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Horismenus Walker Horismenus Walker is one of the largest genera of Eulophidae with 414 known species, of which most were only recently described (Hansson 2009; Hansson et al. 2011; Narendran et al. 2011; Hansson et al. 2014; Pikart et al. 2015). The genus occurs almost exclusively in the New World, except for Horismenus absonus Narendran & Girish Kumar (India) and Horismenus specularis (Erd��s) (Europe) (Hansson 2009; Narendran et al. 2011). Horismenus species are endoparasitoids with host records known for 25% of the species, which include eggs and larvae of several families of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Neuroptera and Orthoptera, and eggs/egg sacs of spiders (Hansson 2009; Hansson et al. 2011; Hansson et al. 2014). Horismenus is one of the most commonly collected groups of eulophids in tropical America (Hansson 2009) and also one of the most characteristic, being easily recognized and separated from other genera by the following features: pronotal carina present; scuto-scutellar suture with a fovea; scutellum usually with a median groove and with lateral mesh-rows; propodeum with anterolateral foveae, median carina, submedian grooves and plicae. Hansson (2009) recently revised the genus and provided a key for species identification., Published as part of Pikart, Tiago G., Costa, Valmir A., Hansson, Christer, De Cristo, Sandra C. & Vitorino, Marcelo D., 2017, A survey for potential biological control agents of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) in Brazil reveals two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), pp. 430-438 in Zootaxa 4272 (3) on page 431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4272.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/892456, {"references":["Hansson, C. (2009) Eulophidae of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 3, the genus Horismenus. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 82, 1 - 916.","Hansson, C., Lachaud, J. P. & Perez-Lachaud, G. (2011) Entedoninae wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae) associated with ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in tropical America, with new species and notes on their biology. ZooKeys, 134, 65 - 82.","Narendran, T. C., Girish Kumar, P. & Kazmi, S. I. (2011) A new record of the New World genus Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae: Entedoninae) from India with description of a new species. Journal of Environment & Sociobiology, 8, 173 - 176.","Hansson, C., Padua, D. G., Schoeninger, K., Agudelo, A. A. & Oliveira, M. L. (2014) A new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from ootheca of Liturgusa Saussure (Mantodea, Liturgusidae) from Central Amazonas, Brazil. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 37, 53 - 60.","Pikart, T. G., Costa, V. A., Hansson, C., Zanuncio, J. C. & Serrao, J. E. (2015) Three new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) associated with seed pods of Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae). Zootaxa, 3994 (4), 565 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3994.4.5"]}

Horismenus elisae Pikart, Costa & Hansson, sp. nov. Figs 1���2, 5, 7���12 Type material. Holotype female (MZSP) point mounted, with label ���BRASIL-SC-Itaja��, [26��54'29"S, 48��39'43"W], Ex Adetus analis em Pereskia aculeata, col. SC Cristo, 10.vi.2013 ���. Paratypes. 6♀ (3♀ MZSP, 3♀ BMNH) with same label data as holotype. One specimen with head, without antennae, glued separately to the point. Some specimens with expanded gaster and/or ballooned wings. Diagnosis. Antennal scrobes join below frontal suture (Fig. 7); upper frons with two spots of raised reticulation running from frontal suture to anterior ocellus (Fig. 8, arrows); malar sulcus present (Fig. 7, arrow); mesoscutum with engraved and strong reticulation, midlobe anterolaterally with raised and strong reticulation, and remaining parts with engraved reticulation (Fig. 10), lateral lobes with outer margin with raised and strong reticulation (Fig. 10); mesoscutum metallic dark blue, and scutellum shiny black (Fig. 2); propodeal callus with three setae (Fig. 11); femora dark brown with dark blue tinges with yellowish-white apex (Fig. 1), mid and hind tibiae pale brown to brown with yellowish-white apex, fore tibia pale brown to brown with brownish-white apex; propodeum with anterolateral foveae large and rounded laterally, almost reaching plicae (Fig. 11); petiole dorsomedially with a weak and narrow reticulate longitudinal carina (Fig. 12, arrow); first gastral tergite 0.9�� as long as wide. Similar to Horismenus steirastomae (Girault), but with upper frons with engraved reticulation and with two areas of raised reticulation running from frontal suture to anterior ocellus (Fig. 8, arrows), malar sulcus present (Fig. 7, arrow), mesoscutum and scutellum with stronger reticulation (Fig. 10) and different color (Fig. 2). Also similar to H. vitorinoi, described herein, but with scutellum shiny black (Fig. 2), midlobe of mesoscutum with strong and raised reticulation only anterolaterally and remaining parts with engraved reticulation (Fig. 10), scutellum with weaker reticulation (Fig. 10), propodeum with median carina narrower and submedian grooves wider (Fig. 11), fore wing with fewer admarginal setae, and gaster with first tergite shorter and less reticulate (Fig. 12, arrows). Description. Female. Length 1.8���2.1 mm. Color. Antenna dark brown with dark blue to golden-green tinges (Fig. 1). Lower frons and area just above frontal suture shiny black, upper frons metallic dark blue with two shiny black areas (Fig. 5, arrows), remaining parts metallic dark blue. Vertex metallic dark blue. Mesoscutum metallic dark blue, midlobe anteriorly and lateral lobes with raised-reticulate parts shiny black (Fig. 2). Scutellum shiny black with dark blue tinges, posterior margin metallic dark blue (Fig. 2). Dorsellum metallic dark blue to metallic dark blue with green tinges, anterior foveae shiny black. Propodeum metallic blue to metallic blue with green to golden-green tinges, reticulate parts shiny black (Fig. 2). Fore coxa dark brown with dark blue to greenish-blue tinges, mid and hind coxae dark brown with dark blue tinges; femora dark brown with dark blue tinges with apex yellowish-white, mid and hind tibiae pale brown to brown with apex yellowish-white, tarsi yellowish-white with 4th tarsomere brown (Fig. 1); fore tibia pale brown to brown with apex brownish-white, fore tarsus brownish-white to pale brown with 4th tarsomere brown (Fig. 1). Wings hyaline. Petiole shiny black. Gaster with first tergite shiny black, with dark blue tinges in anterior one-half and along posterior margin; remaining tergites shiny black with dark blue tinges along posterior margins. Head. Antenna as in Fig. 9. Frons (Fig. 8) with interscrobal area smooth and shiny, lower frons with raised and strong reticulation, area just above frontal suture smooth and shiny to very weakly reticulate, upper frons engravedreticulate with two areas of raised reticulation running from frontal suture to anterior ocellus (Fig. 8, arrows), clypeal area very weakly reticulate, area below antennal toruli weakly reticulate; frontal suture V-shaped and not reaching eyes; antennal scrobes joining below frontal suture. Malar sulcus present (Fig. 7, arrow). Vertex with engraved reticulation (Fig. 8); median groove indicated posteriorly. Occipital margin rounded. Mesosoma. Mesoscutum with engraved and strong reticulation, midlobe anterolaterally with raised and strong reticulation, lateral lobes with outer margins with raised and strong reticulation (Fig. 10); notauli complete. Scutellum with engraved and very weak reticulation, smooth and shiny close to median groove and along posterior margin (Fig. 10); median groove not reaching posterior margin. Dorsellum convex, smooth and shiny; with two large anterior foveae strongly reticulate (Fig. 11). Propodeum smooth and shiny, submedian grooves, posterior onefourth to one-third of median carina, nucha and plicae raised-reticulate (Fig. 11); anterolateral foveae large and with rounded sides, almost reaching plicae (Fig. 11, arrow); propodeal callus with three setae (Fig. 11). Coxae smooth and shiny to very weakly reticulate. Fore wing with speculum closed below; with 13���15 admarginal setae; costal cell bare. Metasoma. Petiole dorsomedially with a weak and narrow, smooth longitudinal carina. Gaster with first tergite 0.9�� as long as wide, smooth and shiny and with a reticulate band close to posterior margin (Fig. 12, arrows). Ratios. DE/DO 5.2; WH/DE 1.8; HE/MS/WM 2.4/1.0/1.3; POL/OOL/POO 8.8/3.0/1.0; WH/WT 1.2; LW/LM/ HW 1.8/1.2/1.0; PM/ST 1.1; LC/WC 3.7; WG/WC 1.1; LS/LT 0.2; LP/WP 0.9; MM/LG 0.7. Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after Elisa Ciriaco de Cristo Bernab��, daughter of the fourth author (SCC). Distribution. Brazil (Itaja��, SC). Hosts. Specimens reared from larvae of Adetus analis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae)., Published as part of Pikart, Tiago G., Costa, Valmir A., Hansson, Christer, De Cristo, Sandra C. & Vitorino, Marcelo D., 2017, A survey for potential biological control agents of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) in Brazil reveals two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), pp. 430-438 in Zootaxa 4272 (3) on pages 431-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4272.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/892456

Horismenus vitorinoi Pikart, Costa & Hansson, sp. nov. Figs 3���4, 6, 13���18 Type material. Holotype female (MZSP) point mounted, with label ���BRASIL-SC-Itaja��, Ex Adetus analis em Pereskia aculeata, col. SC Cristo, 20.viii.2012 ���. Paratypes. 6♀ (3♀ MZSP, 3♀ BMNH) with same label data as holotype. All specimens with fungal mycelium covering some body parts. Left hind wings are missing in two paratypes. Left hind tarsus is missing in one paratype. Diagnosis. Antennal scrobes join below frontal suture (Fig. 13); upper frons with two spots of raised reticulation running from frontal suture to anterior ocellus (Fig. 14, arrows); malar sulcus present (Fig. 13, arrow); mesoscutum with raised and strong reticulation in anterior part of mid lobe and on lateral lobes close to tegula (Fig. 16), with engraved and strong reticulation on remaining parts; mesoscutum and scutellum metallic dark blue (Fig. 4); propodeal callus with three setae; femora metallic dark blue with yellowish white apex (Fig. 3), mid and hind tibiae pale brown with yellowish-white apex, fore tibia pale brown with brownish-white apex; propodeum with anterolateral foveae large and rounded laterally, reaching plicae (Fig. 17, arrow); petiole dorsomedially with a narrow and reticulate longitudinal carina (Fig. 18, arrow); first gastral tergite 1.1�� as long as wide. Similar to H. steirastomae, but upper frons with engraved reticulation and with two areas of raised reticulation running from frontal suture to anterior ocellus (Fig. 14, arrows), malar sulcus present (Fig. 13, arrow), mesoscutum and scutellum with stronger reticulation (Fig. 16) and metallic dark blue (Fig. 4), and propodeum with median carina blunt anteriorly (Fig. 17). Also similar to H. elisae, described herein, but with scutellum metallic dark blue (Fig. 4), mesoscutum with raised and strong reticulation along anterior margin of midlobe (Fig. 16), scutellum with stronger reticulation (Fig. 16), propodeum with median carina wider and submedian grooves narrower (Fig. 17), fore wing with more admarginal setae, gaster with first tergite longer and more reticulate (Fig. 18, arrows). Description. Female. Length 1.8���2.2 mm. Color. Antenna dark brown with dark blue to golden-green tinges (Fig. 3). Lower frons shiny black, upper frons metallic dark blue with two shiny black areas (Fig. 6, arrows), remaining parts metallic dark blue. Vertex metallic dark blue. Mesoscutum and scutellum metallic dark blue (Fig. 4). Dorsellum metallic dark blue to metallic dark blue with green to golden-green tinges, anterior foveae shiny black (Fig. 4). Propodeum metallic blue to metallic blue with green to golden-green tinges, reticulate parts shiny black (Fig. 4). Coxae metallic dark blue to metallic dark blue with green to golden-green tinges; femora metallic dark blue with apex yellowish-white, mid and hind tibiae pale brown with apex yellowish-white, mid and hind tarsi yellowish-white with 4th tarsomere pale brown to brown (Fig. 3); fore tibia pale brown with apex brownish-white (Fig. 3); fore tarsus brownish-white with 4th tarsomere pale brown to brown (Fig. 3). Wings hyaline. Petiole shiny black, longitudinal carina shiny black with blue tinges. Gaster with first tergite shiny black, with dark blue tinges along posterior margin, anterior one-half metallic dark blue; remaining tergites shiny black with posterior margins with dark blue tinges. Head. Antenna as in Fig. 15. Frons (Fig. 13) with interscrobal area smooth and shiny, lower frons with raised and strong reticulation, upper frons engraved-reticulate, with two areas of raised reticulation running from frontal suture to anterior ocellus (Fig. 14, arrows), clypeal area and part below antennal toruli weakly reticulate, area just above frontal suture smooth and shiny to very weakly reticulate; frontal suture V-shaped, incomplete and not reaching eyes; antennal scrobes joining below frontal suture. Malar sulcus present (Fig. 13, arrow). Vertex with engraved reticulation (Fig. 14); median groove indicated posteriorly. Occipital margin rounded. Mesosoma. Mesoscutum with raised and strong reticulation along anterior margin of mid lobe and on lateral lobes close to tegula, engraved and strong reticulation on remaining parts (Fig. 16); notauli complete. Scutellum with engraved reticulation, smooth and shiny to weakly reticulate laterally, smooth and shiny along posterior margin (Fig. 16); median groove not reaching posterior margin. Dorsellum convex, smooth and shiny, with two large anterior foveae strongly reticulate (Fig. 17). Propodeum smooth and shiny, submedian grooves, posterior onethird to one-fourth of median carina, nucha and plicae raised-reticulate (Fig. 17); anterolateral foveae large with sides rounded, reaching plicae (Fig. 17); propodeal callus with three setae. Coxae smooth and shiny to very weakly reticulate. Fore wing with speculum closed below; with 15���18 admarginal setae; costal cell bare. Metasoma. Petiole dorsomedially with a narrow and smooth longitudinal carina (Fig. 18). Gaster elongated; first tergite 1.1�� as long as wide, anterior two-thirds and posterior margin smooth and shiny but reticulate in posterior one-third (Fig. 18, arrows). Ratios. DE/DO 6.0; WH/DE 1.8; HE/MS/WM 2.6/1.0/1.3; POL/OOL/POO 9.1/2.7/1.0; WH/WT 1.2; LW/LM/ HW 1.8/1.2/1.0; PM/ST 1.0; LC/WC 3.1; WG/WC 0.7; LS/LT 0.2; LP/WP 0.9; MM/LG 0.7. Male. Unknown. Etymology. Named after Dr. Marcelo Diniz Vitorino, former advisor to the fourth author. Distribution. Brazil (Itaja��, SC). Hosts. Specimens reared from larvae of Adetus analis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Pereskia aculeata (Cactaceae)., Published as part of Pikart, Tiago G., Costa, Valmir A., Hansson, Christer, De Cristo, Sandra C. & Vitorino, Marcelo D., 2017, A survey for potential biological control agents of Pereskia aculeata Miller (Cactaceae) in Brazil reveals two new species of Horismenus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), pp. 430-438 in Zootaxa 4272 (3) on pages 433-436, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4272.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/892456

Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (bugweed), native to southern Brazil, is a major weed in South Africa where it has been targeted for biological control. In 1998, a cooperative project involving Brazilian and South African scientists was initiated to develop cooperative biological control studies involving native Brazilian plants that are invasive in South Africa. Surveys for natural enemies were carried out in the First Plateau of Paraná, where the plant is particularly abundant and where the climatic conditions are similar to high altitude areas in South Africa that are invaded by S. mauritianum. Populations of S. mauritianum supported a diverse herbivore fauna, which included at least 34 insect species and one mite species. Five species with high biological control potential were collected: two flower-feeding, two leaf-feeding and one stem-boring species. Three of these species have been studied in quarantine in South Africa, one of which has already been released for the biological control of S. mauritianum, while a fourth species, Anthonomus morticinus Clark (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was studied in the field in Brazil. O fumo-bravo, Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (Solanaceae), nativo do Sul do Brasil, é uma importante planta invasora na África do Sul, onde é tida como alvo do controle biológico. Em 1998 cientistas do Brasil (Curitiba) e da África do Sul (Pretoria) iniciaram a execução de um projeto cooperativo para pesquisas sobre controle biológico de plantas nativas do Brasil e que tornaram invasoras na África do Sul. Dentro desse projeto estudos biológicos e ecológicos dos inimigos naturais de fumo-bravo foram realizados no Primeiro Planalto do Paraná. Nessa região o fumo-bravo é abundante e as condições climáticas e de altitudes são similares às áreas invadidas naquele país. A população de fumo-bravo é suporte alimentício e abrigo de uma fauna herbívora diversa que inclui 34 espécies de insetos e uma espécie de ácaro. Foram coletadas cinco espécies de elevado potencial para uso no controle biológico, dentre elas duas desfolhadoras, duas espermatófagas e uma broca. Três espécies estão destinadas para futuros estudos na África do Sul, uma destas espécies já foi liberada para controle de S. mauritianum, enquanto uma quarta espécie, Anthonomus morticinus Clark (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), foi estudada no campo.