Search

Organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter above Maribor were analysed in 120 samples of PM10 sampled according to the EN 12341:2014 reference method. Organic compounds compositions were investigated together with the primary and secondary sources of air pollution. Silylation as derivatisation method was used for the GC-MS determination of volatile and semi-volatile polar organic compounds. Distribution of fatty acids, n-alkanes and iso-alkanes, phthalate esters, siloxanes, different sterols, various sugars and sugar alcohols, compounds of lignin and resin acids, dicarboxylic acids from photochemical reactions, PAHs, organic nitrogen compounds and products from secondary oxi- dation of monoterpenes were determined. The use of silicone grease for the purpose of lubricating the impact surface of the air sampler caused higher values of gravimetric determination. Solid particles may have been bounced from the surface of a greasy impact plate and re-entrained within the air stream and then collected on a sample filter. The carryover of siloxanes was at least from 5% up to 15% of the accumulated particles weight, depending on ambient temperature. This was the reason that the gravimetric results for determination of PM10 according to the standard EN 12341:2014 were overestimated. V 120 vzorcih PM10 smo analizirali organske spojine v aerosolskih delcih v zraku nad Mariborom z uporabo metode EN 12341:2014. Proučevali smo sestavo organskih spojin ter primarne in sekundarne izvore le-teh. Za določevanje hlapnih in delno hlapnih polarnih organskih spojin z GC-MS smo uporabili sililiranje kot derivatizacijsko metodo. Določevali smo porazdelitve maščobnih kislin, n-alkanov in izo-alkanov, ftalatnih estrov, siloksanov, različnih sterolov, različnih sladkorjev in sladkornih alkoholov, spojine ligninov in smolnih kislin, dikarboksilnih kislin nastalih s fotokemijskimi reakcijami, policikličnih organskih ogljikovodikov, organskih dušikovih spojin in produktov nastalih pri sekundarni oksidaciji monoterpenov. Uporaba silikonske masti na površini impaktne plošče vzorčevalnika lahko povzroči višje vrednosti gravimetrijske določitve. Trdni delci se lahko odbijejo od impaktne plošče in ponovno vstopijo v zračni tok in se nato zberejo na filtru. To prenašanje siloksanov je lahko najmanj od 5% do 15% skupne mase akumuliranih delcev v odvisnosti od temperature. To je razlog, da so gravimetrijski rezultati določevanja PM10 po EN 12341:2014 standardu previsoki.

The quality of ground water as a source of drinking water in Slovenia is regularly monitored. One of the monitoring programmes is performed on 5 wells for drinking water supply, 3 industrial wells and 2 ground water monitoring wells. Two hundred and fourteen samples of ground waters were analysed in the time 2003-2004. Samples were gathered from ten different sampling sites and physical chemical measurements were performed. The following 13 physical chemical parameters were regularly controlled: temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrate, AOX (adsorbable organic halogens), metals such as chromium, pesticides (desethyl atrazine, atrazine and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide), highly-volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (trichlorometane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene and 1,1,2-trichloroethene). For handling the results different chemometrics methods were employed, such as basic statistical methods for the determination of mean and median values, standard deviations, minimal and maximal values of measured parameters and their mutual correlation coefficients, cluster analysis (CA), the principal component analysis (PCA), the clustering method based on Kohonen neural network, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The study gives the opportunity to follow the quality of ground waters at different sampling sites within the defined time period. Monitoring of general pollution of ground waters and following measuring can be used to search the pollution source, to plan prevention measures and to protect from pollution, as well. V Sloveniji spremljamo kakovost podzemne vode na številnih mestih, saj je podzemna voda pomemben vir pitne vode. Kot vir podatkov za kemometrično obdelavo smo izbrali monitoring v katerem je vključeno 5 vodnjakov, ki so namenjeni za oskrbo s pitno vodo, 3 industrijski vodnjaki in 2 kontrolni vrtini. Opravili smo analizo 214 vzorcev podzemnih vod v letih 2003 in 2004. Vzorce smo odvzeli na omenjenih desetih merilnih mestih in opravili fizikalne in kemijske analize. Fizikalno kemijske preiskave vključujejo merjenje naslednjih 13 parametrov, ki so podlaga za oceno kemijskega stanja podzemnih vod: pH vrednost, temperatura vode, električna prevodnost, vsebnost nitrata, vsebnost adsorbljivih organskih halogenov (AOX), vsebnost Cr(VI) in skupnega kroma, vsebnost pesticidov kot so desetil atrazin, atrazin in 2,6-diklorobenzamid, ter vsebnost halogeniranih ogljikovodikov kot so triklorometan, 1,1,2,2-tetrakloroeten in 1,1,2-trikloroeten. Za obdelavo rezultatov meritev smo uporabili različne kemometrične metode, osnovne statistične metode za določitev povprečne vrednosti in mediane, standardnih odmikov, minimalnih in maksimalnih vrednosti merjenih parametrov in njihovih medsebojnih korelacijskih koeficientov, analizo grup (CA), metodo glavnih osi (PCA), metodo grupiranja, ki temelji na Kohonenovih nevronskih mrežah in metodo linearne diskriminantne analize (LDA). Z metodo glavnih osi in s Kohonenovimi nevronskimi mrežami smo poizkusili poiskati podobnosti med posameznimi merilnimi mesti. Študija daje možnost, da sledimo kakovost podzemne vode na posameznih merilnih mestih in v določenem časovnem obdobju. Časovno sleditev splošnega onesnaženja podzemnih vod ter rezultatov posameznih merjenih parametrov, ki presegajo dovoljene meje, lahko uporabimo za iskanje vzrokov onesnaženja in za načrtovanje preventivnih ukrepov za zaščito pred onesnaženjem.

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of seven major phenolic and terpenic compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis L. was developed. The compounds were identified as trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of phenolic acids (caffeic and rosmarinic acid), phenolic diterpene (carnosic acid), and pentacyclic triterpenes (ursolic, oleanolic, betulinic acid and betulin). These compounds have been identified by retention time and comparison of mass spectra. The procedure involves ultrasonic extraction using solvent mixture of tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. Extracts were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) after purifying on graphitised carbon. The fraction with phenolic and terpenic compounds was derivatised prior to GC-MS analysis using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) as a derivatisation reagent. The derivatisation process was optimized regarding temperature and reaction time. The linearity of the method was tested in concentration range 4-25 mg L$^{–1}$. The correlation coefficients ($r^2$) were in the range of 0.997 to 0.999. The average recoveries for all compounds ranged from 80 to 82%. The GC-MS technique is specific and sensitive, and can be used for simultaneous identification and determination of a wide range of phenolic and terpenic compounds in different plants even at trace levels. Razvili smo metodo za sočasno identifikacijo in kvantitativno določitev sedmih fenolnih in terpenskih spojin v rožmarinu (Rosmarinus officinalis L) s plinsko kromatografijo in masno spektrometrijo (GC-MS). Spojine smo identificirali kot trimetilsilil (TMS) derivate fenolnih kislin (kofeinske in rožmarinske kisline), fenolnega diterpena (karnozolne kisline) in pentacikličnih triterpenov (ursolne, oleanolne, betulinske kisline in betulina). Naštete spojine so bile potrjene s primerjavo retencijskih časov in masnih spektrov derivatov preiskovanih spojin. Metoda vključuje ultrazvočno ekstrakcijo preiskovanih spojin z mešanico topil tetrahidrofuran in etanol. Ekstrakte smo po čiščenju na aktivnem oglju, frakcionirali z velikostno izkjučitveno kromatografijo. Frakcijo, ki je vsebovala fenolne in terpenske spojine, smo pred GC- MS analizo derivatizirali z N-metil-N-trimetilsilil trifluoroacetamidom (MSTFA). Postopek derivatizacije smo optimirali glede na čas reakcije in temperaturo. Linearnost metode smo preverili v koncentracijskem območju 4–25 mg L$^{–1}$. Povprečni izkoristki za preiskovane spojine so bili med 80 to 82 %, korelacijski koeficienti ($r^2$) so bili med 0,997 in 0,999. GC-MS tehnika je specifična in občutljiva, omogoča dobro ločevanje spojin in je zato primerna za sočasno identifikacijo in določevanje širokega spektra fenolnih in terpenskih spojin v različnih rastlinah, tudi ko so spojine prisotne v sledovih.

Considerable levels of highly toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCCDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were determined in two among the sixanalysed disperse textile dyes. The dioxin homologue profile of these dyes was similar to that found in some environmental and industrial samples, connected with the textile industry. Dyes contaminated with dioxins were further used in industrial polyester dyeing processes at laboratory scale. We observed the changes in dioxin contents, dioxin transformations and their distribution during the textile dyeing process. After the dyeing and textile finishing processes the content of dioxins was up to fifteen times higher. More than 85% of the total dioxin content was found in dyed polyester. Other 15% was discharged with waste dye bath. Our results confirmed that the presence of dioxins in some textile dyes may be a significant source regardinghuman exposure and environmental contamination. Dioksine predstavljata skupini toksičnih obstojnih spojin polikloriranih dibenzo-p-dioksinov in polikloriranih dibenzofuranov. V okviru naših raziskav smo preverili prisotnost dioksinov v tekstilnih barvilih. Analizirali smo šest vzorcev tekstilnih barvil. V dveh vzorcih tekstilnih disperznih barvil smo določili znatne vsebnosti dioksinov. Porazdelitev dioksinov v teh vzorcih barvil je podobna porazdelitvi dioksinov določeni v nekaterih vzorcih povezanih s tekstilno industrijo. Barvila, ki vsebujejo dioksine smo uporabili v poizkusih barvanja in spremljali spremembe v porazdelitvi in koncentraciji dioksinov skozi postopek barvanja. Masna bilanca dioksinov v postopku barvanja pokaže povečanje vsebnosti dioksinov, medtem ko ostaja njihova porazdelitev nespremenjena. Pri barvanju pri visokih temperaturah in v alkalnem mediju nastajajo dioksini iz prekurzorskih (predhodnih) spojin. Več kot 85% celotne vsebnosti dioksinov smo določili v vzorcih obarvanega poliestra. Preostalih 15% smo določili v odpadni barvalni kopeli. Rezultati raziskav dokazujejo, da prisotnost dioksinov v nekaterih tekstilnih barvilih predstavlja znaten doprinos k vsebnosti teh spojin v širšem okolju.

A GC-MS method was successfully applied to measure simultaneously the concentrations of endocrine disrupting compounds (5 dialkyl phthalates, 9 phthalate monoesters, 3 alkylphenols and bisphenol A) in 136 male urine samples. In the present study the method was validated and concentrations of EDCs were determined. The results were compared with results from other studies. Correlations between endocrine disrupting compounds and also correlations of endocrine disrupting compounds with two semen quality parameters are presented and evaluated. Significant positive correlations were found between almost all the endocrine disrupting compounds. The parameter sum of DEHP (SUM DEHP) was positively correlated to all the endocrine disrupting compounds but negatively to two semen quality parameters. Negative correlations between the endocrine disrupting compounds and the semen quality parameters could indicate that endocrine disrupting compounds could cause reproductive problems by decreasing the semen count and quality. This research will have helped to evaluate human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds.

Nonylphenols (NP) possess estrogenic activities and may cause increased risk of cancerous and reproductive abnormalities in several living organisms. Despite their harmful nature, NPs are used as additives in food packaging material, especially plastic, which is the main food contact material in today's packaging landscape. According to the fact that food packaging is one of the major potential food contaminant sources regarding NPs, there is a need for more information on identifying and quantifying of these chemicals when migrating into food. Seventeen plastic films for food packaging were analyzed for the presence of NPs nine of them were plastic films for deep freeze food packaging. We determined and quantified NPs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) using the internal standard method. All plastic films for deep freeze food packaging contained NPs within a concentration range from 11.9 to 43.7 mg/kg. We also studied the migration of NPs from three of the plastic films for deep freeze food packaging into food simulants. The migration of NPs from these plastic films into 95% ethanol and 10% ethanol was higher than the amount migrating into distilled water or 3% acetic acid. Nonilfenole (NP) uvrščamo med motilce delovanja endokrinega hormonskega sistema. Zaradi posnemanja delovanja naravnih hormonov lahko povzročijo povečano tveganje nastanka raka in reproduktivne nepravilnosti v živih organizmih. Kljub neugodnim lastnostim, se kot dodatki uporabljajo v embalažah za živila, predvsem v plastičnih folijah. Embalaža za živila je lahko eden izmed glavnih izvorov NP v živilih. Zato so podatki o vsebnosti NP v embalaži in predvsem podatki o prehajanju NP v hrano zelo pomembni. Prisotnost NP smo preverili v sedemnajstih plastičnih folijah, ki se uporabljajo za embalažo živil. Devet izmed vzorcev je bilo plastičnih folij, ki se uporabljajo za hranjenje globoko zamrznjene hrane. Vsebnost NP smo določili s plinsko kromatografijo v povezavi z masno spektrometrijo (GC-MS) z metodo internega standarda. V vseh preiskovanih folijah, ki se uporabljajo za embalažo zamrznjene hrane smo zaznali NP v koncentracijskem območju od 11,9 mg/kg do 43,7 mg/kg folije. Z migracijskimi poskusi smo preverili prehod NP iz treh plastičnih folij v modelne raztopine. V modelni vodni raztopini z 95 % in 10 % etanola je migrirala večja količina NP kakor v samo destilirano vodo ali v modelno vodno raztopino z 3 % ocetne kisline.

Nonylphenols (NP) possess estrogenic activities and may cause increased risk of cancerous and reproductive abnormalities in several living organisms. Despite their harmful nature, NPs are used as additives in food packaging material, especially plastic, which is the main food contact material in today's packaging landscape. According to the fact that food packaging is one of the major potential food contaminant sources regarding NPs, there is a need for more information on identifying and quantifying of these chemicals when migrating into food. Seventeen plastic films for food packaging were analyzed for the presence of NPs; nine of them were plastic films for deep freeze food packaging. We determined and quantified NPs by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) using the internal standard method. All plastic films for deep freeze food packaging contained NPs within a concentration range from 11.9 to 43.7 mg/kg. We also studied the migration of NPs from three of the plastic films for deep freeze food packaging into food simulants. The migration of NPs from these plastic films into 95% ethanol and 10% ethanol was higher than the amount migrating into distilled water or 3% acetic acid.

The quality of ground water as a source of drinking water in Slovenia is regularly monitored. One of the monitoring programmes is performed on 5 wells for drinking water supply, 3 industrial wells and 2 ground water monitoring wells. Two hundred and fourteen samples of ground waters were analysed in the time 2003-2004. Samples were gathered from ten different sampling sites and physical chemical measurements were performed. The following 13 physical chemical parameters were regularly controlled: temperature, pH, conductivity, nitrate, AOX (adsorbable organic halogens), metals such as chromium, pesticides (desethyl atrazine, atrazine and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide), highly-volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (trichlorometane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene and 1,1,2-trichloroethene). For handling the results different chemometrics methods were employed, such as basic statistical methods for the determination of mean and median values, standard deviations, minimal and maximal values of measured parameters and their mutual correlation coefficients, cluster analysis (CA), the principal component analysis (PCA), the clustering method based on Kohonen neural network, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The study gives the opportunity to follow the quality of ground waters at different sampling sites within the defined time period. Monitoring of general pollution of ground waters and following measuring can be used to search the pollution source, to plan prevention measures and to protect from pollution, as well.

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of seven major phenolic and terpenic compounds in Rosmarinus officinalis L. was developed. The compounds were identified as trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of phenolic acids (caffeic and rosmarinic acid), phenolic diterpene (carnosic acid), and pentacyclic triterpenes (ursolic, oleanolic, betulinic acid and betulin). These compounds have been identified by retention time and comparison of mass spectra. The procedure involves ultrasonic extraction using solvent mixture of tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. Extracts were fractionated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) after purifying on graphitised carbon. The fraction with phenolic and terpenic compounds was derivatised prior to GC-MS analysis using N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) as a derivatisation reagent. The derivatisation process was optimized regarding temperature and reaction time. The linearity of the method was tested in concentration range 4-25 mg L-1. The correlation coefficients (r2) were in the range of 0.997 to 0.999. The average recoveries for all compounds ranged from 80 to 82%. The GC-MS technique is specific and sensitive, and can be used for simultaneous identification and determination of a wide range of phenolic and terpenic compounds in different plants even at trace levels.

A rapid analytic method for isolation, separation and determination of some phenolic diterpenes and triterpenes from fresh and dry rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been developed. The components identified in the plant extract were trimethylsilylated derivatives of rosmarinic acid, phenolic diterpenes, carnosol and carnosic acid, pentacyclic triterpenoids, ursolic, oleanolic, betulinic acid and betulin. Experiments were performed to establish the optimum conditions for solvent selection, mode and duration of extraction, derivatisation, and to set chromatographic conditions, as well. The enumerated compounds have numerous similarities in the chemical and pharmacological character. Publications dealing with separation and determination of diterpenes and triterpenes in plant material report many different analytic methods, but most extended are high performance liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The procedures are complicated, since the separation and the determination of terpenic compounds are difficult because of structure similarity. Therefore, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used as methods enabling good separation and parallel determination of phenolic diterpenes and triterpenes.

The objective of this work was to study the catabolic potential of marine sediment bacteria in PCB degradation. Bacterial communities were isolated from different marine sediments collected at urban areas along the Croatian Adriatic coast (vicinity of Rijeka, Zadar and Dubrovnik). A microcosm enrichment approach was employed to isolate bacterial communities with the capability to use biphenyl as the sole carbon and energy source. Enrichment experiments were performed in sea water diluted with mineral salts medium (SM medium) and supplemented with biphenyl. The PCB degradation activity of enriched biphenyl-degrading communities was screened in batch culture experiments using SM medium and commercial PCB mixture (PCB 50) containing 50% chlorine and congeners with two- to heptachlorobiphenyl. More detailed characterization of the isolated bacteria and the study of their catabolic activity in the transformation of PCBs were performed with Aroclor 1248 and individual PCB congeners. Microcosm experiments resulted in the enrichment of eight communities containing one to two members that were able to grow on biphenyl as the only carbon source. Those members, expressing 2, 3- dihydroxybiphenyl dioxygenase activity were identified as species belonging to the genus Rhodococcus and Sphingomonas (by using 16S rDNA gene sequence comparison). Five out of eight enrichedenriched biphenyl-degrading communities also showed PCB transformation activity. GC/MS analyses during biodegradation experiments with Aroclor 1248 and individual PCB congeners suggested that all isolates obtained from enriched communities preferred transformation of lower chlorinated congeners (di- to tetrachlorobiphenyls) and were slightly different in their PCB transformation capabilities

The main objective of our study was to propose remediation method for enhancing PCB transformation in soil contaminated by the power substation oil spills. Biodegradation experiments were performed in microcosms by using enriched mixed and pure cultures originating from polluted area of the power substation, Zadar, Croatia. The enriched mixed culture (TSZ7) as well as its isolated member (strain Z6) showed substantial PCB degradation activity in mineral medium with the addition of biphenyl as carbon and energy source and the inducer of PCB degradation pathway (56.5-73.5% reduction of PCB congeners in commercial mixture containing two- to octachlorobiphenyls). Further PCB degradation experiments were performed in the presence of the following substrates: a) xylose as the carbon and energy source ; b) terpenes (carvone and limonene) as potential inducers of the dioxygenase metabolic pathway and c) saya lecithin, phytogenic surfactant for enhancing PCB bioavailability. The addition of those substrates exerted an enhancing effect on PCB-degradation activity of tested cultures under the laboratory conditions, which is promising and provide the basis for planning small-scale-field degradation experiments.

Namen naše raziskave je bil določanje okolju nevarnih organskih spojin adsorbiranih na prašne delce PM10. Vzorce smo odvzeli v skladu s standardom SIST EN 12341:2014. Po gravimetrijskem določanju delcev PM10 smo vzorce uporabili še za določitev kemične sestave in preučitev pomembnih sezonskih razlik v sestavi organskih snovi, ki jih vsebujejo delci PM10. V ta namen smo razvili analizno metodo za določevanje organskih spojin v ekstraktih vzorcev prašnih delcev PM10 s plinsko kromatografijo in masno spektrometrijo. S pomočjo kemometrijskih metod smo določili pomembne sezonske in lokacijske razlike sestave organskih spojin v zraku nad Mariborom. Določali smo sestavo spojin, ki označujejo onesnaženost in ugotavljali, katere spojine so antropogenega izvora. Ugotavljali smo, kako se sestava razlikuje glede na letni čas in odvzemno mesto vzorčenja. PM10 je frakcija respirabilnih prašnih delcev s premerom 10 μm ali manj. Suspendirani delci v zraku so naravnega (gozd, cvetni prah, padavine, neurja, vegetacija, vulkanski pepel...) ali antropogenega izvora (emisije industrije, prometa, sežig fosilnih goriv, biomase, kmetijstvo). Glede na izvor delce razdelimo na primarne in sekundarne. Primarni delci se sproščajo v ozračje direktno. Velik del organskih aerosolov v atmosferi je mogoče pripisati sekundarnim organskim aerosolom (SOA), ki nastajajo pri oksidaciji hlapnih organskih spojin (VOC) z atmosferskimi oksidanti kot so O3, OH• radikali in NO3• radikali. Fotokemični procesi vplivajo na kemično sestavo organskih spojin in njihove fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti kot so hlapnost, higroskopičnost ali kondenzacijsko aktivnost SOA spojin. Zakonsko predpisana 24-urna mejna koncentracija za delce PM10 je 50 μg/m3. Preseganja dnevnih mejnih vrednosti PM10 so praviloma v zimskem letnem času. Povišana raven delcev PM10 je predvsem posledica lokalnih izpustov. Dve tretjini vseh izpustov delcev PM10 v Sloveniji je posledica kurjenja lesa gospodinjstev. Raziskovalno delo zaznave in določanja spojin organskih onesnaževal vključuje 120 standardno odvzetih vzorcev prašnih delcev (standard SIST EN 12341:2014) z uporabo nizko volumskega vzorčevalnika, ter analitsko določevanje s plinsko kromatografijo in masno spektrometrijo (GC/MS). Za določanje polarnih organskih spojin smo uporabili sililiranje kot kemijsko tehniko derivatizacije. Nabor organskih spojin v ekstraktih prašnih delcev PM10 vključuje maščobne kisline, n- in izo-alkane, ftalatne estre, siloksane, sterole, sladkorje, sladkorne alkohole, dikarboksilne kisline, spojine razgradnje lignina in lesnih smol, policiklične organske ogljikovodike, organske dušikove spojine ter produkte sekundarne oksidacije monoterpenskih spojin. S pomočjo kemijske karakterizacije smo določili sezonske in lokacijske razlike merilnih mest. Za proučevanje smo uporabili kemometrijske metode kot so korelacijska analiza, metoda glavnih osi, hierarhično razvrščanje, analiza variance (ANOVA). V toplejših letnih časih prevladujejo na prašnih delcih adsorbirane biogene spojine nad antropogenimi spojinami. Pozimi prevladujejo antropogene organske spojine. Najbolj reprezentativne spojine zimskih vzorcev zraka so: levoglukozan, manozan, spojine ftalatnih estrov, spojine razgradnje ligninov in palmitinska kislina. Poleti prevladujejo derivati sladkorjev in sladkornih alkoholov. Na razlike vzorcev glede na sestavo organskih spojin najbolj vplivajo spojine PAHov, 1,3,5-trifenilbenzen, pinonska kislina, DEHP, glicin, nonanojska kislina (C9:0), ter jabolčna kislina in adipinska kislina. V številnih vzorcih je bil prisoten razpotegnjen kromatografski vrh neločene kompleksne mešanice (NKM), ki se razlikuje glede na letni čas in sestavo. Izvor NKM pozimi pripisujemo kurjenju fosilnih goriv ter izpuhov motornih vozil, poleti pa fotooksidacijskim procesom monoterpenov. Do lokacijskih razlik v sestavi organskih spojin adsorbiranih na ekstraktih vzorcev PM10 prihaja zaradi različnih antropogenih in biogenih izpustov, obremenjenosti posamezne The aim of our study was the determination of environmentally hazardous organic compounds adsorbed on dust particles PM10. The samples were taken according to SIST EN 12341: 2014. After the gravimetric determination of PM10 the samples were used for the determination of composition and examination of significant seasonal differences of organic compounds adsorbed on dust particles PM10. For this purpose we developed an analytical method for the determination of organic compounds adsorbed on PM10 by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Using chemometric methods, we determined relevant seasonal and location differences in composition of organic compounds in the air above Maribor. We determined the composition of compounds, which indicate contamination, and measured, which compounds are of anthropogenic origin. We investigated how the composition varies depending on the time of year and the sampling location. PM10 is a fraction of respirable dust particles with a diameter of 10 μm or less. Suspended particles in the air are of natural (forests, pollen, rain, thunderstorms, vegetation, volcanic ash ...) or anthropogenic origin (industrial emissions, traffic, combustion of fossil fuels, biomass, agriculture). Depending on the origin of the particles are divided into primary and secondary. Primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere. A large portion of the organic aerosol in the atmosphere can be attributed to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), produced in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) with atmospheric oxidants such as O3, OH• radicals and NO3• radicals. Photochemical processes affect the chemical composition of organic compounds and their physicochemical properties such as volatility, hygroscopicity or condensation activity of SOA compounds. Legally prescribed 24-hour limit concentration of PM10 is 50 μg/m3. Exceedances of daily PM10 limit values are generally in the winter season. Elevated levels of PM10 are mainly due to local emissions. Two-thirds of all PM10 emissions in Slovenia is the result of wood burning by households. The reaserch work of determination of organic compounds in atmospheric particulate matter includes 120 samples of collected dust particles PM10. Sampled according to SIST EN 12341:2014 reference method, using a low-volume air sampler and the analytical determination by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Silylation as derivatisation method was used for the determination of polar organic compounds. The set of organic compounds on the dust particles PM10 include of fatty acids, n-alkanes and iso-alkanes, phthalate esters, siloxanes, different sterols, various sugars and sugar alcohols, compounds of lignin and resin acids, dicarboxylic acids from photochemical reactions, PAHs, organic nitrogen compounds and products from secondary oxidation of monoterpenes were determined. With the chemical characterization we determined seasonal and locational differences of sampling points. For the study we used chemometric methods such as correlation analysis, regression, cluster analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA). In warmer seasons adsorbed on dust particles biogenic compounds dominate over anthropogenic compounds. In winter anthropogenic compounds dominate. The most representative compounds of winter air samples are levoglucosan, manosan, phthalate esters, decomposition compounds of lignin and palmitic acid. In summer derivatives of sugars and sugar alcohols dominate. The variations of samples according to the composition of organic compounds are mostly influenced by PAHs, 1,3,5- triphenylbenzene, pinonic acid, DEHP, glicine, nonanoic acid, malic acid and adipic acid. In a number of samples was present an elongated chromatographic peak of unresolved complex mixture (UCM), which varied according to the season and composition. Source of UCM in winter are the burning of fossil fuels and exhaust of motor vehicles, while in summer the photoxidation processes of VOC. Locat

Diplomska naloga obsega razvoj metode priprave vzorcev za določevanje spojin obstojnih organskih onesnaževal z metodo plinske kromatografije povezane z masno spektrometrijo (GC/MS). Vsebnosti polikloriranih alkanov (PCA) v ekstraktih vodnih vzorcev smo določevali z analitsko tehniko kemične ionizacije in zaznavo negativnih ionov (ECNI). Primerjali smo dve analitski tehniki priprave vodnih vzorcev, ekstrakcijo tekoče-tekoče in ekstrakcijo na trdni fazi. Prednostno smo obravnavali razvoj metode določevanja polikloriranih alkanov in način odstranjevanja pri analizi motečih vplivov polikloriranih bifenilov (PCB). Za čiščenje ekstraktov smo uporabili antropogeno in Florisilno kolono. Določili smo optimalne pogoje ločitve motečih spojin polikloriranih bifenilov od polikloriranih alkanov na Florisilni koloni. Za kvantitativno določitev smo uporabili standardne raztopine analitov PCA (C10-C13, SCCP) in PCB 209 ter γ-heksaklorocikloheksan kot spojini internih standardov. PCA v površinskih vodah smo določali v koncentracijskem območju od 0,05 μg/L do 0,15 μg/L. The diploma thesis includes the development of the method for sample preparation for the determination of persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Levels of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) in extracts of water samples were determined using an analytical technique of chemical ionization and negative ion detection (ECNI). We compared two analytical techniques, liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction. We addressed the development of the method for determination of polychlorinated alkanes and the method for disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which cause problems in the analysis. The anthropogenic and the Florisil column were used for cleaning extracts. Optimal conditions for the separation of interfering compounds PCBs from polychlorinated alkanes in the Florisil column were determined. For the quantitative determination standard solutions of analytes PCA (C10-C13, SCCP), PCB 209 and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane as internal standards were used. PCA in surface waters were determined in the concentration range from 0,05 μg/L to 0,15 μg/L.