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Elektronische Reproduktion von: Schrifttum zur Geschichte und geschichtlichen Landeskunde von Hessen. Band 3, 1971 - 1973 / bearbeitet von Wolfgang Podehl. - Marburg : Elwert, 1979. - XXVII, 537 Seiten. - (Ver��ffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission f��r Hessen ; 31,3) Standort: Hessisches Landesamt f��r geschichtliche Landeskunde. - (Hassiaca) Digitalisiert 2021, Titelei 0001 1 Vorwort des Bearbeiters 0002 3 Abk��rzungen im Text der Titel 0003 5 Abk��rzungen f��r Zeitschriften und Reihen 0004 7 Verzeichnis der ausgewerteten hessischen Zeitschriften, Serien und Zeitungsbeilagen 0005 14 Inhalt 0006 23 I. Hilfsmittel zur Landesgeschichts- und Heimatforschung 0007 30 II. Vorgeschichte 0024 57 III. Fr��hgeschichte 0031 66 IV. Politische Territorialgeschichte 0042 75 V. Milit��r- und Kriegswesen 0067 105 VI. Rechtswesen 0077 115 VII. Bev��lkerungs- und Sozialgeschichte 0085 125 VIII. Landeskultur 0102 149 IX. Wirtschaft 0118 175 X. Verkehr 0133 195 XI. Kommunalwesen 0143 211 XII. Familienkunde 0147 256 XIII. Judentum 0152 274 XIV. Religions- und Kirchengeschichte 0153 278 XV. Erziehung und Bildung 0177 315 XVI. Sprache und Literatur 0193 338 XVII. Bildende Kunst 0202 356 XVIII. Kulturgeschichte 0221 400 XIX. Volkskunde 0233 428 XX. Siegel und Wappen 0244 436 XXI. M��nzen und Medaillen 0249 439 Verfasserregister 0250 443 Orts-, Personen- und Sachregister 0251 483

Elektronische Reproduktion von: Schrifttum zur Geschichte und geschichtlichen Landeskunde von Hessen. Band 2, 1968 - 1970 / bearbeitet von Winfried Leist. - Marburg : Elwert, 1979. - XXIV, 419 Seiten. - (Ver��ffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission f��r Hessen ; 31,2) Standort: Hessisches Landesamt f��r geschichtliche Landeskunde. - (Hassiaca) Digitalisiert 2021, Titelei 0001 1 Vorwort des Bearbeiters 0002 4 Abk��rzungen im Text der Titel 0003 6 Abk��rzungen f��r Zeitschriften und Reihen 0004 8 Verzeichnis der ausgewerteten hessischen Zeitschriften und Zeitungsbeilagen 0005 10 Inhalt 0006 17 I. Hilfsmittel zur Landesgeschichts- und Heimatforschung 0007 25 II. Vorgeschichte 0016 45 III. Fr��hgeschichte 0023 54 IV. Politische Territorialgeschichte 0034 61 V. Milit��r- und Kriegswesen 0059 92 VI. Rechtswesen 0069 100 VII. Bev��lkerungs- und Sozialgeschichte 0077 109 VIII. Landeskultur 0094 127 IX. Wirtschaft 0110 145 X. Verkehr 0125 165 XI. Kommunalwesen 0134 181 XII. Familienkunde 0138 225 XIII. Judentum 0143 236 XIV. Religions- und Kirchengeschichte 0146 239 XV. Erziehung und Bildung 0170 276 XVI. Sprache und Literatur 0185 301 XVII. Bildende Kunst 0194 315 XVIII. Kulturgeschichte 0213 349 XIX. Volkskunde 0225 368 XX. Siegel und Wappen 0236 376 XXI. M��nzen und Medaillen 0240 379 Nachtr��ge 0241 381 Verfasserregister 0242 383 Orts-, Personen- und Sachregister 0243 415

I applied state-of-the-art ancient DNA (aDNA) approaches to recover highly degraded DNA molecules from post-glacial hunter-gatherers and early farmers from the Mediterranean to investigate the demographic processes that underlie archaeological transitions after the Ice Age and during the expansion of farming practises. I placed a particular emphasis on examining the genomic evidence for crossings of the Mediterranean Sea, as was proposed by archaeologists based on similarities in material culture. Each of the manuscripts contributes crucial genomic reference points for Mediterranean areas where human occupation locally persisted during the Ice Age, or with some of the earliest indications for farming. In Manuscript A, I report the oldest ancient genome-wide data for Africa to date retrieved from nine ~15,000 calBP microlithic Iberomaurusian hunter-gatherers from the Mediterranean coast in Morocco (Van de Loosdrecht et al. 2018. Science). In Manuscript B, I report a genomic transect of ten individuals from the Iberian Peninsula from various sites with Upper Palaeolithic to Middle Neolithic occupations (~13,000-6,000 calBP) (Villalba-Mouco et al. 2019. Curr. Biol). In Manuscript C, I explore the multi-disciplinary potential of archaeogenetics, and jointly report genomic and isotopic data for dietary inference for a transect of 19 Mesolithic foragers and Early Neolithic farmers from Sicily (~10,700-7,200 calBP) (Van de Loosdrecht et al. 2020. BioRxiv). In the discussion I provide archaeogenetic perspectives on topics long been debated by scholars of Mediterranean prehistory: 1) the origin of the Iberomaurusian industry in Northwest Africa; 2) the admixture dynamics of European foragers after the Ice Age; 3) the genomic evidence for direct population interactions across the Mediterranean Sea; 4) the demographic processes underlying the transition from foraging to farming in the Mediterranean; and 5) the southern Mediterranean Neolithic expansion route. 1. Introduction 1.1. The ancient DNA revolution: current state-of-the-art 1.2. The ~10,000-year trajectory from foraging to farming in the Mediterranean region 1.2.1. Northwestern Africa during and after the last Ice Age 1.2.2. Europe during and after the last Ice Age 1.2.3. The Neolithic Revolution: sedentary farming communities expand into the Mediterranean 2. Aims and objectives 3. Overview of manuscripts 3.1. Manuscript A 3.2. Manuscript B 3.3. Manuscript C 4. Author contributions 5. Manuscript A 6. Manuscript B 7. Manuscript C 8. Discussion 8.1. Archaeogenetic perspectives on the repopulation of northern Africa and Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum 8.1.1. Northwestern Africa 8.1.2. Europe 8.2. Is there genomic evidence that prehistoric Mediterranean peoples were in direct contact across the Mediterranean Sea? 8.3. Limitations of ancestry inferences using ancient DNA 8.4. Conclusion 8.5. Outlook

In her novel Kříž u potoka (1868) Karolína Světlá applied a contrastive principle, which is seen mostly in the relationships between her characters. A part of this principle is represented by vertical space completed by a place of horror (locus horridus). The place of horror is twofold in this novel, the latter is related to the anticipant character (a holy old women). The novel is framed in two ways – in a mortal and a local way. The opening of the novel is represented by Vorgeschichte, while the rest of the story is covered in the superstitious time.

Alliances were an important feature of the international system on the eve of World War I. The formation of rival blocs of Great Powers has previously considered a major cause of the outbreak of war in 1914, but this assessment misses the point. Instead of increased rigidity, it was, rather, the uncertainty of the alliances’ cohesion in the face of a ''casus foederis'' that fostered a preference for high-risk crisis management among decision-makers., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

When Europe went to war in 1914, the continental belligerents had plans for the mobilisation, deployment, and initial campaigns of their armies. Britain was different. It had planned the mobilisation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), but it did not approve the BEF’s deployment plan, which subordinated the BEF’s campaign plan to that of France, until after the war began. The British army was optimised for colonial war, not for major European war. The latter was the navy’s responsibility, and British maritime thinking – although not a clearly defined plan – encapsulated at least some of major war’s dimensions., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

The Sarajevo incident refers to the events surrounding the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Archduchess Sophie during a state visit to Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. It is traditionally regarded as the immediate catalyst for the First World War., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

Deux fouilles préventives conduites en 2011 sur la Zone d’Activité des Motettes à Angles (Vendée) révèlent un petit ensemble funéraire daté entre la fin de l’âge du Bronze et le premier âge du Fer, ainsi qu’un habitat enclos du second âge du Fer. Ces vestiges localisés à l’extrémité sud-ouest de la plaine de Vendée se caractérisent par leur diversité formelle et par un aménagement singulier, l’entrée parementée du petit établissement rural laténien. Two rescue excavations in 2011 at “Les Motettes”, in the municipality of Angles, have brought to light a little funerary site dated between the end of the Bronze Age and the First Iron Age, as well as an enclosure farmstead from the Second Iron Age. These remains located in the south of the Vendée are characterized by their different shapes and by the original entrance system of the Latenian rural settlement. Zwei Rettungsgrabungen, die 2011 im Bereich des Gewerbegebietes “Les Mottetes“ bei Angles (Vendée, Pays de la Loire, Frankreich) durchgeführt wurden, haben einen kleinen Begräbnisplatz zum Vorschein gebracht, der in den Zeitraum am Übergang von Ende der Bronzezeit zur älteren Eisenzeit datiert werden kann; außerdem konnte eine eingehegte Siedlung der jüngeren Eisenzeit untersucht werden. Dieser Grabungsbefund einer ländlichen Siedlung der Latènezeit im Süden der Vendée wird durch seine verschiedenartigen Formen und die ungewöhnliche Ausgestaltung seines Eingangsbereiches charakterisiert.

[nicht vorhanden / not available], Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, Bd. 17 (1970)

[nicht vorhanden / not available], Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, Bd. 9 (1962)

Austria-Hungary’s General Staff enjoyed a monopoly on war planning. Its long-time Chief Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf worked hard to improve the Habsburg Monarchy’s war preparations and the basic features of Austro-Hungarian war plans were shaped by his ideas. The unfavorable strategic situation and inadequate military resources made it particularly difficult to conceive coherent plans for deployment and operations. Gripped by notions of the supremacy of the offensive, the Viennese General Staff failed to take the consequences of modern firepower and the importance of logistics properly into account., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

The article discusses the role of the media in the complex international process leading to the First World War with a focus on the press of the great powers. Recent research has shown that the decision of going to war cannot be explained by short-term effects of media pressure. The media impact on foreign policy and military action is rather to be seen in long-term effects described by some historians within the epistemological and methodological framework of media theory., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

The Union of South Africa was formed ten years after the internecine Second Anglo-Boer war (1899-1902) from which the British Empire emerged victorious. Afrikaner-English acrimony was an especially powerful element in the formation of the Union in 1910 and the Union Defence Force (UDF) in 1912. The formation of the UDF was overwhelmingly perceived as a threat, a force designed to deal with internal strife rather than an external threat. When the First World War broke out, the UDF found itself without a strategic plan for the defence of the Union and was ill-prepared to meet the demands of European warfare., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

A self-governing dominion of white settlers within the British Empire, Australia planned to aid Britain against Germany and to defend its own shores against Japan before the First World War. Australia reformed its militia, founded a navy, effectively agreed to transfer its ships to Admiralty command if war came, and joined New Zealand in discussions for raising a joint wartime expeditionary force for service within the British army. Historians have disputed whether pre-war planning committed Australia in advance to Britain’s struggle with Germany, but not the fact that the most detailed preparations were made against a Japanese attack., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

This paper is devoted to the main stages and areas of military planning in Russia on the eve of WWI which led to a compromise between supporters of defensive and offensive strategies in 1912. Among the key factors considered by officers of the Russian General Staff were the geostrategic space, the time required for general mobilization and the numbers of troops to be concentrated along the North-Western, South-Western and Caucasian fronts., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

Following the Treaty of London in 1839, pre-war planning theories in Belgium oscillated between two positions: secure and defend endangered borders or create a powerful military stronghold in Antwerp. On the eve of the Great War, King Albert I and his chief of staff held opposing strategies for protecting Belgium. The King advocated a concentration of the army on the Meuse, where the Germans had completed fortifications in 1892, but the chief of staff ultimately selected a central position to secure his line of communication with Antwerp. The lack of a determined, standardized doctrine at the highest level of the army led to a mixed, compromised plan adopted hurriedly during initial mobilization in August 1914., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

Nations of South East Europe had just ended a short but very intense period of war when, one by one, they became involved in global conflict. Some were forced in while others were attracted by opportunities to change their position and enlarge their territories. One of the main characteristics of this period is that while previous conflicts were continued, they were closely interconnected with the goals of the Great Powers., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

This article focuses on the military anticipation and preparation for war in France (1870-1914). First discussed are the intellectual tools mobilised during the period, and second, the actual preparation and training of the French army, turned toward its main counterpart in Europe, Germany. Third, the article questions the impact in France of “peripheral wars”: the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) and the Balkan Wars (1912, 1913). Technological developments (armaments, logistics) and battlefield restructuring may have, in a specific socio-political context ultimately marked by the threat of war, deeply influenced French military plans on the eve of World War I., 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

Cet article expose les premiers résultats d’un programme de recherches sur les enceintes anhistoriques du sud de la Bourgogne. Notre enquête, menée dans un premier temps sur le département de la Nièvre, permet de recenser environ 25 sites à caractère défensif. Ce corpus offre la possibilité de procéder à une première synthèse typologique, chronologique et spatiale. Nos observations, corrélées avec les informations fournies par des études récentes sur les minières et le paléo environnement du Morvan, permettent d’avancer de nouvelles hypothèses quant à la fonction de ces sites. This paper aims to present the first step in a wider research program centred on the fortifications of southern Burgundy. 25 fortified sites have been recorded during our first investigations in the Nièvre department, this data forming the basis for a preliminary synthesis. Our data and new information from recent work on mining sites and from palaeoenvironment studies in the Morvan area contribute to a new hypothesis pertaining to the function of these fortifications. Dieser Artikel soll die ersten Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprogramms zu den vorgeschichtlichen Befestigungsanlagen in Südburgund vorstellen. An erster Stelle konzentrierten sich unsere Untersuchungen auf das Departement Nièvre in dem 25 Befestigungsanlagen erfasst werden konnten. Der erstellte Katalog bietet die Möglichkeit, erste typologische, chronologische und räumliche Kriterien zusammenzufassen. Unsere Beobachtungen erlauben unter Einbeziehung der Ergebnisse der neuren Untersuchungen zu den Minen und der antiken Umwelt im Morvan, neue Hypothesen zur Funktion jener Anlagen aufzustellen.

This paper exploits cross-country variation in the degree of geographical isolation, prior to the advent of sea-faring and airborne transportation technologies, to examine its impact on the course of economic development across the globe. The empirical investigation establishes that prehistoric geographical isolation has generated a persistent beneficial effect on the process of development and contributed to the contemporary variation in the standard of living across countries.

This research advances an evolutionary theory and provides empirical evidence that shed new light on the origins of contemporary differences in life expectancy across countries. The theory suggests that social, economic and environmental changes that were associated with the Neolithic Revolution affected the nature of the environmental hazards confronted by the human population, triggering an evolutionary process that had a significant impact on human longevity. The empirical analysis shows that a significant portion of contemporary variations in life expectancy across countries can be traced to the differences in the time passed since the ancestors of the population of each country experienced the Neolithic Revolution.

We draw on Ricardian comparative advantage between distinct persons to map out the division of labor among proto-humans in a village some 1.7 million years ago. A person specialized in maintaining a cooking fire in the village is of particular interest (Ofek [2001]). We are also interested in modelling hunting by village males in teams. The large issue is whether and how specialization (division of labor) and interpersonal trade might have driven brain-expansion in early humans.

Vorliegt eine Übersicht der Geschichte der Chirurgischen Forschung in Deutschland. Die Vorgeschichte ist an drei Persönlichkeiten (Gersdorff, Heister und Billroth) aus drei repräsentativen Zeitabschnitten dargestellt. Definition und Namensgebung des Fachgebietes sind in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung dargestellt. 2005 gliedert es sich in: Grundlagenforschung, Experimentelle Chirurgie, Klinische Studien, Theoretische Chirurgie, Molekularbiologie und Qualitätsmanagement. Es werden Kriterien für Bewertung und Voraussetzungen erfolgreichen Forschens (Wissenschaftsindikatoren und Vermarktungsstrategien) dargestellt. Entwicklung der Chirurgischen Forschung wird durch die Kriterien: Einrichtung von Instituten und Lehrstühlen, Gründung von Fachgesellschaften, sowie Herausgaben von Fachzeitschriften und Lehrbüchern charakterisiert. Die Chirurgische Forschung in der DDR wird ausführlich dargestellt. Eingegangen wird auf Forschungsgegenstände und –methoden. Es wird der heutige Stand erläutert.

Are the Neolithic revolution’s effects still impacting incomes across the world today? I find strong support for this proposition using new, country-specific estimates of the timing of agricultural transition. While support with my data is slightly weaker than with the coarser data of Hibbs and Olsson (2004), I provide evidence that the differences are due to how technological diffusion is accounted for. A correction for world migrations since 1500 significantly improves the fit. Transition year also helps to explain income in 1500 itself, and an alternative measure of pre-modern development, state history, has similar ability to predict income in 1500 and 1997.

Inschriften und Graffiti auf Keramik in griechischem Alphabet erleben vom Ende des dritten bis zum Ende des ersten Jahrhunderts v. Chr. an mehreren indigenen Fundstätten Galliens eine Blütezeit. In der Hauptsache handelt es sich um vollständige oder abgekürzte Namen, die als Besitzermarken interpretiert werden. Aus Lattes kennt man aber auch zwei Alphabete, die vom Erlernen der Schrift Zeugnis ablegen. Der Beitrag diskutiert, ob es sich um Belege für den Gebrauch der griechischen oder der keltischen Sprache handelt und reflektiert über den Sinn dieser späten Aneignung eines technischen Hilfsmittels durch die Kelten Südfrankreichs (Behauptung der eigenen Identität) sowie dessen tatsächliche Verbreitung (eine Schrift des Volkes ?). Übersetzung : Stefan Wirth, From the end of the 3rd century to the end of the lrst century BC, inscriptions and graffiti with Greek letters on pottery flourish on several indigenous sites of Southern Gaul. They consist in full or abbreviated names, being interpreted as owners « marks » but at Lattes, two abecedaries attest learning of writing. The paper discusses the eventuality that it may reveal the use of the Greek language rather than of Gaulish, and the signification of the late appropriation of this tool by the Celts of Southern Gaul (an affirmation of identity), and the reality of its distribution (a popular writing ?). Translation : Isabelle Fauduet, A partir de la fin du IIIe s. et jusqu'à la fin du Ier s. av.J.-C., on voit fleurir des inscriptions et graffites sur céramique en alphabet grec dans plusieurs sites indigènes de Gaule méridionale. Il s 'agit surtout de noms complets ou abrégés interprétés comme marques de propriété, mais il y a aussi à Lattes deux abécédaires témoins de l'apprentissage de l'écriture. Après avoir discuté de la possibilité de l'usage éventuel du grec plutôt que du gaulois, on s'interroge sur le sens de cette appropriation tardive par les Celtes du Midi d'un outil technique (affirmation d'identité) et de la réalité de sa diffusion (une écriture populaire ?)., Bats Michel. Grec et gallo-grec : les graffites sur céramique aux sources de l'écriture en Gaule méridionale (IIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.). In: Gallia, tome 61, 2004. pp. 7-20.