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Globally, second leading cause of death for women is a Cervical Cancer. CC is caused by infection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV strains 16 (50.8%), 18 (17.6%), and 58 (2.6%) became the most leading strains of infection in Malaysia. Recently, a study showed that HPV 58 was rare worldwide but famous in Asia countries including Malaysia. However, detection the significance of HPV-58 in women has not been studied extensively because of rare case compared to HPV 16 and 18. HPV-58 is commonly found in East Asia, but infrequently worldwide, due to changes in the environment of viruses and humans. Detailed biological knowledge is crucial for the development of effective countermeasures, diagnostic tests, vaccines and antiviral drugs against the HPV. The oligonucleotide sequences of HPV 58 in E6 region have been analysed between 24-35 mer in order to maintain the specificity and selectivity. The percentage of similarities between the coding sequences has developed with 66.7% of GC content. The DNA probe of HPV 58 was 5'GGG CGC TGT GCA GTG TGT TGG AGA CCC CGA3' with 30 mer of oligonucleotides. The important of E6 region for developing the coding sequence as it involved in the DNA reproduction, transcription, translation regulation and transformation of HPV genome. Phylogenetic trees were then constructed by Neighbour-Joining and the Kimura 2-parameters methods, followed by an analysis of selection pressures acting on the E6/E7 genes by ebi ac uk tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, poly (methyl methacrylate)/palm kernel shell (PMMA/PKS) composites were prepared by solution casting. The effect of solvent to matrix (S/M) weight ratio and stearic acid (SA) treatment on PMMA/PKS composites were studied. PMMA pellets were dissolved and PKS powders were dispersed into acetone, separately. PMMA solution and PKS suspension were then mixed in ultrasonic bath. The mixture was then poured into a glass petri dish to evaporate acetone at room temperature and finally PMMA/PKS composite thin film was obtained. PMMA/PKS composites were characterized by using SEM and were subjected to tensile test. It was found that tensile strength, modulus of elasticity of composite increased but elongation at break decreased with the increasing S/M ratio and with SA treatment. The improvement of the mechanical properties was due to the improved interfacial bonding following the SA treatment and the formation of crystallized PMMA domain in the composite with the increasing S/M ratio. SEM images revealed even fracture surfaces as S/M increased and with the application of SA treatment that indicate better matrix-filler adhesion. It can be concluded that S/M increment and SA treatment improved mechanical properties of PMMA/PKS composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present work is to study the influence of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) concentration on the electrical properties of titanium oxide (TiO2) coated on interdigitated electrodes (IDE). In this work, TiO2 solution was prepared via sol-gel method. The prepared solution was then coated on IDE using conventional spin coat method with spin-speed of 1500 rpm and 3000 rpm, respectively. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy resulted that TiO2 nanoparticles coated with 3000 rpm has higher transmittance. These nanoparticles were then used to study the different concentrations of PBS solutions and the results were measured using dielectric analyzer and source meter. The capacitance-frequency curve indicated that increase in capacitance values from 11.35 nF to 0.91 μF when the sensor was exposed to ratio 1: 100 of PBS concentration. Besides that, capacitance values were increased with the increase of PBS concentration, whereby the highest capacitance value (21.23 μF) was shown in PBS concentration of ratio 1: 1 of PBS concentration. Overall, our study establishes a correlation between structural and electrical properties ofTiO2 with different PBS concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) presents great potential applications in various fields due to their extraordinary properties. However, to synthesize GO and RGO environmental friendly and inexpensive still is a big challenge for large scale production. Although chemical synthesis method is the easiest, low cost, and large amount production compares to the other methods but there are some disadvantages using chemical such as toxicity, hazardous and corrosive which are harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore, it is recommended to using green reduction agent to replace the chemical agent. This paper presents a summary and discussion of the green reduction of GO to RGO using Oolong Tea extract. It also reviews the characterization of GO and RGO using of X-ray diffiaction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) is known has some unique properties for various applications. GO is the oxidation form of graphene. It is synthesized from graphite through chemical oxidation. The structure of GO is different with graphite and graphene where the plane of the GO is attached with oxygen functional groups. In this research, GO was prepared by using improved Hummers' method from natural graphite powder. In addition, the effects of different reaction time of 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours on the yields of GO were studied. Results indicated that different samples of GO possessed different morphologies, attachment of functionalized groups, crystallinity and absorption peaks in Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. GO was characterized by using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis. SEM result showed platelet-like surface that appeared on the surface of GO (48 hours) as compared with GO (72 hours) where wavy wrinkled and layered-flakes, and crumpled structures were seen on GO (96 hours) surface respectively. In FTIR results, the existence of higher amount of abundant oxygen-containing functional groups was confirmed in GO (96 hours) as compared with GO (24 hours) due to the longer oxidation time. Furthermore, the absorption peak of GO was noticed at around 230 nm and the intensity of peak was increased with reaction time. By comparing these results, the oxidation of graphite to form GO can be determined accurately. Therefore, this study is a great beneficial to provide more understanding for many researchers about how to control the quality and amount of GO by varying reaction times for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers studied graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), to explore its usefulness in different fields and applications. To produce rGO using conventional method at low-cost and environmental-friendly is a huge challenge because it involves harmful and hazardous chemicals such as hydrazine hydrate. Therefore, scientists proposed several green reducing agents as an alternative method to produce a same product. This research presents an outline and discussion of green synthesis of rGO using green tea extract as the reducing agents by manipulating their reaction time. Besides, it also gives an overview on the characterization of GO and rGO by analysing them using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). XRD spectra has proven the GO and rGO were successfully synthesised by exhibiting the peak at 9.75 nm and 25.42 nm respectively. In SEM images, wrinkled and flaky structures were observed in both GO and rGO while the EDX showed the composition of them. Moreover, the FTIR analysis suggested that the amount of oxygen functional groups in GO were decreased when it was reduced to rGO whereas the UV-Vis spectra proved the presence of absorption peak of GO (230 nm) and rGO (280 nm) accurately at different locations. Thus, the objectives of this research were achieved, and this green method can be a substitution to lower down the rely on chemical substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oligonucleotide sequences of four different serotypes of dengue virus that can infect humans, which are DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV -3 and DENV-4 compared and analyzed. Software Clustalx, Genedoc and Splits tree are used to study the origin and the relationship among similar sequences. The information is valuable to design biosensor for dengue viral detection and to help in identification of the dengue virus serotypes in faster, efficient and more affordable for the people affected by dengue in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]