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Background Mutation, inflammation, and oxidative damage including lipid-peroxidation are factors involved in the development of cancer. We investigated the antimutagenic, in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative effects of the juice of Vitis ficifolia var. ganebu (known as Ryukyu-ganebu in Japan) harvested in Kuchinoshima island (hereafter, the juice is referred to as ganebu-K) in comparison with the juice of Vitis coignetiae (crimson glory vine, known as yamabudo in Japan; hereafter, the juice is referred to as yamabudo) which we found antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Results Ganebu-K inhibited the mutagenic activity of several carcinogens, MeIQx, IQ, Trp-P-2(NHOH), and MNNG, model compounds of tumor initiation. Using S. typhimurium YG7108, a strain lacking O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferases, ganebu-K showed no significant inhibition of the mutagenicity of MNNG. Thus, DNA repair of O6-methylguanine produced by MNNG might be an antimutagenic target of the components in ganebu-K. Topical application of ganebu-K to the dorsal sides of mice resulted in potent suppression of acute edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Ganebu-K, but not yamabudo, exhibited significant inhibition of the induction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced by TPA. Components contained in ganebu-K, but not in yamabudo, might be responsible for the inhibition of the induction of PGE2. Ganebu-K inhibited in vivo lipid peroxidation and decreased the level of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase induced by CCL4 treatment. Conclusions These results suggest that the active components in ganebu-K juice are not the same as those in yamabudo, and the components in ganebu-K are attractive candidates as chemopreventive agents.

What do jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba), Jamun berry (Syzygium cumini), Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense), crimson glory vine (Vitis coignetiae) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) have in common [...]

We previously demonstrated that anthocyanins from the fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (AIMs) induced the apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. However, many researchers argued that the concentrations of AIMs were too high for in vivo experiments. Therefore, we performed in vitro at lower concentrations and in vivo experiments for the anti-cancer effects of AIMs. AIMs inhibited the cell proliferation of Hep3B cells in a dose-dependent manner with a maximum concentration of 100 &micro, g/mL. AIMs also inhibited the invasion and migration at 100 &micro, g/mL concentration with or without the presence of TNF-&alpha, To establish the relevance between the in vitro and in vivo results, we validated their effects in a Xenograft model of Hep3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. In the in vivo test, AIMs inhibited the tumorigenicity of Hep3B cells in the xenograft mouse model without showing any clinical signs of toxicity or any changes in the body weight of mice. AIMs inhibited the activation NF-&kappa, B and suppressed the NF-&kappa, B-regulated proteins, intra-tumoral microvessel density (IMVD) and the Ki67 activity of Hep3B xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. In conclusion, this study indicates that AIMs have anti-cancer effects (inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis) on human hepatocellular carcinoma xenograft through the inhibition of NF-&kappa, B and its target protein.

A gall midge that induces conical leaf galls on wild Vitis Linnaeus (Vitaceae) species in Japan was previously identified based on the gall shape as the Nearctic Schizomyia viticola (Osten Sacken) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae: Asphondyliini: Schizomyiina). In 2016, leaf galls were newly found on cultivated Vitis coignetiae Pulliat ex Planchon cultivar Suzumi-murasaki and the wild V. coignetiae, Vitis flexuosa Thunberg, and Vitis ficifolia Bunge in northern Japan. Morphological studies of the larvae and adults obtained from the galls revealed that they were an undescribed taxon distinct from the Nearctic species and did not belong to any known genera of Schizomyiina. A new genus, Ampelomyia Elsayed and Tokuda, is erected for Ampelomyia conicocoricis Elsayed and Tokuda new species. The new genus can be distinguished from other genera of Schizomyiina by having ventroapical extension on tarsomere I, the larval abdominal segment VIII with a posterodorsal lobe, and dorsally shifted pair of larval pleural papillae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis supports this taxonomic treatment. In addition, we also place three Vitis-associated Nearctic species in the new genus: Ampelomyia viticola (Osten Sacken) new combination, A. vitiscoryloides (Packard) new combination, and A. vitispomum (Osten Sacken) new combination.

The analytical features of MP-AES for the determination of Mn in wine were studied as compared with ICP-OES. The optimum spectral line (403.076 nm) of MP-AES was different from that (259.373 nm) of ICP-OES. Significant matrix effect was observed with MP-AES, but not with ICP-OES. A simple and cost-effective MP-AES for the quantitation of Mn in wild grape (Vitis coignetiae) red wines were developed and validated. A standard addition method was used to compensate the matrix effects. The sensitivity of MP-AES was comparable to that of ICP-OES. MP-AES was sensitive, precise, accurate and reliable. The Mn concentration in the wild grape wines was in the range of 502–3627 μg L−1. MP-AES had a distinct drawback of low matrix tolerance. However, MP-AES had a clear advantage of the low running cost due to the use of nitrogen gas generated from air with a nitrogen generator.

Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (Meoru in Korea) has been used in Korean folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancers. Evidence suggests that NF-&kappa, B activation is mainly involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. TNF-&alpha, also enhances the inflammatory process in tumor development. Recently, flavonoids from plants have been reported to have inhibitory effects on NF-&kappa, B activities. We investigated the effects of anthocyanins extracted from the fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (AIM, anthocyanins isolated from Meoru (AIM)) on TNF-&alpha, induced NF-&kappa, B activities in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and the molecules involved in AIM-induced anti-cancer effects, especially on cancer metastasis. We performed cell viability assay, gelatin zymography, invasion assay, and western blot analysis to unravel the anti-NF-&kappa, B activity of AIMs on MCF-7 cells. AIM suppressed the TNF-&alpha, effects on the NF-&kappa, B-regulated proteins involved in cancer cell proliferation (COX-2, C-myc), invasion, and angiogenesis (MMP-2, MMP9, ICAM-1, and VEGF). AIM also increased the expression of E-cadherin, which is one of the hallmarks of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the anthocyanins isolated from the fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat acts as an inhibitor of TNF-&alpha, B activation, and subsequent downstream molecules involved in cancer proliferation, invasion, adhesion, angiogenesis, and thus have anti-metastatic activities in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Previously we demonstrated the anti-tumorigenic, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory effects of the juice of Vitis coignetiae (yamabudo), and identified caftaric acid as an anti-mutagenic component from the juice. In the present study, we investigated the isolation of anti-inflammatory components in yamabudo juice supposing that the anti-inflammatory components in yamabudo are also responsible for the anti-tumorigenic activity. The suppressing effect on nitric oxide production in mouse leukemic monocyte with LPS was used as a separation marker. Three components comprising 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ), fertaric acid and caftaric acid were isolated and identified from the juice of V. coignetiae as anti-inflammatory ingredients. Inhibitory effects were found of DBQ on the mutagenicity of dimethylbenzo[a]anthracene, aflatoxin B1, 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-2) and amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in the Ames test. Topical application of DBA significantly inhibited TPA-induced edema of mouse ears. The anti-tumorigenic effect of DBQ on the promotion and initiation stages of mouse skin tumorigenesis was investigated, and topical administration of DBQ on the promotion stage significantly decreased tumor development in mice skin. DBQ is a potential candidate for the chemopreventive effect of V. coignetiae.

Analyzing classification features of vines of the family Vitaceae Juss. in the Russian Far East (RFE) confirms the need for their protection within the region. Protection should be extended to species of the rarity categories 1, 2 and 3. For the RFE (as a whole) these are the species: Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. - 1; Ampelopsis heterophylla (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc. - 2; Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv., Vitis coignetiae Pulliat ex Planch. - 3; and Vitis amurensis Rupr. - 4. Our field studies in the territory of the Russian Far East have allowed us to assess the condition of a number of woody vines in natural habitats, clarify the distribution and propose measures for conservation of their gene pool. It is recommended to supplement the list of nature reserves and sanctuaries with a number of areas where woody vines occur.

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring water-soluble polyphenolic pigments in plants that have been shown to protect against cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers, as well as other chronic human disorders. However, the anti-obesity effects of anthocyanins are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of anthocyanins isolated from the fruit of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our data indicated that anthocyanins attenuated the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, as confirmed by a decrease in the number of lipid droplets, lipid content, and triglyceride production. During this process, anthocyanins effectively enhanced the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); however, this phenomenon was inhibited by the co-treatment of compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK. Anthocyanins also inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein a and b, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. In addition, anthocyanins were found to potently inhibit the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, leptin, and fatty acid synthase. These results indicate that anthocyanins have potent anti-obesity effects due to the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, and thus may have applications as a potential source for an anti-obesity functional food agent.

Vitis coignetiae samples were collected from several locations in the northern area of Japan, and virome analysis using a high-throughput sequencing technique was performed. The data indicated that some of the collected samples were in mixed infections by various RNA viruses. Among these viruses, three were identified as newly recognized species with support of sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis. The viruses have been provisionally named the Vitis varicosavirus, Vitis emaravirus, and Vitis crypticvirus, and were assigned to the genus Varicosavirus, Emaravirus, and Deltapartitivirus, respectively.

Evidence suggests that augmented expression of a certain gene can influence the efficacy of targeted and conventional chemotherapies. Here, we tested whether the high expression of enhancer of the rudimentary homolog (ERH), which serves as a prognostic factor in some cancers, can influence the efficacy of anthocyanins isolated from fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, Meoru in Korea (AIMs) on human gastric cancer cells. The anticancer efficacy of AIMs was augmented in ERH-transfected MKN28 cells (E-MKN28 cells). Molecularly, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis by activating caspase-3 and -9. The ERH-augmented apoptotic effect was related to mitochondrial depolarization and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins, XIAP, and Bcl-2. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was augmented in AIMs-treated E-MKN28 cells compared to AIMs-treated naïve MKN28 cells. In conclusion, ERH augmented AIM-induced caspase-dependent mitochondrial-related apoptosis in MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of Bcl-2 and subsequent excessive ROS generation would be the mechanism for ERH-augmented mitochondrial-related apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells. A decrease in expression of XIAP would be another mechanism for ERH-augmented caspase-dependent apoptosis in AIMs-treated MKN28 cells.

Flavonoids are a group of natural compounds in plants with versatile health benefits for humans. Grapes are a dietary source of flavonoids and the flavonoid components in grape berries can depend on the grape species and cultivar. In this experiment, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, and anthocyanins were analyzed in Vitis coignetiae and V. ficifolia var. ganebu, wild grapes native to Japan, and compared with those in V. labruscana cv. Muscat Bailey A, to evaluate the potential of the wild grapes as a grape resource. Proanthocyanidin contents in seeds were lower in the two wild grapes than in Muscat Bailey A. However, the skin of V. ficifolia var. ganebu was the richest source of proanthocyanidins. Flavonol levels in the skins of the two wild grapes were lower than that in the skin of Muscat Bailey A. Colorimetry determined that the total anthocyanin content in the skin of V. ficifolia var. ganebu was 6 times and 7 times higher, respectively, than those of V. coignetiae and Muscat Bailey A. Although monoglucoside anthocyanin levels analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were in the order Muscat Bailey A > V. ficifolia var. ganebu > V. coignetiae, most of the diglucoside and acylated monoglucoside and diglucoside anthocyanin levels identified by HPLC-mass spectrometry were highest in V. ficifolia var. ganebu. These data suggest that V. ficifolia var. ganebu might be a novel source of flavonoids and superior to V. coignetiae as a source of flavonoids.

목적: 본 연구는 머루 추출물의 안토시아닌 색소를 이용한 모발의 천연염색 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 안토시아닌의 최대흡수파장인 540 nm에서 염색온도, 염색시간 및 pH를 변화시켜가며 염착도와 색변화를 관찰하였으며, 몇 가지 매염제를 사용하여 매염방법에 따른 매염효과와 세정견뢰도를 관찰하였다. 결과: 모발 염색 시 염색온도가 증가함에 따라 염착량(K/S)도 증가하였고, 머루 추출물은 염색온도 25℃, 염색시간 40분에서 염색이 적당하였다. 안토시아닌 염제가 pH에 특히 민감하게 반응하고 대부분 pH가 증가함에 따라 염착성은 급격히 감소하였다. 산성에서는 a* 값이 증가하고, 알칼리성에서는 b* 값이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 모발 염색 시 매염방법(선매염, 동시매염, 후매염)은 매염제의 특성(염착량, 명도, 채도, 색상)을 전체적으로 고려하여 선택해야 한다. 염착량(K/S)만을 기준으로 본다면 선매염은 FeSO4, MgSO4, Na2CO3, MnSO4, Co(NO3)2에, 동시매염은 CuSO4, CH3COOH, CaCO3에, 후매염은 AlK(SO4)2에 효과적이었다. 컬러 전용 삼푸제를사용하여 20회 반복 세정 시 염착량 차는 평균 22.272 감소하였다. 결론: 이상의 연구결과, 머루 추출물의 안토시아닌 색소는 인간의 모발에 적용 가능한 천연염모제로서의 가능성을 가지고 있으며, 매염제 사용시 다양한 색상 구현 및 염착도를 향상시킬 수 있어 천연 다색성 염료로 사용이 가능하리라 사료된다.

The seed oils of Vitis coignetiae (Coignetiae) and Vitis ficifolia var. ganebu (Ganebu) at veraison and the ripe stage were evaluated for their fatty acid composition, and the content and profiles of phytosterols and tocopherols/tocotrienols. The oil content in Coignetiae seeds at ripe was almost same as that in ‘Merlot’ and ‘Muscat Bailey A’ seeds. The oil content in Ganebu seeds was 73% of that in Coignetiae seeds. Although linoleic acid was >64% in ‘Merlot’, ‘Muscat Bailey A’ and Coignetiae in each developmental stage, that in Ganebu at veraison and at ripe was 46.6 and 50.3%, respectively. The stigmasterol content in Ganebu seed oil at ripe was >2.6× higher than in the other grapes. The content and composition of tocopherols/tocotrienols in Coignetiae seed oil were similar to those in ‘Merlot.’ Although the total tocopherol/tocotrienol levels of Ganebu at ripe showed no significant differences compared with levels in the other grapes, the α-tocopherol level was >3.3× higher than in the other grapes. Our data suggest that Coignetiae is a common source of grape seed oil, but Ganebu may be a peculiar source of grape seed oil.

The diversity of climate, from subarctic to subtropical, and the complex geological history of Japan have produced a rich biodiversity. The flora includes several hundred species of native woody plants with edible fleshy fruits or nuts. People have eaten them from prehistoric times until about a half century ago. In Hokkaidō and the Ryūkyū Islands nut species had an important role in the diet, but fleshy fruits were also eaten until recently. Only Castanea crenata and a few minor species became domesticated as edible fruit trees in pre-modern times. Recently, Vitis coignetiae, Lonicera caerulea, Akebia quinata, Akebia trifoliata, Stauntonia hexaphylla, and Actinidia arguta have entered small-scale cultivation. The conservation of the germplasm of many of these native species, both in situ and ex situ, is precarious.

It was recently reported that cutting artefacts occur in some species when branches under tension are cut, even under water. We used non-destructive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the change in xylem water distribution at the cellular level in Vitis coignetiae standing stems before and after relaxing tension. Less than 3% of vessels were cavitated when stems under tension were cut under water at a position shorter than the maximum vessel length (MVL) from the MRI point, in three of four plants. The vessel contents remained at their original status, and cutting artefact vessel cavitation declined to

Documentation of diversity and assessment of cultural importance of wild edible plants gathered and consumed in Ulleung Island, South Korea was conducted in this research by asking 83 key informants (average age 70) using semi-structured interview questionnaire, and utilizing quantitative ethnobotanical indices such as use value (UV) and fidelity level (FL). A total of 66 taxa in 36 families of wild food plants were recorded, 10 of which, endemic. Asteraceae and Rosaceae were the most represented families with 10 taxa for each. Leaves, young shoots and fruits were the most collected plant parts especially in spring. The plants which recorded high UVs were Allium ochotense (0.627), Aster pseudoglehnii (0.398) and Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus (0.349), indicating that these plants are considered the most important by the informants. This study also recorded 29 wild edible plant taxa with 100 % FL values. Notable plants (and their preparation) with relatively high FL and use-mentions are Vitis coignetiae (89.47 %), Anthriscus sylvestris (86.67 %) and Lilium hansonii (86.67 %) which are consumed as fruit, prepared by parboiling the shoots and by steaming the bulbs, respectively. Category 5 “Cooked” (COO) was the most preferred mode of preparation when taken as a whole recording 49 % of the total, implying that wild edible plants play a big role in the informants’ regular diet despite growing modernization in the island brought about by government-led tourism and infrastructure development programs. Some social, cultural, nutritional and ecological aspects were also discussed in this paper.

Background: Cisplatin (cis-diaminedichloroplatinum, CDDP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of many cancers. However, initial resistance to CDDP is a serious problem in treating these cancers. Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (Meoru in Korea) have shown anti-nuclear factor kappa B and anti-epidermal growth factor receptor activities in cancer cells. Methods: In this study, in order to seeking an approach to increase the anti-cancer effects of CDDP with natural products. Here, we investigated anthocyanins isolated from Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (anthocyanidins isolated from meoru, AIMs) can enhance anti-cancer effects of cisplatin (CDDP) in stomach cancer cells. The cell viability of SNU-1 and SNU-16 cells after treated with AIMs and CDDP were analyzed by MTT assay. The expressions of Akt and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) proteins were examined by western blot in AIMs- and CDDP-treated cells. Results: We found that AIMs enhanced anticancer effects of CDDP, which activity was additive but not synergistic. AIMs suppressed Akt activity of the cancer cells activated by CDDP. AIMs also suppressed in XIAP an anti-apoptotic protein. Conclusions: This study suggests that the anthocyanins isolated from fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat enhanced anti-cancer effects of CDDP by inhibiting Akt activity activated by CDDP. (J Cancer Prev 2015;20:50-56)

Large quantities of Korean wild grape (Vitis coignetiae, KWG) pomace, a by-product of grape juice and wine manufacture, are generated annually, and disposal cost of KWG pomace is now increasing. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine total polyphenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content in whole KWG, KWG skin and KWG pomace and to identify and quantify flavonoids found in whole KWG and KWG pomace using LC/MS/MS. Spectral analysis showed high total polyphenol and flavonoid in KWG skin extracted with 75% ethanol (p 0.05) were found in whole KWG and KWG pomace, respectively. The results show that KWG pomace is a very rich source of flavonoids, thus KWG pomace can be used as a functional food additive. Plans to include KWG pomace in food production are necessary.

The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical parameters and phytochemicals of strained lees of wines made from crimson glory vine berries as low economic waste by-product and also to evaluate the functional properties of two fractions, water (WE) and 80% (v/v) ethanol extracts (EE) from lees. The lees were rich in vitamins B1 [0.55 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)] and C (14.8 mg/100 g DW) and iron (9.42 mg/100 g DW). Also, significant amounts of phytochemicals, particularly valuable phenol compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonoids remained in these lees. Compared to WE, EE exhibited not only remarkably high antioxidative activity but also significantly high scavenging activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) [superoxide anion radical, 2.08 × 102 μmol trolox equivalent (TE)/kg DW; hydroxyl radical, 3.93 × 102 μmol TE/kg DW; 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 9.03 × 104 μmol TE/kg DW]. Besides, EE possessed extremely high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) (IC50 = 50.0%) and hyaluronidase (IC50 = 46.5%) inhibitory activities. These results indicated that strained lees of wines made from crimson glory vine berries might be used effectively as auxiliary materials for development of novel processed foods and health foods and good and interesting sources of natural antioxidants and ACE and hyaluronidase inhibitors to prevent and cure allergy and lifestyle-related diseases.

Vitis coignetiae Pulliat ex Planch., known as crimson grapevine, is a deciduous climbing vine native to the temperate climate zone of East Asia, including Korea and Japan. Edible fruits of crimson grapevine are used for wine production and medicinal purposes in Korea. In November 2018, downy mildew infections were observed on the vines growing at a farm of the Grape Research Institute of Chungcheongbuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension services (36°19′55″N, 127°45′39″E), Korea. Symptoms appeared as reddish or dark brownish, vein-limited, angular spots on the upper surface of leaves, with a white downy oomycete growth developed on the corresponding lower surface. A representative specimen was deposited in the Kunsan National University Herbarium (KSNUH376). Sporangiophores were hyaline, straight or slightly curved, (220–) 420 to 690 (–770) (n = 50), tree-like, and monopodially branched in three to six orders. Ultimate branchlets in pairs or three, straight to slightly curved, 2.5 to 7.0 μm long, 0.9 to 1.6 μm wide at the base (n = 50), with truncate or rarely swollen tips. Sporangia were hyaline, ovoidal or lemon-shaped, measured (17.7–) 20.9 to 24.4 (–26.9) × (12.7–) 13.9 to 16.6 (–18.3) μm, with a length/width ratio of (1.18–) 1.37 to 1.59 (–1.72) (n = 50). The morphological characteristics closely resembled those reported for Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni (Hall 1989). To confirm the morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted from a diseased leaf of KSNUH376. Three DNA regions were sequenced: internal transcribed spacer I (ITS1) using primers DC6 and ITS2, large subunit (LSU) rDNA using primers LROR and LR6-O (Choi et al. 2011), and cytochrome c oxidase II (cox2) mtDNA using primers cox2F and cox2-RC4 (Choi et al. 2015). The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MK557845 for ITS1, MK517538 for LSU, and MK519373 for cox2). A BLASTn search revealed that the Korean sample is identical to the sequences of P. viticola parasitic to V. vinifera (DQ665668 for the ITS1, HM628762 for the LSU, and MH468768 and DQ365760 for the cox2). Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by putting four discs (diameter 3 mm) of the infected leaves onto the lower leaf surface of five healthy V. coignetiae. They were incubated in a growth chamber at 25°C under a relative humidity of 80%, and sterilized dH₂O was sprayed daily on the inoculated leaves to induce zoospore formation and infection. Five noninoculated leaves served as controls. After 10 days, downy mildew symptoms developed on the lower surface of the inoculated leaves, whereas the control leaves remained symptomless. Based on morphological characteristics, molecular sequencing data, and the pathogenicity test, the pathogen was identified as P. viticola. Previously, P. viticola has been recorded on V. coignetiae in the United Kingdom and Japan (Farr and Rossman 2019) and under a laboratory condition by Jurges et al. (2009). To our knowledge, this is the first report of downy mildew caused by P. viticola on V. coignetiae in Korea. Our field observations suggest that downy mildew would be a potential threat to crimson grapevine cultivation.

Water flow through xylem vessels encounters hydraulic resistance when passing through the vessel lumen and end wall. Comparative studies have reported that lumen and end wall resistivities co-limit water flow through stem xylem in several angiosperm woody species that have vessels of different average diameter and length. This study examined the intra-specific relationship between the lumen and end wall resistivities (Rlumen and Rwall) for vessels within the stem xylem using three deciduous angiosperm woody species found in temperate forest. Morus australis Poir. and Acer rufinerve Siebold et Zucc. are early- and late-successional species, and Vitis coignetiae Pulliat ex Planch is a woody liana. According to the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, Rlumen is proportional to the fourth power of vessel diameter (D), whereas vessel length (L) and inter-vessel pit area (Apit) determine Rwall. To estimate Rlumen and Rwall, the scaling relationships between the L and D and between Apit and D were measured. The scaling exponents between L and D were 1.47, 3.19 and 2.86 for A. rufinerve, M. australis and V. coignetiae, respectively, whereas those between Apit and D were 0.242, 2.11 and 2.68, respectively. Unlike the inter-specific relationships, the wall resistivity fraction (Rwall/(Rlumen + Rwall)) within xylem changed depending on D. In M. australis and V. coignetiae, this fraction decreased with increasing D, while in A. rufinerve, it increased with D. Vessels with a high wall resistivity fraction have high Rwall and total resistivity but are expected to have low susceptibility to xylem cavitation due to a small cumulative Apit. In contrast, vessels with a low wall resistivity fraction have low Rwall and total resistivity but high susceptibility to xylem cavitation. Because the wall resistivity fraction varies with D, the stem xylem contains vessels with different hydraulic efficiencies and safety to xylem cavitation. These features produce differences in the hydraulic properties of plants with different life forms.

This study investigated the effect of wild grape (Vitis coignetiae) dietary supplementation on the antioxidative potential and quality of the breast and leg meat of broilers. A total of 36 one-day-old male Cobb broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery, and randomly assigned to 9 pens with 4 birds per pen. Then, broilers were fed 3 different dietary supplementations, including 0%, 0.25%, or 0.5% wild grape, for 2 wks at the finishing period. After slaughtering, the total phenolic content, α,α'-diphenyl-β-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total cholesterol content of broiler breast and leg meat were measured. Higher total phenolic content was recorded in the leg meat of broilers fed the wild grape when compared with the control, while breast meat did not show any difference. Dietary supplementation of 0.25% and 0.5% wild grape significantly increased DPPH radical scavenging activity of both breast and leg meat. TBARS values of both breast and leg meat were decreased by supplementation of 0.5% wild grape during storage when compared to the control, except for the leg meat at day 7. However, there was no significant difference found in total cholesterol content in both breast and leg meat. The results indicate that the antioxidative potential of broiler meat is improved by supplementing the diet with wild grape.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of wild grape ( Vitis coignetiae ) on egg qualities. Laying hens were randomly assigned to three different dietary groups containing 0, 0.25, and 0.5% of wild grape and fed for 8 weeks, respectively. Eggs were collected after feeding period and stored at 4℃ for 7 days. Egg quality traits and cholesterol level of egg yolk were measured at 0 and 7 days of storage. There were no significant differences in total cholesterol content of egg yolk and egg shell thickness among the treatments. However, egg weights of wild grape-fed groups significantly increased compared to that of control. Dietary supplementation of 0.25% wild grape increased the shell and yolk colors compared to the control. Dietary supplementation of 0.5% wild grape significantly increased albumen height and Haugh unit and decreased egg shell hardness and pH values at day 0. However, no differences were found after 7 days of storage. Consequently, the dietary supplementation of wild grape improved the egg qualities on some extent including egg weights, shell and yolk color, albumen height, and Haugh unit.

A new grapevine leaf rust (GLR) was found to be caused by Phakopsora montana. This new fungus naturally infects Crimson Glory vine (Vitis coignetiae), forming uredinia and telia on the leaves. Under experimental conditions, the fungus was pathogenic to table grape cultivars Delaware and Kyoho (V. × labruscana), Amur River grape (V. amurensis), and V. ficifolia, on which it produced urediniospores. Inoculation experiments proved that the pathogen alternates hosts, forming spermogonia and aecia on Meliosma tenuis. The new pathogen resembles P. meliosmae-myrianthae (=P. euvitis), a common GLR fungus; however, its spermogonial/aecial stage is restricted to M. tenuis, contrary to P. meliosmae-myrianthae with its spermogonial/aecial stage restricted to M. myriantha. Aeciospores of the new pathogen are evenly thin-walled, whereas the aeciospore wall is conspicuously thickened apically in P. meliosmae-myrianthae. Phakopsora montana is known to occur only on V. coignetiae in nature; however, table grape cultivars Delaware and Kyoho were not resistant to P. montana under experimental conditions. These results indicate that P. montana has caused a certain proportion of the GLR disease recorded in Japan with a possible mixed infection with P. meliosmae-myrianthae.

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) uses various food items such as mammals, birds, fishes, insects, and fruits, as well as garbage from human activities (Abe 1975; Misawa 1979; Tsukada 1997). In addition, the diet of the red fox varies according to habitat and season, probably due to food availability. On the other hand, the red fox has been reported to prefer specific food items. Yoneda (1979), for instance, stated that the red fox might prefer the gray red-backed vole (Myodes rufocanus bedfordiae) to the large Japanese field mouse (Apodemus speciosus ainu). According to this report, the foxes ate more gray red-backed voles than large Japanese field mice, even though field mice were more abundant than voles in their habitats. The red fox’s preferences for small rodents have been reported in many papers (Errington 1935, 1937; Southern and Watson 1941; Cook and Hamilton 1944; Korschgen 1959; Lever 1959; Englund 1965). Although most of these studies compared the proportions of prey species in the fox’s diet (assessed by fecal and stomach analyses) with the population densities of each prey species, only a few studies determined the preferences by using empirical method, such as feeding experiments (Macdonald 1977). In addition, Misawa (1979) reported that the red fox might prefer tara vine (Actinidia arguta) fruit to crimson glory vine (Vitis coignetiae) fruit from fecal analysis results and his consideration was also suggested by the proportion of fruits eaten by the red foxes. In the present study, we therefore tested the food preferences of the red fox for specific species in two groups by conducting feeding experiments in Hokkaido, Japan.

ヤマブドウ雌株単植園における無種子果実の安定生産を目的として，ジベレリン（GA）処理によるヤマブドウの単為結果誘導，および，無種子果に対するホルクロルフェニュロン（CPPU）の肥大促進効果について検討した．実験には，山形大学農学部附属やまがたフィールド科学センター高坂農場のヤマブドウ雌株を供試した．果房に袋かけを行って受粉しない条件下でGA処理の時期と濃度の影響について検討した結果，第1回目のGA処理を開花始めに100 ppmで行った後，第2回目GA処理を満開5～15日後の間に50～200 ppmで行うことで99％以上の高い割合で無種子果が得られ，GA処理による単為結果誘導が可能となり，無種子果生産技術として利用可能であると考えられた．しかし，得られた無種子果は有種子果に比較して肥大が不十分なため，無種子果の肥大促進を図るために，CPPU処理の時期と濃度の影響について検討を行った．CPPUを満開日，満開5，10または15日後に100 ppmで処理した結果，果粒肥大には満開10日後にGA 100 ppmと混用した処理のみ有意な促進効果が認められ，満開後5および15日のCPPU単用処理では肥大促進効果は認められなかった．また，処理時期が早いほど果房当たりの果粒数が増加する傾向が認められたが，満開日処理では果粒が密着しすぎ，満開5日後の処理では十分な肥大効果が得られなかった．さらに，満開10日後に50，100または200 ppmで処理を行って濃度の影響について検討した結果，100 ppm処理のみ平均果粒重が有意に増加した．以上の結果から，本実験に供試したヤマブドウ系統の無種子果生産には，第1回目のGA処理を開花始めに100 ppmで，第2回目のGA処理を満開5，10または15日後に100～200 ppmで処理するのが適当であると考えられた．また，有種子果より肥大が劣る無種子果の肥大促進には，CPPU 100 ppmを満開10日後にGA 100 ppmと混用して処理することが有効であることが示され，GAおよびCPPU処理より雌花単植園でのヤマブドウ生産が十分可能であることが示唆された．

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) have powerful stimulatory effects on food intake, which suggests that the downregulation of brain NPY or AgRP may help reduce obesity and diabetes by inhibiting food intake. To search for active compounds that inhibit NPY and AgRP expression, we made two luciferase reporter assay systems consisting of NPY and AgRP promoter-driven luciferase genes, together with the puromycin resistance gene, in a plasmid vector. Each plasmid was permanently transfected into N29-4 neuronal cells. Using the systems, resveratrol was purified from the stem of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat by activityguided fractionation. Resveratrol downregulated NPY and AgRP promoter-driven luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory concentrations (IC(50), 50% inhibition) of resveratrol against pNPY-luc and pAgRP-luc activities were 8.9 microM and 8.0 microM, respectively. Furthermore, one-time intraperitoneal injection of resveratrol (100 mg/kg) suppressed 20.0% and 17.2% of food intake during 24 and 48 h, respectively. These results indicated that resveratrol inhibited food intake, which may be related to the downregulation of NPY and AgRP gene expression.

We isolated anthocyanins from fruits of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat, characterized the anthocyanin profile, and investigated the anti-invasive effects of the anthocyanins on human colon cancer cells. The anthocyanins inhibited cell invasion in a dose-dependent manner, as measured by Matrigel invasion assays, by suppression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 expression. The anti-invasive activity of the anthocyanins was associated with modulation of constitutive nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. The activation of NF-kappaB triggered by tumor necrosis factor-alpha was also inhibited by the anthocyanins through suppression IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. AIMs inhibited the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated proteins. In conclusion, this study suggested that the anthocyanins isolated from fruits of V. coignetiae Pulliat should have anti-invasive activities on human colon cancer cells and the activities should be related to the inhibition of NF-kappaB-regulated proteins such as MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression through the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.

1H NMR spectroscopic analysis coupled with multivariate statistical data was used to characterize wines vinified from four grape varieties: Muscat Bailey A (Vitis labrusca), Campbell Early (V. labrusca B.), Kyoho (V. labrusca L.) and Meoru (Vitis coignetiae). Pattern recognition methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), showed clear differentiation between wines made from these grape varieties. Metabolites responsible for the differentiation were identified as 2,3-butanediol, glycerol, malate, citrate, tartrate, succinate, lactate, proline, alanine, choline and trigonelline. The PCA score plot of quantitative analysis of targeted profiling data also showed clear separation between the wines. The highest levels of glycerol, 2,3-butanediol, succinate and alcohol were found in Kyoho wines, suggesting higher sugar content in the Kyoho grape berry compared to other grape varieties. Higher contents of citrate and trigonelline in Muscat Bailey A wines, alanine in Campbell Early wines and proline, malate and choline in Meoru wines demonstrated that the metabolites of the wines vary with the grape variety. This study provides insight into the relationship between grape variety and its wine through global and targeted analysis of 1H NMR spectral data.

Vitis coignetiae Pulliat is one of the naturally growing grape vines in the Japanese Islands, of which the fruit has been utilized as a healthy juice and wine. In Hiruzen Highlands, the vines have been cultivated for wine making since the 1980's. We have studied the physiology of berry set and berry maturation of the vines to improve the fruit production and fruit quality for last 14 seasons. V. coignetiae vines are dioecious and need insect pollination, mainly by two species of Diptera, Eristalis tenax and Eristalis cerealis, and one species of Hymenoptera, Ceratina japonica, indicating that mix planting with male vines and reservation of such insects are recommended. Once pollen grains have pollinated onto the stigma, most of them grow a pollen tube to penetrate into ovule tissue and finally reach the embryo sac to complete ovule fertilization. There are several types of coignetiae vines in Hiruzen vineyards that have different genetic backgrounds. RAPD analysis of 15 vines revealed that they can be divided into three groups and two individuals. Coignetiae vines have been found to have a lower tolerance for water logging than other cultivars, whereas they have moderate drought tolerance. Furthermore, coignetiae vines are not very disease tolerant, especially toward downy mildew, indicating that growers must take sufficient care over drainage and fungus control. V. coignetiae vines accumulate high levels of sugar and acid into the flesh and anthocyanins in the berry skin when they reach the full ripe stage, which is mid and late October in Hiruzen. Tartaric acid, the main acid constituent in coignetiae berries, is contained at levels as high as 1.0%. Amino acid concentration in the juice is much lower in most coignetiae vines than other wine grapes, although a special coignetiae vine with berries with high amino acid content has been found. V. coignetiae berries have been proved to have several functional properties such as high free radical scavenging activity and anti-photodecomposition of anthocyanin pigments. As commercial products of coignetiae berries, beautiful wines, pure juice, and wine vinegar with a rich and fruity taste are produced., 岡山県真庭市蒜山で，地域特産物として1980年代から栽培が始められたヤマブドウ（Vitis coignetiae Pulliat）について，1993年から現在で，系統の識別，結実と果実発育の特性，果実成分の分析を行った．その結果，雌雄異株であるヤマブドウの結実安定のためには，受粉昆虫の活動が必要で，有用な数種の訪花昆虫が同定された．ヤマブドウの雌ずいは形態的に発育がよく，確実に受粉されれば，結実安定は達成される．しかし，ヤマブドウ樹は乾燥には強いが，耐湿性は低く，また，ベト病抵抗性も高くないので，ブドウ園の立地条件が重要である．成熟果実には糖，酸が高濃度で含まれるが，アミノ酸濃度は低い．しかし，探索の結果，一般の赤ワイン用品種 と同程度のアミノ酸含量を持つ樹が発見された．また，ヤマブドウ果実には高濃度の色素が含まれるが，同時にこの色素の光分解を抑制する成分が含まれていることが明らかになった．今後，この成分の同定と食品添加物としての利用が期待される．蒜山地区内のひるぜんワイン㈲ではヤマブドウワイン製造の技術改善が続けられ，赤およびロゼワインとして高い評価を得るようになった．また，「おかやまバイオアクティブ」の開発プロジェクトとしてワインビネガーの試作も行われた．現在，発ガン抑制などの機能性研究も進められており，健康食品としての生産拡大が期待される．

The vasorelaxant effects of dealcoholized wild grape (Vitis coignetiae) wine were investigated with isolated rat thoracic aorta. In our present study, we demonstrate that wild grape wine powder (WGWP) induced relaxation of aortic rings preconstricted with norepinephrine in a dose-dependent manner (at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 mg/mL). The vasorelaxant effect of WGWP was dependent on intact endothelia, which was attenuated by incubation with inhibitors of endothelium-derived relaxing factors, such asNG-nitro-L-arginine (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), methylene blue (guanylate cyclase inhibitor), and indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor). Moreover, treatment with WGWP and atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist) or diphenylhydramine (histamine receptor antagonist) significantly inhibited endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Our results suggest that WGWP induces relaxation in rat aortic rings in an endothelium-dependent manner. Results further indicate that this effect occurs via nitric oxide-cGMP pathway and prostacyclin-cAMP pathway through a muscarinic receptor and histamine receptor.

As an oriental medicinal plant, wild grape (WG, Vitis coignetiae) has been known to contain abundant nutrients compared to grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and as a source of stilbenes, a kind of polyphenol. This study was performed to investigate the antioxidative activity of WG extracts by measuring electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite scavenging ability (NSA), super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and total polyphenol content (TPC). The extracts were obtained using microwave-assisted extraction (microwave power: 90 W, extraction time: 5 min, extractant: water, 50 and 100% ethanol). EDAs, SOD-like activities and TPCs were the highest at 50% ethanol extracts while conversely lowest at 100% ethanol extracts. EDAs of 50% and 100% ethanol extracts at 1.6 g/dL concentration, 97.70±0.55 and 98.05±0.36%, were higher than those of 0.1 and 1% L-ascorbic acids, 101.44±0.98% and 99.43±0.78%, respectively. At the concentration of 1.6 g/dL, 50% ethanol extract showed lower NSA (pH 1.2) than water extract unlike EDA, TPC and SOD-like activity. Regarding TPCs of WG extracts, the activities were the highest at 50% ethanol extracts (1.6 g/dL: 38.76±0.23 mM gallic acid equiv.) followed by water and 100% ethanol extracts. The results suggest the usefulness of developing functional foods using antioxidative active compounds of WG with high polyphenol contents.

ヤマブドウ果実の安定生産技術の確立に関する基礎的知見を得るため，雌株と雄株の開花パターンを調査するとともに，雄株花粉を用いた人工受粉の時期と回数が結実率と収穫時の果実品質に及ぼす影響を調査した．また，ブドウ栽培品種の花粉を用いた場合の人工受粉の効果をヤマブドウ花粉と比較した． ヤマブドウの開花期間は雌株が10日，雄株が9日であった．結実率は開花の前期（開花始期後2日）と後期（開花始期後5日）の2回人工受粉した場合が最も高かった（54.5％）．1回のみ人工受粉する場合は，結実率は後期受粉（46.2％）が前期受粉（24.0％）よりも高かった．収穫時の果汁の屈折計示度は，後期受粉が前期受粉より高い傾向が認められた． 栽培品種の‘マスカット・オブ・アレキサンドリア’の花粉（発芽率18.4％を3倍希釈）と‘グローコールマン’の花粉（発芽率6.1％）を人工受粉した場合の結実率はそれぞれ47.9％および33.3％で大差が認められたが，生理的活性の高い花粉を確保できればヤマブドウ人工受粉の花粉源として利用可能であると考えられた．

Excess-water and drought tolerance of Vitis coignetiae grapevines were compared against 2 V. vinifera cultivars, Muscat of Alexandria and Rizamat; and 2 hydrids (V. vinifera × V. labrusca), Delaware and Kyoho. Three-year-old cutting vines of each, planted in root zone restricted beds in a plastic house, were tested under water logged and irrigation-withheld conditions starting from early and mid July, respectively. Control vines were irrigated at pF 2.2 of soil water tension. Effects of water logging were firstly observed in V. coignetiae vines where the basal leaves turned dark red after 12 days, and then abscised after 3 weeks. Under 2 weeks of water logged conditions, net assimilation rate (NAR) of the primary leaves decreased signficantly in V. coignetiae and the hybrid cultivars, Kyoho leaves turned yellow 3 weeks after the onset of the treatment and then dried out 4 weeks later. Leaves of Rizamat, Delaware, and Muscut of Alexandria vines exhibited a slight color fading or leaf curling after 4 weeks of irrigation withholding, but these symptoms did not extend thereafter. Leaf NAR and transpiration rate decreased significantly in all tested vines after 10 days of irrigation withholding, though the decrease was rapid in Kyoho vines. These results indicate that V. coignetiae vines have a lower tolerance for water logging than other ciltivars, whereas they have moderate drought tolerance.

難発根性のヤマブドウの挿し木発根におけるオーキシンのインドール酪酸(IBA)とナフタレン酢酸(NAA)処理の影響と拡散性IAAと抽出性IAAの挿し木中の変動を調べた。ヤマブドウの挿し木発根はオーキシン処理により促進され，その効果はNAAよりIBAの方が大であった。発根部位の抽出性IAAの変動は対照区では大きな変動はみられなかった。IBA区では挿し木時に高かったがその後は低く推移した。NAA区では挿し木後10日目に抽出性IAA量はピークを示した。発根部位の抽出性IAA量と拡散性IAA量の間に関連性は見出せなかった。, The effects of indole-3-butyric acid（IBA）and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid（NAA）on and the changes of diffusible IAA and extractable IAA in rooting of the hard-to-root Vitis coignetiae were investigated. Auxins increased the rooting of Vitis coignetiae and the rooting of IBA was higher than that of NAA. The fluctuation in the amount of extractable IAA during cutting was small in control. In IBA, extractable IAA level was highest in the start of cutting, but it was low after that. In NAA, it showed the peak 10 days after cutting. Diffusible IAA had no relation to extractable IAA in base part of cuttings.