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Cannabis sativus L. is an annual, deciduous, dimorphic, flowering plant that is distributed all over the world. Despite its tremendous and handy usage in medicinal and other areas, the cultivation, production, and trade of cannabis are illegal in most of the countries. It is so because of some of its harmful side effects on human health when consumed haphazardly or addictively. Following the declaration made by the UN Assembly, some countries, including the Republic of South Africa, Canada, Germany, Australia, Colombia, and Indonesia, have legalized the indoor cultivation and production of cannabis, as well as cannabis-based products. Cannabis can thrive in a wide range of climatic and ecological conditions. Cannabis can be propagated via seeds, cuttings, grafting, micropropagation, etc. The plants are mainly cultivated for their chemical constituents like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, cannabinol, etc., which are extracted from their dried flowers. This study illustrates the production technology, current legal status, and botanical characteristics of Cannabis sativus. [Fundam Appl Agric 2023; 8(1.000): 458-474]

In the agronomical field, different internal and external factors are responsible for substantially diminished crop harvest. A hindrance that can be listed in those factors is insect pests. African bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is a significant polyphagous, rapacious feeder, and the serious pest of agricultural cosmos. This pest can infest a wide array of species (almost 180 plant species) and a diverse range of families regarding it to be the most versatile and economically important nuisances for crops. H. armigera is widely far-reaching throughout the globe mostly in the Asian domain. Likewise, the subsequent number of instars makes it more detrimental and positively influences its existence pattern. The biological parameters like high fecundity, reproducibility, and comparatively long-life period support in the incitement of damage threshold (DT). Thusly, this article depicts the presentation and control tactics against H. armigera, and further incorporates science and damage to acquaint this pest and access raise in production.

As the adverse consequences of the industrial/modern agricultural framework, which encompasses high-input agrarian production and intensive cultivation, are increasing, an alternative is essential. Permaculture is a bunch of sustainable practices that incorporate an assortment of components and promote comprehensive and multi-polycultures including perennial plants, high degrees of biodiversity, crop-animal integration, whole watershed management, and self-sustaining on-site energy production, all of which straightforwardly affect the sustainable approach and promote ecological parameters. This case study attempts to better comprehend the local knowledge in terms of planning and fostering a permaculture system that considers their work, culture, and environmental concerns. In particular, this research focuses on the combined ideology, actual practices, and co-opting nature of three Nepalese permaculturists. The current study employs the notion of imaginaries to comprehend how permaculture may supplant the present agricultural system. Therefore, the study promotes and urges agricultural actioners to create profound and emotional associations with the planet, as well as their creativity and imagination, to impact good natural change.