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A producao de morangos e de grande importância no Rio Grande do Sul, principalmente nas propriedades de agricultores familiares, onde e vista como uma alternativa para diversificar a producao. O Brasil possui 5.570 municipios e Cachoeira do Sul e o 184o na producao de morangos no Brasil, porem sao escassos na literatura trabalhos que informem a respeito da producao de morangos no municipio. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetivou caracterizar a producao de morangos em Cachoeira do Sul - RS. Para isso, foram aplicados questionarios semiestruturados a 16 produtores de morango do municipio. Ficou evidente que o morango e produzido em pequenas propriedades de agricultores familiares em sistema de cultivo no solo e sem solo, predominando o primeiro, destacando neste, o uso inadequado da irrigacao. Ja a fertirrigacao intercalada com a irrigacao, no sistema de cultivo sem solo, e realizada de forma adequada pelos produtores. Observou-se ainda que ocorrem pragas e doencas na cultura do morangueiro, sendo que os produtores relatam dificuldade na identificacao e controle. Isso e as demais dificuldades relatadas pelos produtores podem estar associados a falta de orientacao tecnica relatada pela maioria dos produtores.

Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), is a medicinal and aromatic species used in the cosmetics and food processing industries. The present study aimed to evaluate the biomass production, content, ...

Entre os principais problemas relacionados ao manejo da vegetação nessa região, merece destaque a expansão da gramínea exótica Eragrostis plana Ness, que apresenta elevada capacidade de colonização dos campos naturais e tendência de exclusão da comunidade vegetal nativa. Algumas plantas são capazes de sintetizar determinados metabólitos secundários, liberados no ambiente e que podem interferir no ciclo de vida de outras plantas. A espécie Luehea divaricata Martius tem grande potencial para ser utilizada no controle do capim-annoni. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito de extratos de L. divaricata sobre a germinação, a emergência e o crescimento de plântulas de capim-annoni. Foram realizados dois experimentos: um em casa de vegetação para a avaliação da porcentagem de emergência (%E), índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), comprimento da parte aérea e massa seca total de plantas; e outro em laboratório para a avaliação da porcentagem de germinação (%G), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento do sistema radicular. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1- água destilada; T2- extrato de L. divaricata 40 g.L-1 , T3- extrato de L. divaricata 80 g.L-1 e T4- extrato de L. divaricata 120 g.L-1 e o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualisado. Os extratos de L. divaricata diminuem o índice de velocidade de emergência e comprimento do sistema radicular e aumentam o comprimento da parte aérea e massa seca total, não interferindo na porcentagem de germinação, porcentagem de emergência e índice de velocidade de germinação.

The objective of this study was to evaluate stomatal and pollen grain size and to estimate pollen viability of individuals from different populations of Paspalum rawitscheri (Parodi) Chase ex G.H. Rua & Valls . To analyze stomatal size, slides were made of the adaxial leaf epidermis using the epidermal impression method. The height and width of 100 stomata per population were analyzed. Pollen was obtained from inflorescences to evaluate pollen grain size and pollen viability. Pollen grains were stained with 2% acetic orcein, 2% acetic carmine, or Alexander’s reactive stain. Per population, 1600 grains of pollen were observed for viability, and 50 grains of pollen were measured. There were significant differences between populations in stomatal height and pollen grain height and width. The populations also differed in pollen viability, with the Santa Maria population showing the lowest viability. The differences in stomatal and pollen grain size suggest genetic variability in the evaluated populations. Moreover, low pollen viability in one population indicates that its decline may be related to low fertility. Keywords: Grass. Ploidy. Fertility. Threatened species.

Creating spaces to work on themes such as environment, sustainability and healthy eating is a practice adopted in early kindergarten schools. In this sense, the garden is a tool for working on various themes and developing students' commitment to the environment and to food production using sustainable techniques. Thus, this work aimed to plan and implement a vegetable garden at Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil Sol Criança (Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul) e no Colégio Totem (Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul). The planning of the garden was carried out with the help of teachers and pedagogical coordination of the schools involved, in order to provide greater interaction of students with the garden. For this, the beds were prepared with used tires, so that all the space was accessible to students. Members of the Horta Viva at School Extension Project prepare the flowerbeds and on the day of the vegetable planting the students and teachers of the schools participated in the activity. Activities were also planned to be developed with students during the school year. The garden has allowed for greater integration between students, and the space will serve for various teaching-learning activities in schools.

The presence of weed species in soybean crops is a concern for farmers. Knowing these species is of great importance, as they cause serious damage to crops due to competition for nutrients, water, light and physical space with soy. This work aimed to survey weeds in pivot irrigated soybean crops in Cachoeira do Sul municipality, Capané district, in the experimental area of the Rio Grandense do Arroz Institute (IRGA). The evaluations were performed by applying the 0.25 m2 square method, launched at random sixty times. Weeds in the sampled areas were removed from the soil, species identified and quantified. Evaluations were performed after three applications of glyphosate herbicide. Even after glyphosate applications, seven species were identified, representing the families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae. This survey enables the planning of preventive strategies for the sustainable control of weeds in the field, reducing production costs and the impact on the environment.

Many plants called “bushes”, “innos” or “weeds” make an important economic, ecological, nutritional and medicinal role. These plants or part of them are called Unconventional Food Plants (PANC). Because of the lack of knowledge of these plants by the population, actions are needed to rescue the use of PANC. In this sense, as objectives of the work, it is considered achievement of lectures and tastings of food produced with PANC at the Cerro Branco State College, in Cerro Branco - RS. In addition, at the meeting participants answered questionnaires that sought to investigate previous knowledge about PANC. From the questionnaires it was found that, out of a hundred and thirty-six participants, only nine knew the PANC and that the most recognized and consumed PANC was the blackberry (Morus nigra L.). Regarding the golden rain (Cassia fistula L.), only 40 students know and none consume, showing that there is a need to disseminate information about PANC among the school community, encouraging the consumption of PANC on a daily basis.

The survey of weed species in crops allows the identification, quantification of weed flora, its evolution in the area and helps in decision making for control of species. In this sense, the objective of this work was to survey weeds in pivot-irrigated rice fields in Cachoeira do Sul, Capané district, in the experimental area of the Rio Grandense do Arroz Institute (IRGA). Evaluations were performed by applying the 0.25 m2 square method, randomly launched sixty-eight times. Weeds in the sampled areas were removed from the soil, species identified and quantified. The evaluations were performed after the application of Gamit (preemerging), Ricer and Clincher and Imazethapyr (postemerging). Even after herbicide applications, 13 species were identified, representing the families Asteraceae, Poaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae. Knowledge of the weeds present in the crop allows planning to improve control, avoiding unnecessary expense with herbicides or even using other methods to control these species.

Peltodon longipes é utilizada como estimulante e emenagoga. Objetivou-se realizar análises genotóxica e cromatográfica dos extratos de duas amostras de P. longipes, coletadas nos municípios de Santa Maria e Tupanciretã, RS, Brasil. O teste de Allium cepa foi utilizado para análise da genotoxicidade e a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, para determinação dos compostos fenólicos. O experimento de genotoxicidade constou de nove grupos de quatro bulbos de A. cepa. Os bulbos foram enraizados em água destilada e após transferidos para os tratamentos, por 24 horas, permanecendo o controle negativo em água. Os tratamentos foram: extratos aquosos nas concentrações de 5 e 15 g L-1 de cada amostra, além de quatro grupos tratados com glifosato 1%, um deles usado como controle positivo e outros três para testar a recuperação de danos ao DNA, utilizando água e os extratos de P. longipes da amostra de Santa Maria. Todos os extratos de P. longipes demonstraram potencial antiproliferativo, porém o efeito foi significativamente maior para os extratos da amostra de Tupanciretã. Essa amostra também apresentou maior quantidade de ácido rosmarínico e canferol, o que pode estar relacionado com os efeitos encontrados nesses extratos. Somente extratos da amostra de Santa Maria demonstraram potencial genotóxico. Peltodon longipes is used as a stimulant and emmenagogue. The objective of this study was to perform genotoxic and chromatographic analyses of the extracts of two samples of P. longipes, collected from the cities of Santa Maria and Tupanciretã, RS, Brazil. The Allium cepa assay was used to analyze genotoxicity while high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to determine phenolic compounds. The genotoxicity experiment consisted of nine groups each comprising four A. cepa bulbs. Bulb roots were developed in distilled water and then transferred for the treatments, for 24 hours, and the negative control remained in water. The treatments were: aqueous extracts at concentrations of 5 and 15 g L-1 for each sample, plus four groups treated with 1% glyphosate, one of which was used as a positive control and the other three for testing DNA damage recovery using water and the extracts of P. longipes from Santa Maria. All extracts of P. longipes exhibited anti-proliferative potential, although the effect was significantly greater for the extracts from the Tupanciretã sample. This sample also contained the highest amount of rosmarinic acid and kaempferol, which may confer the effects found in these extracts. Only extracts from the Santa Maria sample exhibited genotoxic potential.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and antigenotoxic activity of Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. aqueous extracts on the cell cycle of Allium cepa L. as well as determine the phenolic compounds in such extracts. S. australis inflorescences and leaves of two accessions were used for aqueous extract preparation at concentrations: 0.003 g/ml and 0.012 g/ml. A. cepa bulbs were rooted in distilled water and, subsequently, placed in treatments for 24 hours. Rootlets were collected and fixed in modified Carnoy’s solution for 24 hours and kept. The squash technique was performed for slide preparation. Root tips were smashed and stained with 2% acetic orcein, and a total of 4000 cells per treatment were analyzed. The phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and data was analyzed using the Scott-Knott test. The results show that S. australis aqueous extracts have antiproliferative potential. Besides, the extracts prepared from S. australis leaves of both accessions at a concentration of 0.012 g/ml have shown antigenotoxic activity. The phytochemical analysis allowed us to determine the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, of which kaempferol and chrologenic acid were the most predominant compounds in the extracts from the inflorescences and leaves, respectively.

Tricyclazole is currently one of the fungicides recommended for the treatment of diseases in irrigated rice. However, there is relatively little information on its cytotoxic and genotoxic potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of rice crop water after apllication of the tricyclazole fungicide through the Allium cepa L. test. The rice crop water samplings were collected before and 1, 15 and 30 days after application of the fungicide in rice plant shoots. The Allium cepa roots were placed in contact with the rice crop water to check for possible chromosomal abnormalities and mitotic index of the bioindicators meristematic cells. The data obtained by the Allium cepa test indicates that the application of the tricyclazole fungicide leads to an increase in the genotoxic activity in the rice crop water, through the appearance of chromosomal abnormalities, without, however, causing significant effects on the mitotic index. The major chromosomal alterations observed were anaphasic and telophasic bridges and laggard chromosomes.

The aims of this study were to determine the meiotic behavior and to estimate pollen grains via- bility in bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Flower buds were collected during different developmental stages of the Mesoamerican bean cultivars IAPAR 44, Guapo Brilhante, BRS Expedito, BRS Valente, Guateian 6662 and Perola, and the Andean bean cultivar Irai, grown in a greenhouse. The meiotic index was determined by anther squashing of material fixed in absolute ethanol-glacial acetic acid (3:1) and stained with acetic orcein. No meiotic abnormalities were observed and the meiotic indices were high for all cultivars, indicating that the mismatch generated during crosses is not related to any meiotic changes. Estimation of pollen viability was made by comparing acetic orcein staining vs. Alexander's reactive: pollen viability was high in all cultivars with either stain, but was significantly higher when using the acetic orcein stain (>99%). Though some cultivar showed a significantly smaller pollen size, the range of variation among cultivars was low (means' range 51-66 μm).

Nowadays, education undergoes a process of restructuring and interdisciplinarity is fundamental to minimize the existing limits between the disciplines of High School. The origin of interdisciplinarity lies in the transformations of the ways of producing science and of perceiving reality. In this sense, the school garden can be a way to relate the knowledge of the various disciplines. With this extension work, the objective was to implement a vegetable garden at the Ruy Barbosa State High School, in the municipality of Novo Cabrais - RS, in order to promote interdisciplinary actions. Before the implementation of the garden, a lecture was given to students and teachers. It was chosen an idle place with potential for the cultivation of vegetables, where the vegetable garden was implanted. Lettuce, arugula, tomato, cassava, beet, sweet potato, popcorn, beans, Japanese moranga, fennel, pumpkin, radish and almeirão, among others crops. Among the interdisciplinary activities to be worked in High School are the calculation of the total production of each species cultivated in the garden, study of the centers of origin of each species, scientific names of the cultivated species, use of natural insecticides and organic fertilizer, regions that use the species grown in food and / or as medicinal plants.

The presence of vegetable gardens in schools is increasingly uncommon due to the great ease and practicality of the use of industrialized products to feed students, which causes the devaluation of natural foods and the growing disinterest of children for using vegetables in food. However, the use of vegetables is of great importance for the nutritional development of children who are growing. Therefore, with the present work, the objective was to implement gardens in schools of Early Childhood, Elementar School and High School. During the year 2017 the project was developed in four schools in different locations in Novo Cabrais, Cachoeira do Sul and Santiago, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. An informative lecture was held dealing with information about the preparation of the gardens and importance of the consumption of healthy foods. At the end of the development of the project, it was possible to observe how satisfactory and relevant it was for each of the students, regardless of age, to help planting the seedlings, to observe the growth and development of each plan.

During Early Childhood Education, it is very important to provide experiences of approach children with everyday problems. Thus, the project entitled "Horta Viva na Escola", at the Federal University of Santa Maria - Campus Cachoeira do Sul, aimed to set up vegetable gardens in Early Childhood Schools, in order to contribute to practical and meaningful learning for the integral formation of children. Two gardens were set up in two schools for children, one at the Municipal School of Child Education in the city of Santiago and the other at the Totem College in Cachoeira do Sul. The gardens were set up in idle space in the schoolyard, where students were responsible for planting and managing the garden, together with the teacher responsible for the class. With the project, activities such as planting of seedlings and sowing of vegetables were carried out, in which the children were able to follow and observe the phases of the development of the plants, performing daily care necessary for their cultivation and future harvest. In this sense, the garden inserted in the school environment has a very important role for becoming a living laboratory, which enables the development of various practical and necessary pedagogical activities within the school context

Biological assays are widely used to monitor toxic and allelopathic substances. The present study aimed to evaluate the allelopathic, genotoxic, and antiproliferative potential of aqueous extracts ...

The medicinal and tree species Luehea divaricata is known as ‘acoita-cavalo’ and widely used for wood, reclamation, and in popular medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and genotoxic effects of infusions of two populations of this species on the Allium cepa cell cycle. Cells of root tips of Allium cepa were used as an in vivo test system for monitoring the genotoxicity of this medicinal plant. Leaves and bark of two populations of Luehea divaricata were collected during the vegetative stage and used to prepare infusions in two concentrations: for the leaves (6 g/L and 30 g/L) and two concentrations for the bark (32 g/L and 160 g/L), using distilled water as negative control and glyphosate 3% as positive control. For this study, 10 groups of four bulbs were utilized, with one group of bulbs for each treatment. The slides were prepared by the squashing technique, scoring 4000 cells for each group of bulbs. The mitotic index (MI) was calculated and then a statistical analysis ...

A gramínea exótica Eragrotis plana Nees, conhecida como capim-annoni, é uma das principais plantas invasoras do Sul do Brasil, com a capacidade de excluir outras plantas nativas da vegetação campestre. Há uma necessidade tanto ambiental como econômica do seu controle. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos extratos aquosos da espécie Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. sobre a germinação in vitro de Eragrostis plana Nees, bem como identificar os compostos presentes nesses extratos aquosos. Para preparação dos extratos foi realizada infusão de flores de A. satureioides em quatro concentrações 5, 10, 15, 25 g L-1, as quais foram avaliadas juntamente com um controle (água destilada). Todas as concentrações de extratos foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE-DAD). A seguir, foi realizado o teste de germinação e vigor das sementes de E. plana. Em relação à porcentagem de germinação de sementes de capim-annoni, os valores obtidos demonstraram redução da porcentagem na maior concentração do extrato de marcela. Quanto ao Índice de Velocidade de Germinação, todas as concentrações de extratos de marcela reduziram a velocidade de germinação. Para a análise dos compostos presentes nos extratos estudados, a CLAE-DAD revelou maiores teores de rutina, ácido caféico e quercitrina. Os extratos de A. satureioides reduzem a porcentagem de germinação.

Polygala paniculata L. is a medicinal plant that grows in the Brazilian Atlantic coast, known as 'barba-de-Sao-Joao', 'barba-de-bode', 'vassourinha branca', and 'mimosa'. In this study, pollen viability was estimated by three different staining methods: 2% acetic orcein, 2% acetic carmine, and Alexander's stain. The young inflorescences of twenty accessions were collected and fixed in a solution of ethanol: acetic acid (3:1) for 24 hours, then stored in ethanol 70% under refrigeration. Six slides per plant, two for each stain, were prepared by squashing, and 300 pollen grains per slide were analyzed. Pollen viability was high (> 70%) for most accessions of P. paniculata using the Alexander's stain, which proved the most adequate method to estimate pollen viability.

Species of the genus Psychotria are used for multiple purposes in Brazilian folk medicine, either as water infusions, baths or poultices. This study was aimed to evaluate the genotoxic and antiproliferative effects of infusions of Psychotria brachypoda and P. birotula on the Allium cepa test. Exposure to distilled water was used as a negative control, while exposure to glyphosate was used as a positive control. The interaction of extracts (as a post-treatment) with the effects of glyphosate was also studied. Results showed that glyphosate and the extracts of both P. brachypoda and P. birotula reduced the mitotic index as compared with the negative control (distilled water). Surprisingly, however, both extracts from P. brachypoda and P. birotula caused a partial reversal of the antiproliferative effect of glyphosate when used as a post-treatment. Glyphosate also induced the highest number of cells with chromosomal alterations, which was followed by that of P. birotula extracts. However, the extracts from P. brachypoda did not show any signifi cant genotoxic effect. Post-treatment of glyphosate-treated samples with distilled water allowed a partial recovery of the genotoxic effect of glyphosate, and some of the Psychotria extracts also did so. Notably, post-treatment of glyphosatetreated samples with P. brachypoda extracts induced a statistically signifi cant apoptotic effect. It is concluded that P. brachypoda extracts show antiproliferative effects and are not genotoxic, while extracts of P. birotula show a less potent antiproliferative effect and may induce chromosomal abnormalities. The fi nding of a partial reversion of the effects of glyphosate by a post-treatment with extracts from both plants should be followed up

The use of rice bran (RB), soybean (SB) or sunflower seed (SF) oils to prepare lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCs) as controlled drug delivery systems was investigated. LNCs were prepared by interfacial deposition using the preformed polymer method. All formulations showed negative zeta potential and adequate nanotechnological characteristics (particle size 220-230 nm, polydispersity index0.20). The environmental safety was evaluated through an in vivo protocol (Allium cepa test) and LNCs containing RB, SB or SF oils did not present genotoxic potential. Clobetasol propionate (CP) was selected as a model drug to evaluate the influence of the type of vegetable oil on the control of the drug release from LNCs. Biphasic drug release profiles were observed for all formulations. After 168 h, the concentration of drug released from the formulation containing SF oil was lower (0.36 mg/mL) than from formulations containing SB (0.40 mg/mL) or RB oil (0.45 mg/mL). Good correlations between the consistency indices for the LNC cores and the burst and sustained drug release rate constants were obtained. Therefore, the type of the vegetal oil was shown as an important factor governing the control of drug release from LNCs.

Water pollution caused by toxic cyanobacteria is a problem worldwide, increasing with eutrophication. Due to its biological significance, genotoxicity should be a focus for biomonitoring pollution owing to the increasing complexity of the toxicological environment in which organisms are exposed. Cyanobacteria produce a large number of bioactive compounds, most of which lack toxicological data. Microcystins comprise a class of potent cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced mainly by Microcystis aeruginosa. Other natural products can also be synthesized by cyanobacteria, such as the protease inhibitor, aeruginosin. The hepatotoxicity of microcystins has been well documented, but information on the genotoxic effects of aeruginosins is relatively scarce. In this study, the genotoxicity and ecotoxicity of methanolic extracts from two strains of M. aeruginosa NPLJ-4, containing high levels of microcystin, and M. aeruginosa NPCD-1, with high levels of aeruginosin, were evaluated. Four endpoints, using plant assays in Allium cepa were applied: rootlet growth inhibition, chromosomal aberrations, mitotic divisions, and micronucleus assays. The microcystin content of M. aeruginosa NPLJ-4 was confirmed through ELISA, while M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 did not produce microcystins. The extracts of M. aeruginosa NPLJ-4 were diluted at 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 ppb of microcystins; the same procedure was used to dilute M. aeruginosa NPCD-1 used as a parameter for comparison, and water was used as the control. The results demonstrated that both strains inhibited root growth and induced rootlet abnormalities. The strain rich in aeruginosin was more genotoxic, altering the cell cycle, while microcystins were more mitogenic. These findings indicate the need for future research on non-microcystin producing cyanobacterial strains. Understanding the genotoxicity of M. aeruginosa extracts can help determine a possible link between contamination by aquatic cyanobacteria and high risk of primary liver cancer found in some areas as well as establish water level limits for compounds not yet studied.

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