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Peripheral magnetic stimulation (pMS) has shown its effectiveness in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms, such as symptoms of an overactive bladder (OAB). The perineal region (pelvic floor) and the sacral roots area (projection S3 of the root) are used as the locus of stimulation. The published literature presents protocols with different parameters of stimulation, while each of them reliably demonstrates clinical efficacy, however, no comparative studies have been found to select priority stimulation modes when analyzing available sources., Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of different frequency - 1 and 5 Hz - modes of sacral MS in patients with symptoms of OAB., Material and Methods: A single blind prospective randomized comparative clinical study included 59 patients with OAB symptoms. The patients were divided by simple randomization into the group 1 ( n =30), which received MS 3 times a week for 5 weeks with a frequency of 1 Hz per sacral root area (S2-S4), and the group 2 ( n =29), in which stimulation was performed at a frequency of 5 Hz, while the remaining parameters and duration of therapy were identical to group 1., Results: Sacral pMS with different frequency modes (1 and 5 Hz) is reliably equally effective against the clinical symptoms of OAB, which is confirmed by the absence of significant intergroup differences. In patients receiving MS with a frequency of 5 Hz, there was a more pronounced increase in maximum cystometric capacity, normalization of the maximum and average urine flow velocity and regression of the residual urine volume ( p <0.001, p =0.007, p =0.011 and p =0.012 compared with group 1). The greatest difference in indicators was observed in the increase in the maximum cystometric capacity - +31±25 ml at MS with a frequency of 1 Hz and +109±96 ml at MS with a frequency of 5 Hz ( p <0.001). MS is a safe procedure and is well tolerated by patients., Conclusion: pMS when exposed to the area of S2-S4 roots for 20 minutes 3 times a week with a course for 5 weeks is reliably effective against the clinical symptoms of OAB at different frequency modes (1 and 5 Hz). At the same time, MS with a frequency of 5 Hz may have an advantage over stimulation of 1 Hz in terms of its effect on urodynamic parameters (maximum cystometric capacity, peak and average urine flow velocity and residual urine volume), which may be associated with a large inhibitory effect on detrusor.

We used nanoparticles which possess simultaneously active (antimicrobial, UV-protective and antioxidant) and smart (temperature sensing) properties. The nanoparticles (2Rh = 450 nm, PDI = 0.118 ± 0.014, ζ-potential = 21 mV and T g  = 8 ± 1 °C) are based on polyethylene glycol (PEG)/methyl cellulose (MC) core with anthocyanidin and sodium acetate, and chitosan/gallotannin-based shell. The core of nanoparticles acts as a temperature indicator, changing its color from colorless into deep purple at 8 °C, while the shell provides antimicrobial (due to chitosan), UV-protective and antioxidant (due to gallotannin) effects. We incorporated these nanoparticles into the chitosan matrix. The coatings demonstrated improved mechanical and barrier properties compared with the pure chitosan coating. The elaborated coatings pronouncedly improve the shelf-life of Ricotta cheese. Moreover, they serve as thermo indicators, which warn about cheese storage at an unacceptable temperature. Thus, we developed new coatings in which all properties are enabled by a single type of nanoparticles., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In the present work, we demonstrate that alkylation of chitosan by alkyl halides, aza-Michael reaction with chitosan, and Ad N -E reaction of chitosan with aldehydes can be efficiently mediated by ultrasound. An optimization of ultrasonic irradiation parameters allowed us to (i) accelerate the rate of the reactions dramatically, (ii) achieve high selectivity, and (iii) preserve integrity of the polysaccharide backbone avoiding its depolymerization. We evaluated antibacterial/antifungal and transfection activity of 8 different derivatives of chitosan and their based nanoparticles in vitro. Moreover, we studied antibacterial activity of the most efficient polymer and their based nanoparticles in vivo. The tested polymer proved to be superior to reference commercial antibiotics ampicillin and gentamicin., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The metal-assisted nitrone-nitrile cycloaddition reaction is apply to empower chitosan chemistry. The ultrasonic irradiation has proven to efficiently accelerate the cycloaddition affording new heterocyclic (1,2,4-oxadiazoline) chitosan derivatives and avoiding ultrasonic degradation of the chitosan macromolecules. By varying the nitrone nature, both water- and toluene-soluble chitosan derivatives were successfully synthesized. Relying on the ionic gelation approach nanoparticles of heterocyclic chitosan derivatives were prepared. Water-soluble chitosan derivative demonstrated a high antibacterial activity coupled with low toxicity. The toxicity of the synthesized heterocyclic chitosan derivatives and their based nanoparticles are comparable with those of the starting chitosan, while their antibacterial activity is superior. Toluene-soluble derivatives are shown to be efficient homogeneous catalysts towards monoglyceride synthesis via the epoxide ring opening. They efficiently catalyze selective conversion of fatty acids and glycidol into corresponding monoglycerides allowing one to simplify significantly the procedure for separating the reaction product from the catalyst for its recovery and reusage., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, we demonstrate that the thiol-yne click reaction could be efficiently mediated by ultrasonic irradiation and implement the ultrasound-assisted thiol-yne click reaction to chitosan chemistry as a polymer-analogous transformation. We optimize power and frequency of ultrasound to preserve selectivity of the click reaction and avoid ultrasonic degradation of the chitosan polymer chain. Thus, we obtain a new water-soluble betaine. Using ionic gelation of the obtained betaine derivatives of chitosan, we prepare nanoparticles with a unimodal size distribution. Furthermore, we present results of antibacterial and transfection activity tests for the chitosan derivatives and their based nanoparticles. The derivative with a medium molecular weight and a high degree of substitution demonstrated the best antibacterial effect. It derived nanoparticles with a size of ca. 100 nm and ζ-potential of ca. +69 mV revealed even higher antibacterial activity, slightly superior to commercial antibiotics ampicillin and gentamicin. On the contrary, the obtained polymers possess a much more pronounced transfection activity as compared with their based nanoparticles and species with a low degree of substitution acts as the most efficient transfecting agent. Moreover, the obtained betaine chitosan derivatives as well as their derived nanoparticles are non-toxic., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of the study was to assess the state of the mucous membrane of the prosthetic bed, the features of fixation of removable dentures taking into account the sex and age of the patients, as well as the determination of the feasibility of using dentures fixing agents., Materials and Methods: The clinical and sociological study was conducted involving 283 (130 men and 153 women) patients aged from 45 to 92 years. All patients had acrylic removable dentures on one or both jaws. If patients had complaints about insufficient fixation of the denture, they were recommended to use a prosthesis fixing cream for daily use. After 14 days, patients were examined again for the dynamics of complaints, as well as changes in the mucous membrane of the prosthetic bed., Results: Regardless of gender and age group patients using partial and complete dentures rarely (in 4.3% of cases) used dentures fixing agents, although 40.8% had poor fixation and (or) stabilization of removable acrylic partial and full dentures, and in 51.9% of cases inflammatory changes of the mucous membrane of the prosthetic bed were detected. Correction of removable dentures, as well as daily use of a denture fixation cream, made it possible within two weeks to reduce by 72.5% of patients complaints about poor fixation and (or) stabilization of removable dentures, as well as to eliminate existing inflammatory changes in 86.4% of patients.

In this work, we developed a simple method for the preparation of N-(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl)chitosan. We compared the antibacterial activity of N-(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl)chitosans and previously synthesized N-(2-azidoethyl)chitosans. N-(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl)chitosans possess higher antibacterial effect which is comparable with that of ampicillin and gentamicin. The effect is due to azido pharmacophore -CH 2 -CH(OH)-CH 2 -N 3 (for N-(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl)chitosan) or -CH 2 -CH 2 -N 3 (for N-(2-azidoethyl)chitosan) introduced in chitosan chain, since the corresponding organic azides NH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -N 3 and NH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -N 3 are characterized by high antibacterial activity. However, high antibacterial organic azides NH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -N 3 and NH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -N 3 are characterized by high toxicity. Their conjugation to the chitosan chain saves their antibacterial effect, but strongly diminishes their toxicity, and the toxicity of the resulting derivatives is comparable with that of the starting chitosan. These findings are of interest to food science, since novel effective food coatings can be developed on basis of prepared derivatives., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

This work describes ultrasound-assisted phenol-yne addition of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and propargylic ester of betaine hydrochloride giving only 2-((3-(4-formylphenoxy)allyl)oxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium chloride as a product at 100kHz 300W in water. The ultrasonic assisted phenol-yne addition was enhanced to chitosan chemistry. Phenolic chitosan derivatives were obtained by treatment of chitosan with o-, m- or p-hydroxybenzaldehyde followed by reduction of the formed CN bound by NaBH 4 . The phenolic chitosan derivatives (phenolic component) were involved in ultrasound-mediated reaction with propargylic ester of betaine hydrochloride (yne component). The reaction led to betaine chitosan derivatives in different degree of substitution as o-, m- and p-isomers. The phenolic and betaine derivatives were tested as antibacterial agents against E. coli in comparison with reference antibiotic Tetracycline. Betaine derivatives showed high antibacterial activity. The most effective polymer was p-isomer of high substituted betaine derivative and its activity was more than 2 times higher than the activity of Tetracycline. The nanoparticles based on this polymer were obtained by ionic gelation method. They had 2Rh 126nm, ξ-potential 20mV and were more effective than the corresponding chitosan derivative., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, we involved ultrasound-assisted click CuAAC in chitosan chemistry. Ultrasound-mediated CuAAC between propargylic ester of betaine and azido chitosan derivative proceeds fast in water under aerobic conditions and gives rise novel water-soluble triazole betaine chitosan derivatives. Using ionic gelation technique, we prepared and characterized nanoparticles from the synthesized chitosan derivatives. We studied antibacterial and transfection activity of the novel chitosan derivatives and their nanoparticles. The nanoparticles with size ca. 100 nm and ζ-potential ca. +65 mV proved to possess outstanding antibacterial activity, which is much more than that of the triazole betaine derivatives in their native form, and it is equal to the activity of ampicillin and gentamicin. Opposite, triazole betaine chitosan derivatives in their native form are characterized by remarkable transfection activity as compared with their nanoparticles. The most active triazole betaine chitosan derivatives are derivatives of moderate molecular weight with moderate degree of substitution. Their transfection activity is extremely high for chitosan species and it is comparable (values of the same order) with activity of Lipofectin - commercially available gene delivery vector., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Smart and active nanoparticles are of increasing interest in food films and coatings application. In the current study, we purpose novel nanoparticles NPs-4 (1:5) and NPs-4 (1:5.5) , which possess simultaneously both smart (temperature sensitive) and active (antibacterial, light absorbing and antioxidant) properties. The obtained nanoparticles are based on PEG/MC core with anthocyanidin and sodium acetate, and chitosan/gallotannin-based shell. The nanoparticles have hydrodynamic diameter ca. 450 nm and are positively charged (ζ-potential is 21 mV for NPs-4 (1:5) and +23 mV for NPs-4 (1:5.5) . NPs-4 (1:5) and NPs-4 (1:5.5) are thermochromic and turn from colorless to purple at ca. 20 °C 0 °C respectively. The nanoparticles possess antibacterial activity much more than the starting chitosan (MIC, μg/mL, E. coli: 1.35 (NPs-4 (1:5) ), 1.18 (NPs-4 (1:5.5) ) and 10.12 (chitosan); S. aureus: 1.14 (NPs-4 (1:5) ), 1.10 (NPs-4 (1:5.5) ) and 6.20 (chitosan)). The nanoparticles efficiently absorb ultraviolet light, have high antioxidant effect (0.051 trolox equivalents), are non-toxic and fully composed of substances approved for use in the food industry., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

New tetrazole derivatives of chitosan with low, moderate, and high degrees of substitution were obtained using a novel approach, i.e. metal-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azide ion to cyanoethyl chitosan in water - the most straightforward, selective and preparatively convenient route to tetrazole chitosan derivatives. Ionic gelation of these tetrazole derivatives with sodium tripolyphosphate resulted in nanoparticles with an apparent hydrodynamic diameter of 100-800 nm and ζ-potential of 22-57 mV. The tetrazole derivatives of chitosan and their nanoparticles were tested as catalysts of the aldol reaction between p-chlorobenzaldehyde and acetone. The tetrazole derivatives have been found to possess better catalytic properties than the corresponding nanoparticles. The obtained data indicate that the tetrazole-chitosan polymers exhibit high catalytic activity in aldol reaction, and these catalysts are among the best studied so far. Tetrazole derivatives and their nanoparticles were also tested as antibacterial agents. The in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli of the tetrazole-chitosan-based nanoparticles is much more than the activity of the corresponding tetrazole-chitosan polymers, and their activity is comparable with that of antibiotics ampicillin and gentamicin., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Patients with brain tumor frequently experience a combination of physical, cognitive, and communication deficits. These may cause severe psycho-emotional stress altering biological and mental conditions and complicating the course of the primary disease, and thus necessiate physical and psychological rehabilitation. While existing data on the effectiveness of such treatment in patients with intracranial glioma are limited and inconsistent, it is possible to suggest that systematic and multidisciplinary rehabilitation plays a very important therapeutic role and leads to improvements in functional independence, mental and emotional state, and quality of life., (© 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

A basic replicon of the naphthalene degradation plasmid pFME5 (80 kb, IncP-7) has been constructed and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of pFME5mini is almost identical to replicons of the pND6-1 subgroup, which was separated based on the reA-oriV homology in our previous work. The basic replicon of pFME5 is capable of replication and stable maintenance exclusively in Pseudomonas species. An analysis of the deletion mutation indicated that, in contrast to the parWAB region, the parC gene is not essential for the stability of pFME5mini and can be a common feature of IncP-7 replicons. We revealed that par-defective mutants of pFME5mini were slowly eliminated from the bacterial population in a nonselective medium compared to their pCAR1-based counterparts. Designed primers specific to the repA and parC genes can be used to detect IncP-7 plasmids, while primers specific to two variants of parA can be used for intragroup classification.

The structural diversity of basic replicons and repB gene of the IncP-7 plasmids' collection was firstly assessed on the basis of PCR, restriction analysis and partial sequencing. It has been revealed that DNA fragment containing gene for UvrD-like helicase RepB is a part of all known P-7 replicons, but often serves as hot place for diverse IS-elements invasion. The first system of P-7 plasmids' classification has been worked out on the basis of determined repA-oriV-par WABC nucleotide divergency. Most degradation plasmids established to be belonging to large beta-subgroup, streptomycin resistance plasmid Rms148 (IncP-7 archetype)--to alpha-subgroup, carbazole degradation plasmid pCAR1 and NAH/SAL-plasmids from pY-line (Yamal oil deposits)--to gamma-subgroup and CAP-plasmid pBS270 with potentially reduced P-7 replicon--to delta-subgroup. It has been observed that the type of IncP-7 basic replicon molecular organization does not correlate with fixed phenotypic character in most cases, that is plasmids encoding different phenotypic markers could be members of the same P-7 subgroup.

The mini-replicon of pseudomonads' caprolactam/salicylate degradation plasmid pBS270 (105 kb, contains incompatibility determinants of P-7 group) has been obtained and its nucleotide sequence has been determined. The new gene encoding TrfA-like replication initiator has been found on this replicon. Poor homology of this replication initiator with known proteins of TrfA-family allows us to classify obtained replicon as IncP-1-like. The pBS270mini reveals chimeric nature.

Both caprolactam and salicylate biodegradation by Pseudomonas salicylate/caprolactam degraders is controlled by large conjugative plasmids (SAL/CAP). Some of these plasmids determined to be the members of IncP-7 group. The new salicylate 1-hydroxylase gene (scpA) on SAL/CAP-plasmids has been detected and partially sequenced. Gene scpA was equally related to closest homologs nahG (NAH7), salA (P. reinekei MT1) and nahU (pND6-1), but identity of scpA to these genes did not exceed 72-74%. Synthesis of salicylate 1-hydroxylase ScpA was not induced by salicylate. This enzyme had wide substrate specificity and exhibited highest specific activity with 4-methylsalicylate and nonsubstituted salicylate. Besides pseudomonad's salicylate degradative conjugative plasmids without "classical" nah2-operon and harboring only salicylate 1-hydroxylase gene nahU have been firstly described.

Pseudomonads' IncP-7 plasmids make significant contribution to the environmental biodegradative potential and sometimes harbour antibiotic resistance genes. More than 30 years plasmid Rms148 is used as archetypal P-7 plasmid in microbiological incompatibility tests. However, the structure of its basic replicon was not described up to now, as well as phylogenetic relationships between all known plasmids within the IncP-7 group were not studied. In the frames of this work we have constructed two primer pairs to amplify main components of P-7 replication initiation region, and subsequent screening of repA intragenic polymorphism was made using laboratory collection of IncP-7 plasmids. Minimal replicon of Rms148 was constructed and its nucleotide sequence was determined to be identical to repA-oriVof known P-7 plasmids on 81-83% and forming separate branch on appropriate phylogenetic tree. Additionally, repA seems to be more conservative between group members compared with putative oriV region. Deduced amino acid sequence and predicted secondary and tertiary structures of Rms148 RepA protein allow us to make assumption about similar to unclassified cryptic plasmid pPS10 model of replication initiation for IncP-7 group members.

We developed and characterized a new transgenic model where NF-κB activity is inhibited only in mature neurons. Transgenic mouse strain Thy*IκBα-SI was created using trans-dominant super inhibitor NF-κB (IκBα-SI), which is a multimutant form of IκBα inhibitory protein cloned into specific neutral Thy-1.2 cassette. Detailed molecular analysis showed that the transgene and its product (IκBα-SI protein) are expressed in the nervous system of transgenic mice. In situ hybridization showed that Thy*IκBα-SI in the nervous system is expressed exclusively in neurons. The developed model provides wide opportunities for studying functional role of NF-κB in mature neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system in vivo.

The aim of this study was to clear out whether injury to the peripheral nerve leads to activation of nuclear factor κB in mature spinal ganglia. Analysis of matrix RNA of nuclear factor κB-dependent genes (monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1 and inhibitor of nuclear factor κB IκBα) showed different levels of expression of these genes in the spinal ganglia in vivo after axotomy and in vitro after TNF-α stimulation. On the other hand, DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor κB increased in the spinal ganglia 6 h after axotomy and after 10-min incubation of sensory neuron culture with TNF-α. These data attest to possible involvement of nuclear factor κB in the posttraumatic regulation of gene transcription in spinal ganglion cells.

Nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) is a ubiquitous nuclear transcription factor that regulates the expression of a number of genes involved in cell survival, immune and inflammatory processes. It has been hypothesized that after nerve injury, the release of specific cytokines may provide a stimulus for activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB in adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons exerting the protective effect on the sensory neurons. However, the complexity of this transcription factor has led to some misleading conclusions about NF-kappaB signalling in injured DRG neurons. The goal of the present study is to find out whether NF-kappaB is involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes in adult primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve transection. In this series of experiments, we used a transgenic line of NF-kappaB reporter mice in which activation of NF-kappaB drives the expression of the lac-z gene. We show that the expression of beta-galactasidase (beta-gal) is not detected in injured DRG neurons and contralateral neurons. However, a strong beta-gal expression was detected in the muscle at the injury site. It may reflect the repressive influence of additional signalling cascades on NF-kappaB activity in sensory neurons.

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) controls the expression of multiple anti/proapoptotic genes, including those in the nervous cells. Intranuclear deacetylation and acetylation events are implicated in the regulation of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. The goal of the work was to demonstrate the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB in the sensory neurons in vitro and to find out whether NF-kappaB activity could be controlled by modification of acetylation processes, using a transgenic line of NF-kappaB reporter mice in which activation of NF-kappaB drives the expression of the lac-z gene. We show that the expression of the reporter gene was absent in transgenic neurons cultured in normal growth medium or stimulated by TNF-alpha. However, NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in most neurons was induced by in vitro exposure to Trichostatin A, which is a specific inhibitor of histone deacetylases. Taken together our results show that the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB is limited in sensory neurons due to a transcriptional repression mechanism mediated by histone deacetylases.

Bone marrow of patients with hematological diseases contains a great number of erythroclasic clusters characterized by exocytic lysis of the constituent erythrocytes by cluster-forming myelocaryocytes including erythrocaryocytes. The content of erythroclasic clusters with exocytic lysis of erythrocytes varied from 21% of total erythroclasic clusters in bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia to 81% in bone marrow of patients with an active phase of acute lymphoblastic leukemia showing high intensity of hemolysis in the bone marrow. Most intensive lysis of erythrocytes in erythroclasic clusters took place in the bone marrow of patients in an active stage of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. At the time of the investigation tens of thousands of erythrocytes were undergoing destruction in erythroclasic clusters in one mcl of bone marrow of such patients. These findings confirm the idea of the bone marrow as an organ of erythrocyte destruction.

Specific growth rate, duration of the lag phase, stability of plasmids, and activities of the key enzymes involved in naphthalene biodegradation were studied in rhizospheric pseudomonades carrying structurally similar plasmids pOV17 and pBS216. It was demonstrated that these plasmids determined various levels of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activities. The structural rearrangements in the plasmid pBS216 could "switch off" the genes of catechol oxidation meta-pathway. It was shown that certain combinations of biodegradation plasmids and bacterial hosts, such as Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391(pBS216), P. chlororaphis PCL1391(pOV17), and P. putida 53a(pOV17), were considerably more efficient than natural variants in their growth characteristics and stability of the biodegradation activity, having a potential for bioremediation of soils polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Secretion and synthesis of vasopressin was studied in adult male Wistar rats receiving lipopolysaccharide in a dose of 250 microg/100 g body weight and subjected to moderate osmotic stimulation (2% NaCl perorally for 6 days). Lipopolysaccharide stimulated secretion of vasopressin into the blood. It should be emphasized that the content of vasopressin mRNA in gigantocellular nuclei of the hypothalamus decreased, which probably reflected intensification of its translation. The observed changes and slight increase in transcription of the vasopressin gene (determined by the content of heterogeneous nuclear RNA) provide intensive secretion of this neurohormone into the blood.

Interconnections between the integrative systems, such as nervous, endocrine, and immune ones, are clearly seen during a stress response. The sources of such a cooperation should be sought at the earliest stages of evolution of multicellular organisms. The paper deals with the main points of the formation of a stress response and the development of the systems involved in this process. Based on the data available in the literature and their own findings, the authors conclude that just primitive multicellular organisms, such as coelenterates, have hemolymph cells (chemocytes) that combines the properties of all regulatory systems of more highly organized species. However, the need for such cells no longer arises afterwards. Glucocorticoids, one of the major stress hormones, show up during the development of a stress response relatively late--in fish. While in fish, the production of ACTH and glucocorticoids in the pituitary cells is under urotensin control, this function belongs to corticotropin-releasing hormone of pituitary origin in more advanced animals. The predominant value of corticotropin-releasing hormone simultaneously occurs with the development of the pituitary portal vascular system. Such transformations lead to the formation of the hierarchically arranged neuroendocrine axes that are responsible for showing a stress response, on the one hand, and to the development of qualitatively new interactions between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems, on the other.

At least three vasopressinergic brain systems are involved in inflammatory reaction. The first one is VP neurons of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, projecting to antipyretic center in the preoptic forebrain region. The second system is neurons of the parvocellular subnucleus of the hypothalmic paraventricular nucleus. VP from these neurons reaches portal blood through the external zone of the median eminence. VP potentiates the effect of corticotropin releasing hormone on ACTH cells in the anterior pituitary. Synergetic modulation of pituitary-adrenal axis by these neurohormones maintains synthesis and release of glucocorticosteroids. The latter plays crucial role as endogenous immunosuppresants. The third VP system is magnocellular hypothalamic neurons that release vasopressin into general circulation. Systemic VP is capable of compensating the water lost caused by symptoms of inflammation. The review is devoted to analysis of current information concerning physiology and interactions between these systems during acute and chronic inflammation. The special reference has been made on the magnocellular neurons and the role of circulating vasopressin in the renal function regulation.

Mechanisms of ovarian follicles selection for ovulation remain incompletely deciphered. Studying mechanisms of transmission of hormonal stimulatory and inhibitory signals to follicular histion somatic cells may assist in progress in this area of knowledge. The present study was aimed to detect a-subunits of G proteins (common, stimulatory, inhibitory) involved in transmission of hormonal signals to intracellular effectors and phospholipase C, initiating phosphatidyl inositol mechanism of hormonal stimuli transmission, in cryostat sections of follicles using indirect immunolabeling. A-common subunit to labeling index of granulosa layer cells correlating with the phase of follicle development was identified. A direct relationship between phospholipase C activity in granulosa layer cells of antral follicles and their size was demonstrated as well. The perspective of research in this area and their significance for the development of the theory of follicle selection is discussed.

On the base of the complex of experiments modeling disfunctional states of the thyroid gland were proved the most importance of the thyroid gland hormones in regulation of development and histophysiology of the ovary. There were analyzed possible mechanizmes by with thyroid gland hormones influence on this biological processes and its role in general system of the neurohumoral regulation of sexual function.

There was an increase in counts of auto-rosettes formed by monocytes or segmented neutrophils in the peripheral blood of rabbits with posthemorrhagic and phenylhydrazine hemolytic anemias. The intensification of autogenous rosette formation in circulating blood during the anemias under study coincides with enhanced erythrodieresis in time. This makes the authors conclude that autogenic rosette formation is one of the possible mechanisms responsible for erythrodieresis in experimental anemias.

The humoral factor of non-specific immunity was shown to be inhibited significantly in gastric cancer patients. According to an analysis of immunologic status, phagocytic activity and blood plasma level of lysozymes increased during treatment of stomach cancer, thus pointing to favorable course of postoperative period.

The mathematical model of the physiological estrous cycle of the laboratory rat was developed. The data on physiological concentration of the hormones, participating in the estrous cycle regulation and admittances on the growth and selection of the ovarian follicles made the base of the model. The developed system of differentiated equations allowed to reproduce quiet precisely the duration of the estrous cycle phases, to follow up the behaviour of the apparent cohort of the growing ovarian follicles during several cycles. The model is a base for the studying of the effect of the different factors on the estrous cycle.

The character of the estrous cycle was studied in mature rats with different variants of the experimental hypophyseal-thyroid imbalance. This state was caused by injecting rifathyroine--a synthetic analogue of thyroliberin, thyrotropin and L-thyroxin to rats having a stable 4-days estrous cycle. The above manipulations were made either in the morning hours of proestrus when a rapid growth of dominant follicles takes place in the ovary, or at the stage of diestrus when new ovarian follicles start growing. The effect of injecting rifathyroin nonspecifically stimulating the release of prolactin by the adenohypophysis was dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle in which the animal was when injecting the drug was started. If it was the proestrus, the duration and sequence of the estrous cycle phases was not changed. If injecting rifathyroin was started at diestrus, in 6 of 11 animals this stage was as long as the whole cycle period. An experimental elevation of the content of thyrotropin caused by a single injection resulted in a disturbance of the duration and sequence of phases of the estrous cycle in all the animals. If thyrotropin was injected within the first hours of proestrus, this phase became shorter and the ovulation did not take place. An injection of thyrotropin during diestrus prolonged the latter for the whole period of observations equal to the cycle duration. Injections of L-thyroxin failed to change the sequence and duration of the cycle phases practically in half of the experimental animals, independent of the phase when the injecting was started. In 6 of 11 rats given the first injection of L-thyroxin at the stage of proestrus the anestrus and a prolonged phase of diestrus (during the whole cycle) were observed afterwards.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The paper is devoted to actual problems of the intercellular regulatory relations in the male gonad of mammals. Literature data on this problem are analyzed as well as the results of the personal findings. The problem of the influence of sex cells on the somatic surroundings are analyzed from different standpoints. Grounds of the necessary accounting of data of the paracrine interrelations in the gonad are given for a principally new approaches to studying the histophysiology of this organ.

Light microscopy characteristics of mature rat testes were studied in control and hyperprolactinemia rats. The number of cells defined as granulocytes in interstitial regions adjacent to seminal ducts at stage VII and XII of spermatogenesis has been calculated. Normal deference difference between these parameters diminish in hyperprolactinemia. It is suggested that prolactin participates in intratesticular paracrine mechanisms regulation.

Studies of morphology of the secretory hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system under conditions of inhibition of the function of the peripheral region of the sympathetic nervous system were carried out. Desympathyzation was achieved by administration to newly born animals of antibodies to the factor of growth of nerves. In addition to the survey histological methods, morphometry, autoradiography and spectrophotometric investigations were also used. The aim of the work was to establish with the help of the methods referred to above the functional state of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal secretory system (HNSS) under deep immunological desympathyzation of the organism. The data obtained confirm the existence of a functional connection between the peripheral region of the sympathetic nervous system and HNSS. A hypofunctional state of the sympathetic department caused a rise in the functional activity to HNSS--in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus there were observed enlarged neurones and their nuclei; this was accompanied by an intensification of the biosynthesis processes and secretion of neurosecretory material, neurohypophysis containing lesser amounts of neurosecret than in the norm. The rise of the functional activity of HNSS was accompanied by a higher specific hormonal effect upon the periphery (the effect of the hormone on "target"), which was confirmed by manifestations of working hypertrophy of the medullar of kidneys. The reaction of HNSS was apparently mediated through a complex of pathological changes in the organism and was directed at the maintenance of the optimal tonus of vessels and at preservation of homoestasis as a whole.

Cardiac tissue structures reaction was studied under conditions of decreased general sympathic mediation and disturbance of the direct connections between the heart and the sympathetic nervous system. Antibodies to the nerves growth factor with a strict selectivity to affect adrenergic neurons, localized in the sympathetic chain were used in the experiment for cutting out the sympathetic part of the vegetative nervous system. The data received permitted the authors to solve positively the problem of the sympathetic neurotrophical influence on the vascular components and cardiomyocytes.

Ultrathin sections through the cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, strain B, were examined using electron microscopy after inducing the formation of phages with mitomycin C at a concentration of 4 micrograms/ml. Changes were found in the size of the cells, their cell wall and nucleoids. The cells contained phage particles of different maturity. The electron microscopic study of the induced phage has shown that it does not differ in morphology from the phage of this culture discovered by us earlier.