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A complete and fully developed theory of all optical phenomena (refraction, reflection, absorption, and transparency) and the corresponding optical properties of ultrathin crystalline films (optical indices) are presented in this paper, especially along the direction in which the structure is spatially limited (perpendicular to surfaces). While these indices depend on the position of the crystallographic plane (where the mentioned optical phenomena occur) with respect to the two interfaces, these values can be measured/ determined in experiments only for the film as a whole. For these reasons, it is important to answer the question of how to define these optical indices precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The nature of transmission and distribution networks has drastically changed over the last several decades, due to a high penetration of electronically interfaced energy resources (EIERs). Consequently, the complexity of the operation and the management of these networks have considerably increased. This strongly affected the energy management systems and distribution management systems, especially the power flow calculation as their basic power application. Electronically interfaced energy resources can employ a wide range of control strategies that cannot be represented with traditional single‐phase bus types used for traditional alternating current machines in a symmetrical operation. Power flow is the main subject of this paper, and the main objectives are as follows: (i) to prove that the traditional bus classification—θV (slack bus), PQ, and PV—is not sufficient for an unbalanced power flow formulation and the calculation of emerging large‐scale unbalanced electric networks containing traditional alternating current machines and particularly EIERs; (ii) to introduce a new bus classification suitable for the power flow modeling and calculation of these networks; and (iii) to present a robust and accurate unbalanced power flow method based on the new bus classification and a bus type inspection principle. Numerical tests show that the developed power flow method can be successfully applied in the on‐line calculation mode of both energy management system and distribution management system dealing with large‐scale networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]