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IntroductionThe formation and functioning of neural networks hinge critically on the balance between structurally homologous areas in the hemispheres. This balance, reflecting their physiological relationship, is fundamental for learning processes. In our study, we explore this functional homology in the resting state, employing a complexity measure that accounts for the temporal patterns in neurodynamics.MethodsWe used Normalized Compression Distance (NCD) to assess the similarity over time, neurodynamics, of the somatosensory areas associated with hand perception (S1). This assessment was conducted using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in conjunction with Functional Source Separation (FSS). Our primary hypothesis posited that neurodynamic similarity would be more pronounced within individual subjects than across different individuals. Additionally, we investigated whether this similarity is influenced by hemisphere or age at a population level.ResultsOur findings validate the hypothesis, indicating that NCD is a robust tool for capturing balanced functional homology between hemispheric regions. Notably, we observed a higher degree of neurodynamic similarity in the population within the left hemisphere compared to the right. Also, we found that intra-subject functional homology displayed greater variability in older individuals than in younger ones.DiscussionOur approach could be instrumental in investigating chronic neurological conditions marked by imbalances in brain activity, such as depression, addiction, fatigue, and epilepsy. It holds potential for aiding in the development of new therapeutic strategies tailored to these complex conditions, though further research is needed to fully realize this potential.

The neuronal functional connectivity is a complex and non-stationary phenomenon creating dynamic networks synchronization determining the brain states and needed to produce tasks. Here, as a measure that quantifies the synchronization between the neuronal electrical activity of two brain regions, we used the normalized compression distance (NCD), which is the length of the compressed file constituted by the concatenated two signals, normalized by the length of the two compressed files including each single signal. To test the NCD sensitivity to physiological properties, we used NCD to measure the cortico-muscular synchronization, a well-known mechanism to control movements, in 15 healthy volunteers during a weak handgrip. Independently of NCD compressor (Huffman or Lempel Ziv), we found out that the resulting measure is sensitive to the dominant-non dominant asymmetry when novelty management is required (p = 0.011; p = 0.007, respectively) and depends on the level of novelty when moving the non-dominant hand (p = 0.012; p = 0.024). Showing lower synchronization levels for less dexterous networks, NCD seems to be a measure able to enrich the estimate of functional two-node connectivity within the neuronal networks that control the body.

We present new methods for physical interpretation and mathematical treatment of the imaging contrast observed in thermal images of the rocky upper scarp of the Poggio Baldi landslide (Italy), which is part of a natural laboratory. Exemplar thermal images have been acquired with a high-performance camera at a distance of around 500 m, in a geometry where reflection is expected to dominate over thermal emission. The digital pixel intensities have therefore been considered as wavelength-integrated infrared spectral reflectance, irrespective of the temperature scale loaded into the camera software. Sub-portions of the scarp producing a lower signal have been identified by a multiscale image segmentation algorithm and overlaid on the visible image to provide an interpretation for the different thermal imaging contrast mechanisms that may be exploited for landslide monitoring in the future.

Abstract The separation of overlapping components is a well-known and difficult problem in multicomponent signals analysis and it is shared by applications dealing with radar, biosonar, seismic, and audio signals. In order to estimate the instantaneous frequencies of a multicomponent signal, it is necessary to disentangle signal modes in a proper domain. Unfortunately, if signal modes supports overlap both in time and frequency, separation is only possible through a parametric approach whenever the signal class is a priori fixed. In this work, time-frequency analysis and Radon transform are jointly used for the unsupervised separation of modes of a generic frequency modulated signal in noisy environment. The proposed method takes advantage of the ability of the Radon transform of a proper time-frequency distribution in separating overlapping modes. It consists of a blind segmentation of signal components in Radon domain by means of a near-to-optimal threshold operation. The inversion of the Radon transform on each detected region allows us to isolate the instantaneous frequency curves of each single mode in the time-frequency domain. Experimental results performed on constant amplitudes chirp signals confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, opening the way for its extension to more complex frequency modulated signals.

Wavelet scattering is a redundant time-frequency transform that was shown to be a powerful tool in signal classification. It shares the convolutional architecture with convolutional neural networks, but it offers some advantages, including faster training and small training sets. However, it introduces some redundancy along the frequency axis, especially for filters that have a high degree of overlap. This naturally leads to a need for dimensionality reduction to further increase its efficiency as a machine learning tool. In this paper, the Minimum Description Length is used to define an automatic procedure for optimizing the selection of the scattering features, even in the frequency domain. The proposed study is limited to the class of uniform sampling models. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to automatically select the optimal sampling step that guarantees the highest classification accuracy for fixed transform parameters, when applied to audio/sound signals.

The minimun description length (MDL) is a powerful criterion for model selection that is gaining increasing interest from both theorists and practicioners. It allows for automatic selection of the best model for representing data without having a priori information about them. It simply uses both data and model complexity, selecting the model that provides the least coding length among a predefined set of models. In this paper, we briefly review the basic ideas underlying the MDL criterion and its applications in different fields, with particular reference to the dimension reduction problem. As an example, the role of MDL in the selection of the best principal components in the well known PCA is investigated.

This paper presents a preliminary study concerning a fast preprocessing method for facial microexpression (ME) spotting in video sequences. The rationale is to detect frames containing frozen expressions as a quick warning for the presence of MEs. In fact, those frames can either precede or follow (or both) MEs according to ME type and the subject’s reaction. To that end, inspired by the Adelson–Bergen motion energy model and the instinctive nature of the preattentive vision, global visual perception-based features were employed for the detection of frozen frames. Preliminary results achieved on both controlled and uncontrolled videos confirmed that the proposed method is able to correctly detect frozen frames and those revealing the presence of nearby MEs—independently of ME kind and facial region. This property can then contribute to speeding up and simplifying the ME spotting process, especially during long video acquisitions.

Instantaneous frequency (IF) is a fundamental feature in multicomponent signals analysis and its estimation is required in many practical applications. This goal can be successfully reached for well separated components, while it still is an open problem in case of interfering modes. Most of the methods addressing this issue are parametric, that is, they apply to a specific IF class. Alternative approaches consist of non-parametric time filtering-based procedures, which do not show robustness to destructive interference—the most critical scenario in crossing modes. In this paper, a method for IF curves estimation is proposed. The case of amplitude and frequency modulated two-component signals is addressed by introducing a spectrogram time-frequency evolution law, whose coefficients depend on signal IFs time derivatives, that is, the chirp rates. The problem is then turned into the resolution of a two-dimensional linear system which provides signal chirp rates; IF curves are then obtained by a simple integration. The method is non-parametric and it results quite robust to destructive interference. An estimate of the estimation error, as well as a numerical study concerning method sensitivity and robustness to noise are also provided in the paper.

Frequency modulated signals appear in many applied disciplines, including geology, communication, biology and acoustics. They are naturally multicomponent, i.e., they consist of multiple waveforms, with specific time-dependent frequency (instantaneous frequency). In most practical applications, the number of modes—which is unknown—is needed for correctly analyzing a signal; for instance for separating each individual component and for estimating its instantaneous frequency. Detecting the number of components is a challenging problem, especially in the case of interfering modes. The Rényi Entropy-based approach has proven to be suitable for signal modes counting, but it is limited to well separated components. This paper addresses this issue by introducing a new notion of signal complexity. Specifically, the spectrogram of a multicomponent signal is seen as a non-stationary process where interference alternates with non-interference. Complexity concerning the transition between consecutive spectrogram sections is evaluated by means of a modified Run Length Encoding. Based on a spectrogram time-frequency evolution law, complexity variations are studied for accurately estimating the number of components. The presented method is suitable for multicomponent signals with non-separable modes, as well as time-varying amplitudes, showing robustness to noise.

The improvement of the readability of time-frequency transforms is an important topic in the field of fast-oscillating signal processing. The reassignment method is often used due to its adaptivity to different transforms and nice formal properties. However, it strongly depends on the selection of the analysis window and it requires the computation of the same transform using three different but well-defined windows. The aim of this work is to provide a simple method for spectrogram reassignment, named FIRST (Fast Iterative and Robust Reassignment Thinning), with comparable or better precision than classical reassignment method, a reduced computational effort, and a near independence of the adopted analysis window. To this aim, the time-frequency evolution of a multicomponent signal is formally provided and, based on this law, only a subset of time-frequency points is used to improve spectrogram readability. Those points are the ones less influenced by interfering components. Preliminary results show that the proposed method can efficiently reassign spectrograms more accurately than the classical method in the case of interfering signal components, with a significant gain in terms of required computational effort.

In this paper a unified model for both detection and restoration of line scratches on color movies is presented. It exploits a generalization of the light diffraction effect for modeling the shape of scratches, while perception laws are used for their automatic detection and removal. The detection algorithm has a high precision in terms of number of detected true scratches and reduced number of false alarms. The quality of the restored images is satisfying from a subjective (visual) point of view if compared with the state-of-the-art approaches. The use of very simple operations in both detection and restoration phases makes the implemented algorithms appealing for their low computing time.

In this paper a wavelet based model for image de-noising is presented. Wavelet coefficients are modelled as waves that grow while dilating along scales. The model establishes a precise link between corresponding modulus maxima in the wavelet domain and then allows to predict wavelet coefficients at each scale from the first one. This property combined with the theoretical results about the characterization of singularities in the wavelet domain enables to discard noise. Significant structures of the image are well recovered while some annoying artifacts along image edges are reduced. Some experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms the most recent and effective wavelet based denoising schemes.