguish individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) from healthy controls (HCs). Method We selected 20 patients with MCI and 14 with AD diagnosis based on standard criteria. The neuropsychological performance of MCI and AD groups were compared with that of a group of 11 HCs using a standard neuropsychological battery and visuoconstructional tasks that differed difficulty and type of implicated skills (graphomotor vs. non-graphomotor): two-dimensional (Clock Drawing Test, CDT; Block Design, BD; and Visual Puzzles, VP) and three-dimensional Block Construction (TBC). Results AD group scored significantly lower than HCs in BD, VP and TBC tasks, but no significant differences were found between HCs and MCI. CDT (copy condition) scores did not differ significantly among the groups. The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that BD [sensitivity (se) = .85, specificity (sp) = .90, Youden index (J) = .76], VP (se = .78 and sp = .72, J = .51) and TBC (se = .71, sp = 100, J = .71) were accurate tasks to discriminate between AD and HCs. Moreover, BD tasks (se = .85, sp = .70, J = .55) and TBC (se = .71, sp = .80, J = .51) showed fair accuracy to differentiate between MCI and AD groups. Conclusions These findings indicate that non-graphomotor visuoconstructional tasks are already impaired in the early stages of AD, but are preserved in MCI individuals when compared with HCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurological diseases frequently cause adult-onset disability and have increased the demand for rehabilitative interventions. Neurorehabilitation has been progressively relying on computer-assisted programs and, more recently, on virtual reality (VR). Current reviews explore VR-based neurorehabilitation for assessing and treating the most common neurological pathologies. However, none of them explored specifically the impact of VR on multiple cognitive domains. The present work is a review of 6 years of literature (2015-2020) on VR in neurorehabilitation with the purpose of analyzing its effects on memory, attention, executive functions, language, and visuospatial ability. Our review suggests that VR-based neurorehabilitation showed encouraging results for executive functions and visuospatial abilities particularly for both acute and neurodegenerative conditions. Conversely, memory, and attention outcomes are conflicting, and language did not show significant improvements following VR-based rehabilitation. Within five years, it is plausible that VR-based intervention would be provided in standalone and mobile-based platforms that won't need a PC to work, with reduced latency and improved user interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Value in evaluating error subtypes on visuospatial line orientation tests has been reported. Directional bias metrics for line orientation test errors represent easily quantifiable data that have not previously been studied. We evaluated whether patients with a clinical condition known to affect visuospatial functioning (Parkinson's disease [PD]) exhibited unique directional error patterns on the RBANS Line Orientation test relative to other neuropsychology-referred patients. Method: We compared overall directional bias in errors, directional bias by line location (left or right line and visual field), and absolute error rates (regardless of direction) by line location in a retrospective sample of patients with PD and a sample of neuropsychology-referred patients without PD. Groups were roughly matched on age, education, gender, and overall level of cognitive impairment. Results: Patients with PD exhibited higher rates of leftward bias in errors, both overall and for the left stimulus line in each pair. Directional bias error scores better predicted PD versus non-PD group status than RBANS Line Orientation raw scores. Classification accuracy data for these variables were modest in the entire sample but stronger in a subsample of patients with mild levels of overall cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Directional bias metrics for line orientation tests represent easily quantifiable data with potential theoretical and clinical value. In our sample, patients with PD made more left-biased line orientation errors than other neuropsychology-referred patients. By themselves, directional bias scores may have limited diagnostic potential, but they may be useful in diagnostic classification models and may have implications for clinical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the normative and psychometric information of DOT (form A and B), a brief measure of visuospatial organization relevant to applied research and clinical practice. A sample of 775 university adults participated, from Lima (Peru). The administration of the test was done in groups, with standardized instructions. We found moderately high test-retest reliability; and the covariation with a fluid intelligence test was small but theoretically consistent. The clinimetrics of the measurement error and the reliable change was adequate (minimum detectable change). The intra-group and between-group (American sample) differences revealed patterns of essentially consistent results, detecting a comparatively greater effect of practice in the Peruvian sample. The implications of the results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now understood to have a long preclinical phase in which pathology starts to accumulate in the absence of clinical symptoms. Identifying the temporal stages of accelerated cognitive decline in this phase may help in developing more sensitive neuropsychological tools for early screening of preclinical cognitive decline. Change-point analyses are increasingly used to characterize the temporal stages of accelerated cognitive decline in the preclinical stages of AD. However, statistical comparisons of change-points between specific cognitive measures have not been reported.Objective: To characterize and compare the temporal stages of accelerated decline in performance on multiple cognitive tests in a sample of participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA) who later developed AD.Methods: 165 older adults (baseline age range: 61.1-91.2) from the BLSA developed AD during follow-up. Linear and non-linear mixed models were fit for 11 cognitive measures to determine change-points in rates of decline before AD diagnosis. Bootstrapping was used to compare the timing of change-points across cognitive measures.Results: Change-points followed by accelerated decline ranged from 15.5 years (Standard Error (S.E.) = 1.72) for Card Rotations to 1.9 years (S.E. = 0.68) for the Trail-Making Test Part A before AD diagnosis. Accelerated decline in Card Rotations occurred significantly earlier than all other measures, including learning and memory measures.Conclusion: Results suggest that visuospatial ability, as assessed by Card Rotations, may have the greatest utility as an early predictive tool in identifying preclinical AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial cognition is the process by which individuals interact with their spatial environment. Spatial cognition encompasses the specific skills of spatial memory, spatial orientation, and spatial navigation. Prior studies have shown an association between psychometric tests of spatial ability and self-reported or virtual measures of spatial navigation. In this study, we examined whether psychometric spatial cognitive tests predict performance on a dynamic spatial navigation task that involves movement through an environment. We recruited 151 community-dwelling adult participants [mean (SD) age 69.7 (13.6), range 24.6–93.2] from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Spatial navigation ability was assessed using the triangle completion task (TCT), and two quantities, the angle and distance of deviation, were computed. Visuospatial cognitive ability was assessed primarily using the Card Rotations Test. Additional tests of executive function, memory, and attention were also administered. In multiple linear regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, race, and education, cognitive tests of visuospatial ability, executive function, and perceptual motor speed and integration were significantly associated with spatial navigation, as determined by performance on the TCT. These findings suggest that dynamic spatial navigation ability is related to spatial memory, executive function, and motor processing speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Oblique Effect denotes superior performance for perceiving horizontal or vertical rather than diagonal or oblique stimuli. The current research investigated responding to oblique test stimuli in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Method: Four statistically-determined groups (n = 112) were studied; patients with little to no cognitive impairment (non-MCI, n = 39); subtle cognitive impairment (SCI, n = 15); amnestic MCI (aMCI, n = 28); and a combined mixed/dysexecutive MCI (mixed/dys MCI, n = 30). The ability to respond to oblique versus non-oblique test stimuli was assessed using the Judgment of Line Orientation Test (JOLO). Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was also obtained. Between-group differences for JOLO oblique and non-oblique test stimuli were analyzed. Hierarchical linear regression models were constructed to identify relations between accuracy for oblique and non-oblique test items and neurocognitive domains. Results: The mixed/dys MCI group demonstrated lower accuracy for oblique test items compared to non-MCI patients. Accurate responding to oblique test items was associated with better performance on tests measuring executive control, processing speed, naming/lexical retrieval, and verbal concept formation. No between-group differences were seen for non-oblique items and these items were not associated with cognition. Conclusions:Significant impairment on oblique test items distinguished patients with multi-domain/dysexecutive MCI from non-MCI patients. Accurate responding to oblique test items was associated with a complex array of neuropsychological tests suggesting that multidimensional neuropsychological skills underlie the visuospatial reasoning abilities necessary for successful oblique line identification. Research associating responding to oblique versus non-oblique test stimuli using additional neuropsychological test paradigms, and MRI-defined neuroanatomical regions of interest may provide additional information about the brain-behavior relations that underlie MCI subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical trainees show decreased performance during laparoscopic surgery when the laparoscope (camera) is not aligned with their line of sight towards the operating area. In this study we investigate the influence of visuospatial ability on laparoscopic simulator performance under such non-zero optical angles. Novices were invited to participate in a laparoscopic training session. After completing a visuospatial ability assessment, they performed a simplified laparoscopic task on an in-house developed laparoscopic simulator under eight different optical angles ranging between 0° and 315° in steps of 45°. Data-analysis showed decreased performance under all non-zero optical angles for task duration (mean difference between 1506 and 5049 ms, standard error between 499 and 507, p <.05) and for accuracy under optical angles greater than ±45° (mean difference between 1.48 and 2.11, standard error 0.32, p <.01). Performance-zones were identified for various optical angle ranges and differed for task duration and accuracy. Participants of high visuospatial ability performed significantly better under non-zero angles for accuracy compared to participants of low visuospatial ability (mean difference 0.95, standard error 0.34, p <.01), except for the 180° optical angle (no difference). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial abilities contribute to life and occupational competencies, and certain spatial skills differ, on average, between males and females, typically favoring males when differences occur. Factors contributing to spatial skills could include prenatal as well as experiential/cultural influences, with biological and social influences likely interacting and difficult to disentangle. This meta-analysis examined the potential influence of prenatal androgen exposure on spatial skill by examining studies of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). CAH involves elevated adrenal androgens prenatally, with overall androgen concentrations higher for females with CAH versus same-sex controls but with little overall difference between males with CAH versus controls. We hypothesized that, if androgens contribute prenatally to neurobehavioral development in humans as in many other species, females with CAH would show spatial enhancement versus control females, but with no definitive hypothesis for males. Meta-analysis of 12 studies examining overall spatial skill and three spatial subcategories failed to support enhanced spatial performance for females with CAH; males with CAH showed lower spatial ability compared to control males, at least for the category of overall spatial skill. Although statistical logic precludes accepting the null hypothesis for females, the meta-analysis failed to support the idea that prenatal exposure to androgens explains spatial gender/sex differences in humans. Alternative explanations for average gender/sex differences in some spatial tasks could include androgen exposure at other times, such as mini-puberty, or different social factors experienced by males and females. We also discuss possible explanations for the different outcomes seen in females versus males with CAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular health declines with age, due to vascular risk factors, and this leads to an increasing risk of cognitive decline. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is defined as the negative cognitive changes beyond what is expected in normal aging. The purpose of the study was to compare older adults with vascular risk factors (VRF), MCI patients, and healthy controls (HC) in main dimensions of cognitive control. The sample comprised a total of 109 adults, aged 50 to 85 (M = 66.09, S.D. = 9.02). They were divided into three groups: 1) older adults with VRF, 2) MCI patients, and 3) healthy controls (HC). VRF and MCI did not differ significantly in age, educational level, or gender as was the case with HC. The tests used mainly examine inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory processing. Results showed that the VRF group had more Set Loss Errors in drawing designs indicating deficits in establishing cognitive set and in cognitive shifting. MCI patients displayed lower performance in processing. Hence, different types of specific impairments emerge in vascular aging and MCI, and this may imply that discrete underlying pathologies may play a role in the development of somewhat different profiles of cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]